scholarly journals II.—Shackleton Antarctic Expedition, 1914–1917 : Geological Observations in the Weddell Sea Area

1922 ◽  
Vol 53 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Wordie
Keyword(s):  
Weddell Sea ◽  
Original Plan ◽  
Antarctic Expedition ◽  
Southern Side ◽  
Antarctic Continent ◽  
Sea Area ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Antarctic ◽  
The Relationship

The original, plan of the Shackleton Expedition, had it been realised, would have yielded geological results of no little value. The base would have been on Coats Land, and next in importance to crossing the Antarctic continent was the projected geological sledging trip across the Wilhelm Barrier, westwards from the head of the Weddell Sea to the southern. continuation of Graham Land. Had it been carried out, it would of course have settled finally the relationship of Graham Land to the rest of Antarctica. The besetment and destruction of the Endurance, however, put an end to the original plan, and no landing was ever made either on the eastern or on the southern side of the Weddell Sea.

Against all odds: the birth of the Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition, 1955–1958

Polar Record ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 50-61
Author(s):  
Stephen Hicks ◽  
Bryan Storey ◽  
Philippa Mein Smith
Keyword(s):  
New Zealand ◽  
The United States ◽  
Weddell Sea ◽  
Antarctic Expedition ◽  
Foreign Office ◽  
Polar Research Institute ◽  
Antarctic Continent ◽  
British Foreign Office ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Antarctic

ABSTRACTWhen the Commonwealth Trans-Antarctic Expedition 1955–1958 advance party sailed from the Millwall Docks in November 1955, bound for the Weddell Sea, their departure was the product of five years of intensive effort on the part of Vivian Fuchs to achieve the first overland crossing of the Antarctic continent. This paper investigates the many obstacles that had to be overcome leading up to Theron sailing and explains the manner in which they were overcome by the Fuchs-Wordie-Clifford triumvirate. The British Foreign Office was particularly opposed to the expedition with the office's focus on sovereignty rather than science while an alternative proposal from Duncan Carse raised a unique set of difficulties. The withdrawal from involvement by the Scott Polar Research Institute Director, Colin Bertram, indicated further disaffection. Most important, if political and financial goals were to be met, was the need for participation by several Commonwealth countries of which New Zealand was the essential partner. Fortunately, the vigorous efforts of a few Antarctic enthusiasts in New Zealand were successful in moving their government to assert its long dormant position in the Ross Dependency. New Zealand's commitment turned the tide of commonwealth apathy towards the TAE. Although the TAE preceded the IGY, events, including the dominating IGY presence of the United States, caused the two projects to become tightly interwoven. For these reasons the years leading up to the departure of Theron were as intriguing as the crossing journey itself.

scholarly journals Late Quaternary Ostracode From a Core in the Weddel Sea, Antartica

1999 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
ROBIN WHATLEY ◽  
RAYMOND ROBERTS
Keyword(s):  
Species Diversity ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
Late Quaternary ◽  
Weddell Sea ◽  
The Core ◽  
Constituent Species ◽  
Low Diversity ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Antarctic ◽  
The Relationship

Fifty-nine samples from a 560cm gravity core of late Quaternary age (PS1003-2), collected at a depth of 2796m in the Weddell Sea, were examined for Ostracoda. The fauna was sparse but, from a total of 556 valves, the rather low diversity fauna of 19 species belonging to 11 genera and 3 families was identified. The study is principally concerned with species diversity, originations and extinctions, inter-relationships between species and the relationship of the fauna to different water masses. With respect to species diversity and origination/extinction patterns, two distinct phases are apparent: an initial diversification (originations only), followed by a phase of overall stable diversity (originations approximately matched by extinctions). The ostracod fauna is closely comparable to that described by authors as typical of North Atlantic Deep Water but is actually from the Antarctic Bottom Water (AABW). Two of the principal constituent species Henryhowella dasyderma (Brady) and H. asperrima (Ruess) seem to be mutually exclusive within the core. Changes in the fauna through the core seem to be related to climatic cycles.

Systematic revision of the genus Maudheimia Dalenius, 1958 (Acari: Oribatida)

Zootaxa ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 3295 (1) ◽  
pp. 65 ◽  
Author(s):  
LOUISE COETZEE ◽  
GERD WEIGMANN
Keyword(s):  
Adult Stage ◽  
The Other ◽  
Systematic Revision ◽  
The Family ◽  
Generic Character ◽  
Antarctic Continent ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Antarctic ◽  
The Relationship

The genus Maudheimia Dalenius, 1958 occurs on the Antarctic continent and contains four known species (M. wilsoni Dalenius, 1958;M. petronia Wallwork, 1962; M. marshalli Coetzee, 1997 and M. tanngardenensis Coetzee, 1997). Maudheimia marshalli has 15 pairsof notogastral setae in the adults for which Subías (2004) proposed the genus Multimaudheimia. The other three species have 10 pairsof notogastral setae in the adult stage. The value of “number of notogastral setae” as a single generic character has previously beenshown as insufficient to distinguish a genus. The authors conclude that the genus Multimaudheimia Subías, 2004 is a synonym of Maudheimia. The relationship of Maudheimia is confirmed as a member of Ceratozetoidea in the family Maudheimiidae.

