The Excavation of the Long Mortuary Enclosure on Normanton Down, Wilts

1961 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 160-173 ◽  
Author(s):  
Faith De Mallet Vatcher
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
Average Height ◽  
Southern Slope

The Long Mortuary Enclosure on Normanton Down was excavated by the writer on behalf of the Ministry of Works throughout October, 1959. Originally a rectangular-ditched enclosure with internal banks, the banks had been completely ploughed out and the surface indications were so slight as to be visible only at certain times.The National Grid reference is SU 115411. The Enclosure is situated on the Upper Chalk of the Salisbury Plain on a gradual southern slope, at an average height of 320 feet above sea level.

Thermal Contraction, Land Bridges, and Geosynclines

1935 ◽  
Vol 72 (8) ◽  
pp. 377-380 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. R. Thompson
Keyword(s):  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Surface Area ◽  
Land Surface ◽  
Average Height ◽  
Thermal Contraction ◽  
Geological History ◽  
The Earth

Consideration of the continental areas over which the sea spread at various times during the course of geological history leads to the impression that perhaps every part of the land surface of the earth was, at one time or another, raised from a position below sea-level. The present land surface seems to have grown around ancient nuclei owing to the compression of the granitic, sedimentary, and other rocks of which the continental layers are composed. At certain times the compressive forces acted so strongly upon these rocks that the average height of the land reached maximum values, which might have been as great as 3,000 feet. Then denudation, and perhaps other processes, coming into operation and persisting through ages of comparative quiescence, lowered the surface, sometimes to minimum average levels, which might have been as low as 500 feet. There have been a few comparatively short periods of exceptionally high relief, separated by longer periods of low relief. Assuming that the land was raised by horizontal compression, the diminution in surface area of the earth necessary to produce a change in level of 2,500 feet would be very considerable. Instead of considering the change from a minimum average height of 500 feet to a maximum of 3,000 feet, it may be more convenient in the first place to consider the elevation of, say, the continental layers of Dr. H. Jeffreys from sea-level to the average height of the present land surface, that is about 2,500 feet, or 762 metres. It will be supposed, then, that the continental layers, as they now exist, were developed from layers consisting of 1 km. of sediments of specific gravity 2·4, 10 km. of granite of specific gravity 2·6, and 20 km. of tachylyte of specific gravity 2·9, the whole resting on dunite of specific gravity 3·3.

The arrival of the paleo–Orinoco Delta at Trinidad: The Cruse Formation delta lobes and delivery to deepwater Atlantic

2020 ◽  
Vol 90 (8) ◽  
pp. 938-968
Author(s):  
Ariana Osman ◽  
Ronald J. Steel ◽  
Ryan Ramsook ◽  
Cornel Olariu ◽  
Si Chen
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
Late Miocene ◽  
Sediment Supply ◽  
Average Height ◽  
Shelf Edge ◽  
Sea Level Changes ◽  
Orinoco Delta ◽  
Basin Floor ◽  
Shelf Margin ◽  
High Sediment

ABSTRACT Icehouse continental-shelf-margin accretion is typically driven by high-sediment-supply deltas and repeated glacio-eustatic, climate-driven sea-level changes on a ca. 100 ky time scale. The paleo–Orinoco margin is no exception to this, as the paleo–Orinoco River Delta with its high sediment load prograded across Venezuela, then into the Southern and Columbus basins of Trinidad since the late Miocene, depositing a continental-margin sedimentary prism that is > 12 km thick, 200 km wide, and 500 km along dip. The Cruse Formation (> 800 m thick; 3 My duration) records the first arrival of the paleo–Orinoco Delta into the Trinidad area. It then accreted eastwards, outwards onto the Atlantic margin, by shallow to deepwater clinoform increments since the late Miocene and is capped by a major, thick flooding interval (the Lower Forest Clay). Previous research has provided an understanding of the paleo–Orinoco Delta depositional system at seismic and outcrop scales, but a clinoform framework detailing proximal to distal reaches through the main fairway of the Southern Basin has never been built. We integrate data from 58 wells and outcrop observations to present a 3-D illustration of 15 mapped Cruse clinoforms, in order to understand the changing character of the first Orinoco clastic wedge on Trinidad. The clinoforms have an undecompacted average height of 550 m, estimated continental slope of 2.5° tapering to 1°, and a distance from shelf edge to near-base of slope of > 10 km. The clinoform framework shows trajectory changes from strong shelf-margin progradation (C10–C13) to aggradation (C14–C20) and to renewed progradation (C21–24). Cruse margin progradational phases illustrate oblique clinothem geometries that lack well-developed topsets but contain up to 70 m (200 ft) thick, deepwater slope channels. This suggests a high supply of sediment during periods of repeated icehouse rise and fall of eustatic sea level, with fall outpacing subsidence rates at times, and delivery of sand to the deepwater region of the embryonic Columbus channel region. Also, evidence of wholesale shelf-edge collapse and canyon features seen in outcrop strongly suggest that deepwater conduits for sediment dispersal and bypass surfaces for Cruse basin-floor fans do exist. The change to a topset aggradational pattern with a rising shelf trajectory may be linked to increased subsidence associated with eastward migration of the Caribbean plate. The Cruse-margin topsets were dominated by mixed fluvial–wave delta lobes that were effective in delivery of sands to the basin floor. The preservation of a fluvial regime of the delta may have been impacted by basin geometry which partly sheltered the area from the open Atlantic wave energy at the shelf edge. Ultimately, understanding shelf-edge migration style as well as process-regime changes during cross-shelf transits of the delta will help to predict the location of bypassed sands and their delivery to deepwater areas.

