X.—Researches in Contact Electricity: Thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Science

1881 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 271-283
Author(s):  
Cargill G. Knott
Keyword(s):  
Recent Work ◽  
Electromotive Force ◽  
Successive Pair ◽  
Other Substances ◽  
The Difference

At the surface of separation of any two different substances in contact, there exists in general an electromotive force tending to maintain a certain difference of potential between them. This principle, established for metals by Volta in 1796, has been extended by later investigators to other substances, including liquids and gases. From these early researches of Volta, and the later more elaborate inquiries of Kohlrausch, Hankel, and Gerland, there have been deduced certain fundamental laws, which have been fully corroborated by the recent work of Clifton, and Ayrton and Perry. If, of a number of conductors set serially in contact, the difference of potential between each successive pair is quantitatively estimated and reckoned positive or negative, according as the first member of the pair is at a higher or lower potential than its successor, then the difference of potential between the first and last members of the chain is equal to the algebraic sum of the potential differences between the successive contiguous pairs.

scholarly journals II. On the electro-chemical equivalent of silver, and on the absolute electromotive force of clark cells

1883 ◽  
Vol 36 (228-231) ◽  
pp. 448-450
Keyword(s):  
Electromotive Force ◽  
British Association ◽  
General Character ◽  
Daily Work ◽  
The Absolute ◽  
The Difference

The investigations upon this subject which have been carried on by Mrs. Sidgwick and myself during the last year and a half, though not yet quite finished, are so far advanced that no doubt remains as to the general character of the results; and as these results have application in the daily work of practical electricians, it is thought desirable to communicate them without further delay. The currents are measured by balancing the attraction and repulsion of coaxal coils against known weights, as described before the British Association in 1882, a method which has fully answered the favourable expectations then expressed. To what was said on that occasion it will be sufficient for the present to add that the readings are taken by reversal of the current in the fixed coils, and the difference of weights thus found (about 1 gram) represents the double force of attraction, free from errors depending upon the connections of the suspended coil, and other sources of disturbance.

scholarly journals Urgent Matter

Konturen ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 8
Author(s):  
Jonathan Monroe
Keyword(s):  
Recent Work ◽  
Language Use ◽  
Giorgio Agamben ◽  
Award Winning ◽  
American Poet ◽  
Thing In Itself ◽  
German American ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Disciplinary Cultures ◽  
General Economy

Opening questions about “things” onto the bureaucratically-maintained, compartmentalized discursive, disciplinary claims of “philosophy,” “theory,” and “poetry,” “Urgent Matter” explores these three terms in relation to one another through attention to recent work by Giorgio Agamben, Jacques Rancière, the German-American poet Rosmarie Waldrop, and the German poet Ulf Stolterfoht, whose fachsprachen. Gedichte. I-IX (Lingos I-IX. Poems) Waldrop rendered into English in an award-winning translation. The difference between the "things" called "poetry" and "philosophy," as now institutionalized within the academy, is not epistemological, ontological, ahistorical, but a matter of linguistic domains, of so-called concrete "images" as the policed domain of the former and of "abstraction" as the policed domain of the latter. Challenging the binary logics that dominate language use in diverse discursive/disciplinary cultures, Waldrop’s linguistically self-referential, appositional procedures develop ways to use language that are neither linear, nor so much without direction, as multi-directional, offering complexes of adjacency, of asides, of digression, of errancy, of being “alongside,” in lieu of being “opposed to,” that constitute at once a poetics, an aesthetics, an ethics, and a politics. Elaborating a complementary understanding of poetry as “the most philosophic of all writing,” a medium of being “contemporary,” Waldrop and Stolterfoht question poetry’s purposes as one kind of language apparatus among others in the general economy. Whatever poetry might be, it aspires to be in their hands not a thing in itself but a form of self-questioning, of all discourses, all disciplines, that “thing” that binds “poetry” and “philosophy” together, as urgent matter, in continuing.