Aurora and the Otago Museum: the boundary between Antarctic science and seamanship

Polar Record ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 53 (2) ◽  
pp. 192-198 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moira White
Keyword(s):  
World War I ◽  
British Empire ◽  
Ross Sea ◽  
Weddell Sea ◽  
World War ◽  
Pack Ice ◽  
Antarctic Expedition ◽  
Antarctic Continent ◽  
Museum Staff ◽  
The Antarctic

ABSTRACTSir Ernest Shackleton's Imperial Trans-Antarctic Expedition famously did not succeed in traversing the Antarctic continent from the Weddell Sea to the Ross Sea. It was, nevertheless, an enterprise that engaged the interest of New Zealanders and the rest of the British Empire even as World War I was being fought. When one of the expedition ships, Aurora, broke from her moorings soon after arrival in McMurdo Sound and drifted trapped in pack ice for months, the construction of a temporary jury rudder while still at sea enabled her crew to make their way to Port Chalmers, Dunedin for more extensive repairs in 1916. This paper discusses interactions between the Otago Museum staff and the crew of Aurora while she was in port, the offer of the replaced jury rudder to the museum, and reflects on the concerns and interests that might have contributed to the offer and its rejection.

The polar ship Scotia

Polar Record ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 41 (2) ◽  
pp. 131-140 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angus B. Erskine ◽  
Kjell-G. Kjær
Keyword(s):  
North Atlantic ◽  
Weddell Sea ◽  
Biological Research ◽  
Orkney Islands ◽  
Antarctic Expedition ◽  
South Orkney Islands ◽  
Antarctic Continent ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Antarctic ◽  
The Great War

The ship that the oceanographer Dr William Speirs Bruce used on the Scottish National Antarctic Expedition, 1902–04, was originally a sealer named Hekla, built in Norway in 1872. In 1889 the Norwegian skipper Ragnvald Knudsen explored the northeast coast of Greenland between latitudes 74° and 75°, and in 1891–92 the ship was used by the Danish naval officer, Lieutenant C. Ryder, to explore the inner recesses of Scoresby Sund, finally visiting Angmagssalik. In 1902, re-named Scotia and captained by Tam Robertson from Peterhead, she sailed to the Weddell Sea under the leadership of Bruce. The southern winter of 1903 was spent at Laurie Island in the South Orkney Islands, and in March–April 1904 the party discovered 150 miles of previously unknown coastline of the Antarctic continent, reaching a farthest south of 74°01′S, 22°00′W. An extensive programme of marine survey and biological research was carried out. Back in the UK, Bruce sold the ship, and she returned to sealing, based in Dundee until appointed to be the first international North Atlantic Ice Patrol ship after the tragedy of Titanic. The Great War caused her to become a freighter in the English Channel area until she caught fire and was burnt out on a sandbank in the Bristol Channel on 18 January 1916.

Very low frequency electromagnetic phenomena: ‘whistlers’ and micropulsations

1977 ◽  
Vol 279 (963) ◽  
pp. 225-238 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Low Frequency ◽  
Dynamical Behaviour ◽  
Weddell Sea ◽  
Particle Interactions ◽  
Terrestrial Environment ◽  
Wave Amplification ◽  
A Chain ◽  
Magnetic Conjugacy ◽  
Sea Area ◽  
The Antarctic

Observations of natural electromagnetic phenomena, embracing frequencies ranging from millihertz to tens of kilohertz, have made a major contribution to our knowledge of the terrestrial environment extending out to many Earth’s radii. The Antarctic has offered exceptional opportunities in this field for a number of reasons, including: (i) the location of Antarctic bases (including Halley Bay) at key magnetic latitudes, (ii) magnetic conjugacy to Northern Hemisphere thunderstorm sources, (iii) low interference levels. Important aspects of this research are the investigation of the role of wave-particle interactions in the magnetosphere and that of the structure and dynamical behaviour of the plasmapause, using both passive and active techniques. Comparisons of observations made at antarctic stations and their northern geomagnetic conjugates show close similarities in dominant pulsation periods and demonstrate the uniqueness of the Weddell Sea area in relation to magnetospheric wave amplification at the higher frequencies. An extra dimension to this work is being added, during the International Magnetospheric Study (1976-8), through the development of a chain of stations employing the goniometer (direction-finding) technique pioneered at Halley Bay by Sheffield University.