Aisled Houses in the Halifax Area

1967 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 77-94 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frank Atkinson ◽  
R. W. McDowall
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
Average Height ◽  
Small Segment

The houses with which this paper is concerned belong to the small segment of the eastern slopes of the Pennines known as the ‘Ancient Parish of Halifax’. It is not known when the ‘Ancient Parish’ was formed but the first recorded vicar of Halifax was inducted in 1274 and in that same year the Wakefield Manor Courts ceased to meet in Sowerby Town and made Halifax their centre.The Ancient Parish covers ten miles of the valley of the river Calder and its tributaries, Halifax itself lying on the Hebble. The area is bleak; it lies, all except the extreme eastern part, on Millstone Grit and rises from a height of some 200 feet above sea level in the valley to an altitude of 1,400 feet. The old settlements mostly lie on the sloping hillsides at an average height of 700 feet.

scholarly journals The upper beech forest line in the Steneto Biosphre Reserve on the northern slopes of the Stara Planina Mts. (Central Bulgaria)

2014 ◽  
Vol 61 (2) ◽  
pp. 273-280
Author(s):  
Stefan Michalik
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
Beech Forest ◽  
Northern Slope ◽  
Southern Slope ◽  
Complicated Shape ◽  
Mountain Valley ◽  
Forest Line

The upper beech forest line has a very complicated shape in a mountain valley running in the W-E direction. On the shady northern slope it reaches an average of 1659 m above sea level, while on the insolated southern slope, about 1760 m. It was found and proven statistically that the altitude of the boundary is dependent on the relative isolation (r = 0.309, α = 0.01), exposition and relief of the territory.

scholarly journals Radio flare on η Gemini Star

1990 ◽  
Vol 137 ◽  
pp. 145-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.M. Herouni ◽  
V.S. Oskanian
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
General View ◽  
Southern Slope ◽  
Optical Telescope ◽  
The World ◽  
Main Mirror ◽  
Radio Flare

The first at the world Radio-Optical Telescope ROT-32/54/2, 6 was mounted on the southern slope of Mount Aragats in Armenia at 1700 m above sea level. The Large Antenna of ROT with the unmovable hemisperical main mirror of 54 m in diameter and movable small correcting mirror is the extremely accurate and shortwave (down to 1 mm). Using aperture is 32m. The diameter of the Optical Telescope is 2.6 m. General view of ROT is shown in Fig.1.

Effect of Water Level and Salinity on the Growth of Annona Glabra L. Seedlings

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edgar Abel Sánchez-García ◽  
Hugo López-Rosas ◽  
Vinicio J. Sosa ◽  
Roberto Lindig-Cisneros ◽  
Patricia Moreno-Casasola
Keyword(s):  
Water Level ◽  
Sea Level ◽  
Coastal Wetland ◽  
Seedling Survival ◽  
Coastal Region ◽  
Average Height ◽  
Wetland Ecosystems ◽  
Natural Establishment ◽  
Two Factors ◽  
Annona Glabra

