The Estimation of Small Percentages of Rubber in Fibrous Materials

1950 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 300-302
Author(s):  
C. M. Blow
Keyword(s):  
Fibrous Materials ◽  
Cellulosic Material ◽  
Other Substances ◽  
The Difference

Abstract The estimation of the percentage of rubber in fibrous products treated, for example, with Positex involves several difficulties, and no one method can be adopted on account of the difference in behavior of the various fibers. The fiber may consist of protein such as silk, wool or other animal fiber, and leather, or cellulosic material such as jute, cotton, rayon, paper, kapok, etc. The rubber may be vulcanized or unvulcanized. In addition to fiber and rubber, the presence of other substances such as soap, fats, waxes, oils, dyestuffs, fillers, pigments, etc., must not be overlooked. The problem of analysis appears complex, but may be simplified in some cases by knowing, from the process of manufacture, the definite absence or presence of certain ingredients. The three techniques available are now discussed.

The Estimation of Small Percentages of Rubber in Fibrous Materials

1942 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 672-677
Author(s):  
C. M. Blow
Keyword(s):  
Analytical Methods ◽  
Organic Material ◽  
Fibrous Materials ◽  
Inorganic Substances ◽  
The Difference

Abstract Rubber is being used in increasing quantity in fibrous materials of all types as a binder or to impart particular and special properties. The percentage of rubber employed varies from 3 to 15 or 20 per cent, and it is becoming of interest and importance to, have analytical methods to estimate with some degree of accuracy the percentage present. This estimation has several difficulties, and no one method can be adopted on account of the difference in behavior of various fibres. The fibre may consist of protein, such as silk, wool and other animal fibre, leather, or cellulose, such as jute, cotton, rayon, paper, kapok, etc. The rubber may be vulcanized or unvulcanized, and partly or completely in the oxidized state. In addition, there may be organic material, such as protein, soap (added as stabilizer for the latex), fats, oils, waxes, dyestuffs and inorganic substances from the fibre, fillers and pigments, coagulants, and so forth—to name only a few possible compositions. The problem appears complex, but may be simplified in some cases by knowing, from the process of manufacture, the definite absence or presence of certain of these likely ingredients.

Dependent Scattering Properties of Woven Fibrous Insulations for Normal Incidence

1995 ◽  
Vol 117 (1) ◽  
pp. 160-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sunil Kumar ◽  
S. M. White
Keyword(s):  
Electromagnetic Wave ◽  
Plane Electromagnetic Wave ◽  
Normal Incidence ◽  
Woven Fabrics ◽  
Fibrous Materials ◽  
Parallel Fibers ◽  
Closed Form Solutions ◽  
Incident Plane ◽  
Additional Interaction ◽  
The Difference

The scattering properties of woven fibrous materials are examined in this paper and a simple model is presented to account for the interactions between the scattered radiation from different individual fibers. The case of a normally incident plane electromagnetic wave is considered. Fiber sizes in the Rayleigh regime are considered for developing closed-form solutions. Previous studies in the literature that have addressed the scattering properties of fibrous materials have mostly ignored the effect of constructive or destructive addition of scattered waves from individual fibers, the exception being the case of parallel fibers. The difference in the effects of interference on scattering properties of parallel fibers and of woven fabrics arises from the additional interaction of radiation scattered from mutually perpendicular fibers in the latter case, which further complicates the analysis.

scholarly journals Prevalence of cigarette smoking in schizophrenic patients compared to other hospital admitted psychiatric patients

2011 ◽  
Vol 26 (S2) ◽  
pp. 1417-1417
Author(s):  
A. Kheradmand ◽  
H. Ziaaddini ◽  
M. Vahabi
Keyword(s):  
Cigarette Smoking ◽  
Psychiatric Patients ◽  
Normal Population ◽  
Demographic Data ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Other Substances ◽  
Schizophrenic Patients ◽  
The Difference