Origins of the Russian Antarctic expedition: 1819–1821

Polar Record ◽  
2012 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 180-192 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erki Tammiksaar ◽  
Tarmo Kiik
Keyword(s):  
Russian Literature ◽  
Russian Empire ◽  
Russian Government ◽  
The Real ◽  
Antarctic Expedition ◽  
Russian Antarctic Expedition ◽  
Antarctic Continent ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Russian Empire ◽  
The Antarctic

ABSTRACTIn 1819, the Russian government launched two expeditions: the first squadron of two ships departed to explore the southern polar areas, and the second set out for the northern polar areas. The expedition to the southern polar areas took place under the command of Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen. Up to the present day, very little information is available, from the Russian literature, about the initiator and main goals of the expedition. At the same time, the travels and main results of the expedition have been widely popularised, but not necessarily accurately, in Russian as well as in English. On the basis of recently discovered documents, this article attempts to establish who the initiator of these Russian expeditions was, how the expeditions were prepared, and whether the main tasks of the expeditions were realised. The conclusion is that Jean-Baptiste Prevost de Sansac, Marquis de Traversay was the initiator of the Russian Antarctic expedition, not the Russian navigators Adam Johan von Krusenstern, Otto von Kotzebue, Gavrila A. Sarychev or Vasilii M. Golovnin as stated in Soviet publications. The real aim of the expedition was to discover the Antarctic continent which would have added glory to de Traversay as well as to Emperor Alexander I and, in a wider sense, also to the Russian empire. All dates are given according to the old style calendar. The difference with the new style calendar is 12 days.

Henrik Bull, the Antarctic Exploration Committee and the first confirmed landing on the Antarctic continent

Polar Record ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 43 (2) ◽  
pp. 143-153 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew McConville
Keyword(s):  
Ross Sea ◽  
Learned Societies ◽  
Antarctic Expedition ◽  
Antarctic Continent ◽  
The Antarctic

The Norwegian Henrik Johan Bull managed the Antarctic expedition that penetrated the Ross Sea in 1895 and made a landing at Cape Adare, the first confirmed landing on the Antarctic mainland. Bull had attempted to fund the voyage in Melbourne where he had lived since the late 1880s. At that time, Melbourne's learned societies, through their Antarctic Exploration Committee (AEC), were also making strenuous attempts to launch an expedition. The two parties had contact but the differences in their aims resulted in little cooperation. The AEC plans of a joint commercial/scientific expedition with Dundee or Norwegian whalers, and then a joint scientific expedition under Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld, foundered due to lack of funds. The plans to include a scientist, nominated by the learned societies, in Bull's expedition also failed. Instead, Carsten Egeberg Borchgrevink joined Bull's expedition as an ordinary seaman and an occasional scientist. He used this experience to realise his plans to winter on Antarctica. Both Bull and the AEC were important in developing interest in Antarctic exploration and commerce.

scholarly journals Comparison of warming trends predicted over the next century around Antarctica from two coupled models

1998 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 576-582 ◽  
Author(s):  
Siobhan P. O'Farrell ◽  
William M. Connolley
Keyword(s):  
Climate Models ◽  
Winter Season ◽  
Drake Passage ◽  
Weddell Sea ◽  
Coupled Models ◽  
Coupled Climate Models ◽  
Temperature Signal ◽  
Antarctic Continent ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Antarctic

This paper investigales the climate change in two atmosphere ice-ocean coupled climate models — the UKMO and the CSIRO— in the Antarctic region over the next century. The objectives were to sec if an enhanced level of greenhouse-gas forcing results in a surface temperature signal above background variability, and to see if this pattern of change resembles the change seen to date in Antarctica, especially the warming around the Peninsula. The models show that although reduced sea-ice compactness is responsible for regions of enhanced air-temperature anomalies, these ice-compactness anomalies are determined by different mechanisms in the respective models. The pattern of warming in both models does not match the differential rates of warming seen in the observations of temperature change over the Antarctic continent in the lait few decades. Also the level of background ocean variability in the Drake Passage and Weddell Sea region hampers the clear definition of a signal over the Antarctic Peninsula in the coupled models. Although no winter enhancement in warming over the Peninsula region IS found, an autumn anomaly is seen in one of the models. The mechanism for this feature IS documented, and an explanation of why it does not persist throughout the winter season is presented.

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