Abstract During the last century the mean sea level has been increasing at a rate of 0.2 to 0.4 mm·year -1 , and that rate is expected to accelerate during this century. Coastal wetland ecosystems are sensitive to the potential changes and impacts of resulting from a rise in sea level. In the coastal region of the Gulf of Mexico, freshwater swamps are wetlands located further inland than mangroves, and while influenced by the tides maintain freshwater conditions. Due to their location, the rise in sea level could increase the levels of flooding and salinity in these ecosystems. The objective of this study was to evaluate, under greenhouse conditions, the effect of nine flood and salinity treatments on the survival, growth and increase in the biomass of Annona glabra (pond apple) seedlings. The treatments combined two factors: water level (saturation, flood, flood-drought) and salinity (0, 5 and 15 ‰). Germinated seedlings were used (average height: 18.6 ± 1.61 cm). Seedling survival was greater under freshwater conditions. Increase in height and diameter, as well as leaf and biomass gain, were greater under saturation and freshwater conditions. Based on our results, we conclude that under a scenario of rising sea level, increased flood levels and salinity will negatively affect the natural establishment of Annona glabra seedlings in freshwater swamps.

scholarly journals Geologi Situs Benteng Saksi Dan Kuripan Saka, Kabupaten Lampung Selatan

PANALUNGTIK ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Wahyul Falah ◽  
Prasetyaningsih ◽  
Nanang Saptono ◽  
Endang Widyastuti ◽  
Rusyanti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
Field Survey ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Physical Characteristics ◽  
Average Height ◽  
Field Observations ◽  
Morphological Unit ◽  
Geological Map ◽  
Map Data ◽  
Rock Lithology

The sites of Benteng Saksi and Kuripan Saka are the center of settlement or the capital of Keratuan Darah Putih. The research was conducted in Kuripan Village, Penengahan District, South Lampung Regency. The research objective was to determine the factors causing the sites of Benteng Saksi and Kuripan Saka suitable for settlements. The method used is a field survey and interpretation of geological map data. The results of field observations and mapping showed that the areas of the sites of Benteng Saksi and Kuripan Saka were included in the morphological unit of undulating plains with an average height of 50 m above sea level consisting of tertiary-quaternary and alluvial volcanoclastic deposits. The rock lithology found was Breccia Rocks from the eruption of Rajabasa Volcano and Tufan Sandstones. Based on the analysis of basic physical aspects of the area such as the physical characteristics of the rocks, morphological conditions, availability of water sources, and disaster factors in the area of Benteng Saksi and Kuripan Saka sites, it does not indicate any problems in terms of the basic physical aspects of the area.

scholarly journals Temperature Conditions for Determination of Beekeeping Regions in the Light of Climate Change. Case study: Fars Province

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 88-104
Author(s):  
Aliakbar Salehizadeh ◽  
Morteza Khodagholi ◽  
Amir Gandomkar
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
Honey Bee ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
Average Height ◽  
Fars Province ◽  
Bee Colony ◽  
Elevation Changes ◽  
Production Temperature ◽  
Central Strip

AbstractThe importance of the honey bee lays in its huge role in pollination and, as a result, maintaining the flora of the environment and also increasing agricultural production. Temperature is the most important element of the atmosphere affecting beekeeping. Results of stationary conclusions are generalized to the area of Fars province by using geographical information system (GIS) according to direct relationship between elevation changes and temperature variations. A beekeeping capability map was then drawn for the Fars province by months of the year. The results showed that heat conditions in four months of the year, from December to March, are not suitable in most of the northern and eastern parts of the province. The southern regions with an altitude of less than 1100 meters above sea level are considered as a suitable place for deployment, wintering and beginning of bee colony activities. The most optimal months of the year for honey bee activities are May and October. For fixed beekeeping, the central strip of the province with an average height of 1500 meters above sea level is the most suitable places.

A Preliminary Survey of the Geology of Sark

1926 ◽  
Vol 63 (6) ◽  
pp. 255-264 ◽  
Author(s):  
George Horace Plymen
Keyword(s):  
Sea Level ◽  
West Coast ◽  
East Coast ◽  
Average Height ◽  
Preliminary Survey

The island of Sark lies 7 miles to the east of Guernsey. Its length from north to south is over 3 miles, and its average breadth is one and a half miles. The island is a table-land with an average height, above sea-level, of 300 feet, probably a result of marine planation of Pliocene date. Access is accomplished by scaling the cliffs of Havre Gosselin (west coast) or through the tunnel of Creux Harbour (east coast). The southern portion, Little Sark, joins the mainland by an isthmus 8 feet wide, 250 feet high, and 300 yards long, known as La Coup´ee. Here, as in many parts of the island, the cliffs drop sheer to the sea, and considerable care is required in examining the rocks.

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