scholarly journals VIII—Propositions and Cognitive Relations

2019 ◽  
Vol 119 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas K Jones
Keyword(s):  
Natural Language ◽  
Recent Work ◽  
Natural Language Semantics ◽  
True Nature ◽  
First Order ◽  
Turn On ◽  
Language Semantics ◽  
Ontological Categories ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Semantic Types

Abstract There are two broad approaches to theorizing about ontological categories. Quineans use first-order quantifiers to generalize over entities of each category, whereas type theorists use quantification on variables of different semantic types to generalize over different categories. Does anything of import turn on the difference between these approaches? If so, are there good reasons to go type-theoretic? I argue for positive answers to both questions concerning the category of propositions. I also discuss two prominent arguments for a Quinean conception of propositions, concerning their role in natural language semantics and apparent quantification over propositions within natural language. It will emerge that even if these arguments are sound, there need be no deep question about Quinean propositions’ true nature, contrary to much recent work on the metaphysics of propositions.

scholarly journals Notes

1933 ◽  
Vol 112 (779) ◽  
pp. 477-479
Keyword(s):  
Osmotic Pressure ◽  
Recent Work ◽  
Living Cell ◽  
Biological Theory ◽  
Freezing Point ◽  
Living Cells ◽  
Hen’S Egg ◽  
Chemical Complex ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Many

Recent work on the osmotic pressure of the hen’s egg has introduced a sense of uncertainty as to the value of the many comparisons which have been made between osmotic pressures of the blood, body fluids, and surrounding media. The uncertainty pertains not to theory but to a simple matter of fact and, as this involves that most fundamental datum for biological theory—viz., the state of the water in the living cell—there is urgent need to have it cleared up. The fact in dispute is the freezing point of the yolk and white of the bird’s egg. Atkins in 1909 by measurements, obviously made with the greatest care, found “no difference between the freezing point of white and yolk of the same egg and a mixture of white and yolk gave the same depression.” Atkins (1909) used the ordinary Beckmann technique and so, too, did Straub (1929) twenty years later, but with a surprisingly different result for he found a constant difference between white and yolk of the hen’s egg amounting on the average to —0·15° C. A. V. Hill (1930) confirmed Straub’s (1929) finding by a different method. He compared the fall in temperature caused by evaporation with that of water and from the difference calculated the osmotic pressure. Howard (1932) using the Beckmann method again found no difference in the freezing point of white and yolk. In these measurements the yolk was puddled by stirring so that at sometime or another the structure was broken down. Yolk is not only a chemical complex but it is alive, gross mechanical disturbance might, therefore, have the effect it usually has on living cells and cause chemical breakdown with consequent fall of the freezing point. Hale’s experiments were designed to explore this possibility by observing directly the freezing point of intact yolk and white.

Displacement electrophoresis

1970 ◽  
Vol 316 (1527) ◽  
pp. 493-514 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Capillary Tube ◽  
Unit Length ◽  
Potential Gradient ◽  
Constant Current ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Successive Pair ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Diffusion Constants ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Interfering Ions