Introduction & aimsEstimate the prevalence of cigarette smoking and some of the related factors among schizophrenic and other hospitalized psychiatric patients.MethodsThis was a cross-sectional study on 120 patients hospitalized in Shahid Beheshti hospital in Kerman in 2005. Patients were equally devided in two groups of schizophrenia and other psychiatric disorders. Sampling was based on statistical census and data were collected using a questionnaire including 27 questions on demographic data, psychiatric disorder, smoking cigarettes and other substances, and Fagerstrom test. Data were analyzed by Chi-square and ANOVA tests using SPSS software.ResultsPrevalence and severity of cigarette smoking was 71.6% and 6.47% among schizophrenic and 51.6% and 6.40% among other psychiatric patients, respectively and the difference was not significant. History of withdrawal was 25.6% and 58.1% in the schizophrenia and other disorders respectively and the difference was significant (P < 0.05). Addiction to other substances was 51.6% in schizophrenic and 45% in the other patients and the most prevalent substances in both groups were opium and alcohol. The severity of smoking cigarettes was 6.9 along with other drug abuses and 5.1 in cases with just smoking based on Fagerstrom test and the difference was significant (P < 0.05).ConclusionsThe prevalence of cigarette smoking in both schizophrenia and other psychiatric patients is higher than normal population, but there is no significant difference between these two groups. Schizophrenic patients need persistent supportive and supervising programs for cigarette smoking abuse treatment because of their cognitive, motivate and social problems.

X.—Researches in Contact Electricity: Thesis for the Degree of Doctor of Science

1881 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 271-283
Author(s):  
Cargill G. Knott
Keyword(s):  
Recent Work ◽  
Electromotive Force ◽  
Successive Pair ◽  
Other Substances ◽  
The Difference

At the surface of separation of any two different substances in contact, there exists in general an electromotive force tending to maintain a certain difference of potential between them. This principle, established for metals by Volta in 1796, has been extended by later investigators to other substances, including liquids and gases. From these early researches of Volta, and the later more elaborate inquiries of Kohlrausch, Hankel, and Gerland, there have been deduced certain fundamental laws, which have been fully corroborated by the recent work of Clifton, and Ayrton and Perry. If, of a number of conductors set serially in contact, the difference of potential between each successive pair is quantitatively estimated and reckoned positive or negative, according as the first member of the pair is at a higher or lower potential than its successor, then the difference of potential between the first and last members of the chain is equal to the algebraic sum of the potential differences between the successive contiguous pairs.

scholarly journals FORMULATION AND PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF CANDLENUT OIL GEL POMADE (Aleurites Mollocana Wild)

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 84-89
Author(s):  
Wilda Amananti ◽  
Aldi Budi Riyanta
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Other Substances ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Oil Concentration ◽  
Good For ◽  
The Difference

The use of pomade for a long time will cause hair damage. Pomade with preferred ingredients, because it is very good for beauty and hair health. Liquid oil is one of the basic ingredients used in making pomade. Candlenut oil can be used as liquid oil for the pomade base. This article examines the formulation and physical properties of pomade from candlenut oil. There are four formulas that have been made with different F0 candlenut oils without candlenut oil, F1 with 10% candlenut oil, F2 with 20% candlenut oil, F3 with 30% candlenut oil. The difference in concentration is indicated to affect the physical differences of the candlenut oil pomade. Physical properties of Candlenut Oil Pomade gel include organoleptic, homogeneity, scattering test, sticky test. The results showed that all formulas showed homogeneous gel preparations. Formula 3, with the highest concentration of candlenut oil concentration of 30%, shows a greater dispersion than a formula with other substances reaching 6.5 cm and meets SNI standards, which will increase the adhesion, which does not meet the standard.

scholarly journals Fine Cellulosic Materials Produced from Chemical Pulp: the Combined Effect of Morphology and Rate of Addition on Paper Properties