The method of displacement electrophoresis is described and its analogy with displacement chromatography shown. The apparatus consists basically of a capillary tube, a few tenths of a millimetre bore and thin walled, uniting two vessels, each containing an electrode. For the analysis of anions the cathode vessel contains an anion less mobile than any in the sample mixture to be analysed. The capillary tube is filled with a solution of a salt of an anion more mobile than any in the sample and a buffering cation. The anode vessel contains the buffering cation. The electrodes must not produce interfering ions or gas. To reduce disturbance by electroendosmosis a long chain soluble polymer is used to increase the viscosity of the solution in the capillary tube, and the electrode vessel is closed at the end to which electroendosmosis would cause flow if it were open. The sample is introduced between the cathode and the capillary, and a constant current is passed between the elec­trodes. The anions in the sample move initially at different speeds until they are separated in order of their mobility. Then all the anions in the apparatus move down the capillary at the same speed, assuming the tube to be of constant bore, since the concentrations so adjust themselves that the potential gradient at any point is inversely proportional to the mobility of the anions at that point. The boundary between each successive pair of ions is more or less sharp, depending upon the diffusion constants, the potential gradient, the difference in mobility, and the disturbance caused by electroendosmosis, temperature difference across the capillary, and flow of liquid. Each zone has a characteristic pH. Once the train of anions has separated it proceeds down the capillary unchanged. Since each zone has a particular potential gradient, it has also a particular rate of heat generation per unit length and a particular temperature. It is thus possible to follow the separation by means of fixed thermocouples on the outside of the tube, which will record the fronts as they pass under the thermocouple. A thermocouple measuring the temperature of the capillary relative to its surroundings plots a series of steps on a recorder, the height of a step from the baseline being a measure of the mobility. The length of the step is preferably measured from the distance between the peaks of the record provided by a differential thermocouple measuring the difference in temperature along a short length of the tube, which gives a record which is the differential of the step curve. The length of step is proportional to the length of tube occupied by that species of ion and hence to the quantity. A qualitative and quantitative analysis is thus possible. A theory is given of the points mentioned above. An experimental paper will follow.

scholarly journals Prevalence of cigarette smoking in schizophrenic patients compared to other hospital admitted psychiatric patients

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (S2) ◽  
pp. 1417-1417
Author(s):  
A. Kheradmand ◽  
H. Ziaaddini ◽  
M. Vahabi
Keyword(s):  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Psychiatric Patients ◽  
Normal Population ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Other Substances ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
The Difference

Introduction & aimsEstimate the prevalence of cigarette smoking and some of the related factors among schizophrenic and other hospitalized psychiatric patients.MethodsThis was a cross-sectional study on 120 patients hospitalized in Shahid Beheshti hospital in Kerman in 2005. Patients were equally devided in two groups of schizophrenia and other psychiatric disorders. Sampling was based on statistical census and data were collected using a questionnaire including 27 questions on demographic data, psychiatric disorder, smoking cigarettes and other substances, and Fagerstrom test. Data were analyzed by Chi-square and ANOVA tests using SPSS software.ResultsPrevalence and severity of cigarette smoking was 71.6% and 6.47% among schizophrenic and 51.6% and 6.40% among other psychiatric patients, respectively and the difference was not significant. History of withdrawal was 25.6% and 58.1% in the schizophrenia and other disorders respectively and the difference was significant (P < 0.05). Addiction to other substances was 51.6% in schizophrenic and 45% in the other patients and the most prevalent substances in both groups were opium and alcohol. The severity of smoking cigarettes was 6.9 along with other drug abuses and 5.1 in cases with just smoking based on Fagerstrom test and the difference was significant (P < 0.05).ConclusionsThe prevalence of cigarette smoking in both schizophrenia and other psychiatric patients is higher than normal population, but there is no significant difference between these two groups. Schizophrenic patients need persistent supportive and supervising programs for cigarette smoking abuse treatment because of their cognitive, motivate and social problems.

Does French have a relative past tense?

2000 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-271 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raphael Salkie
Keyword(s):  
Recent Work ◽  
Past Tense ◽  
Full Account ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Past Tenses ◽  
Passe Compose

Some recent work on French tenses has proposed a new analysis of the difference between the imperfect and the passé simple/passé composé. The imperfect is said to be a relative or anaphoric tense, while the PS/PC are absolute or deictic tenses. A number of studies have argued against the more widely accepted analysis which sees the difference between these tenses in terms of aspect. This paper argues that the new analysis is fundamentally incorrect as an account of the meaning of the French past tenses, although it has brought to light a range of phenomena which need to be included in a full account of the behaviour of the tenses in discourse. I argue that an enriched version of the traditional analysis can account for all the relevant data.

The Estimation of Small Percentages of Rubber in Fibrous Materials

1950 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 300-302
Author(s):  
C. M. Blow
Keyword(s):  
Fibrous Materials ◽  
Cellulosic Material ◽  
Other Substances ◽  
The Difference

Abstract The estimation of the percentage of rubber in fibrous products treated, for example, with Positex involves several difficulties, and no one method can be adopted on account of the difference in behavior of the various fibers. The fiber may consist of protein such as silk, wool or other animal fiber, and leather, or cellulosic material such as jute, cotton, rayon, paper, kapok, etc. The rubber may be vulcanized or unvulcanized. In addition to fiber and rubber, the presence of other substances such as soap, fats, waxes, oils, dyestuffs, fillers, pigments, etc., must not be overlooked. The problem of analysis appears complex, but may be simplified in some cases by knowing, from the process of manufacture, the definite absence or presence of certain ingredients. The three techniques available are now discussed.

scholarly journals Identification of phosphosites that alter protein thermal stability

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ian R. Smith ◽  
Kyle N. Hess ◽  
Anna A. Bakhtina ◽  
Anthony S. Valente ◽  
Ricard A. Rodríguez-Mias ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Stability ◽  
Protein Structure ◽  
Protein Phosphorylation ◽  
Recent Work ◽  
Biochemical Changes ◽  
Phosphorylation Sites ◽  
Biological Functions ◽  
Protein Thermal Stability ◽  
The Difference

ABSTRACTProteomics has enabled the cataloguing of 100,000s of protein phosphorylation sites 1, however we lack methods to systematically annotate their function. Phosphorylation has numerous biological functions, yet biochemically all involve changes in protein structure and interactions. These biochemical changes can be recapitulated by measuring the difference in stability between the protein and the phosphoprotein. Building on recent work, we present a method to infer phosphosite functionality by reliably measuring such differences at the proteomic scale.

scholarly journals An underspecification approach to Hausa resumption

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Berthold Crysmann
Keyword(s):  
Recent Work ◽  
Local Features ◽  
Division Of Labour ◽  
Single Feature ◽  
Pronoun Use ◽  
Non Local ◽  
Unbounded Dependency ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Treat All

Within recent work on the treatment of resumption in HPSG, there is growing consensus that resumptive unbounded dependency constructions (=UDCs) should be modelled on a par with gap-type UDCs (Alotaibi and Borsley, 2013; Borsley, 2010; Crysmann, 2012b; Taghvaipour, 2005), using a single feature for both types of dependencies, rather than separate features, as proposed by Vaillette (2001a,b). Yet, authors disagree as to where exactly in the grammar the resumptive function of pronominals should be established: while Crysmann (2012b, 2015) advances an ambiguity approach that has pronominal synsem objects being ambiguous between a resumptive and an ordinary pronoun use, Borsley (2010); Alotaibi and Borsley (2013), by contrast, treat all pronominals, resumptive or not, as ordinary pronouns and effect their resumptive use by means of tailoring the amalgamation principle to potentially include pronominal indices. While their decision provides a straightforward account of McCloskey’s generalisation that resumptives always look like the ordinary pronouns of the language, it fails to capture the difference in semantics between ordinary pronominal and resumptive uses. In this paper, I shall reexamine the evidence from Hausa and propose to synthesise the approaches put forth by Alotaibi and Borsley (2013) and Crysmann (2012b), and propose that the potential for pronominal and resumptive function (including their difference w.r.t. semantics and non-local features) is captured by means of underspecification, yet the decision as to canonical vs. non-canonical use is made at the level of the governing head (Borsley, 2010; Alotaibi and Borsley, 2013). I shall argue that this division of labour is sufficient to derive the correct gap-like semantics for resumptives, maintains standard deterministic amalgamation, and, finally, provides an answer to McCloskey’s generalisation.

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