Nanomaterials ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Julie Bossu ◽  
René Eckhart ◽  
Chiara Czibula ◽  
Armin Winter ◽  
Armin Zankel ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Considerable Increase ◽  
Morphological Character ◽  
Fibrous Materials ◽  
Cellulosic Material ◽  
Paper Properties ◽  
Chemical Pulp ◽  
New Family ◽  
Screen Ii ◽  
New Generation ◽  
Microscopic Techniques

Among bio-based reinforcement additives for paper existing on the market, microfibrillated cellulose (MFC) turned out to be a promising material, showing outstanding potential in composites science. Its relevance in papermaking as a new family of paper components was suggested more recently. There remains a number of constraints limiting the promotion of their use in papermaking, mostly related to their high cost and effect on dewatering resistance. Also, contrasting results reported in the literature suggest that the effect of fibrillation rate and quantity of such cellulosic additives in a furnish on the technological paper properties needs further research. The purpose of this study is to produce and characterize different MFC-like fine fibrous materials of varying particle size and degree of fibrillation from the same batch of pulp through mechanical treatment or fractionation. The effect of the thus obtained fine fibrous materials on paper properties is evaluated with respect to their concentration within a fiber furnish. We compared: (i) a mixture of primary and secondary fines isolated from the pulp by means of a purpose-built laboratory pressure screen; (ii) MFC-like fine fibrous materials of increasingly fibrillar character obtained by refining and subsequent steps of high-pressure homogenization. The morphology of the different materials was first characterized using flow cell based and microscopic techniques. The thus obtained materials were then applied in handsheet forming in blends of different proportions to evaluate their influence on paper properties. The results of these experiments indicate that all these products lead to a substantial decrease in air permeability and to improved mechanical properties already at low concentration, independent of the type and morphological character of the added fine cellulosic material. At higher addition rates, only highly fibrillated materials allowed a further considerable increase in tensile and z-strength. These observations should help to allow a more targeted application of this new generation of materials in papermaking, depending on the desired application.

Creatine Kinase-1 is Principally Inactivated in Serum by Complexing with Immunoglobulin-G

1980 ◽  
Vol 58 (2) ◽  
pp. 157-160 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. A. Nealon ◽  
A. R. Henderson
Keyword(s):  
Creatine Kinase ◽  
Enzyme Activity ◽  
Column Chromatography ◽  
Immunoglobulin G ◽  
Kinase Inhibitors ◽  
Published Data ◽  
Other Substances ◽  
Total Creatine ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Stability

1. The stability of enzyme activity of the creatine kinase-l-immunoglobulin-G complex has been determined at 37°C, 4°C and −20°C in heat-inactivated serum and buffer. 2. The complex was formed by incubating creatine kinase-1 and immunoglobulin G at 37°C for 30 min. It was isolated by Sephadex G-100 column chromatography. 3. At all temperatures the complex suspended in buffer was about twice as stable as it was in heat-inactivated serum. Stability decreased in the sequence of 4°C, 37°C and −20°C. Therefore all isolations of the complex were carried out at 4°C. 4. At 37°C the decay of enzyme activity of the complex was found to be biphasic first order. In serum the Kd values were −0·045 min−1 and −0·0028 min−1, and in buffer −0·023 min−1 and −0·0016 min−1. 5. From column-chromatography experiments it was found that between 10 and 20% of the total creatine kinase-1 was involved in the complexing reaction after a 30-min incubation. 6. With this 10·20% proportion it can be calculated that the overall t0·5 for the decay of total creatine kinase-1 activity must be in the range 95–201 min. This finding suggests, by comparison with other published data, that the enzyme—immunoglobulin complex is the main route of creatine kinase-1 catabolism in serum. 7. The difference between serum and buffer decay values for the complex is possibly due to the presence of cystine, urate and other substances in serum, which are additional potent creatine kinase inhibitors.

Composition minérale des écailles du Catostomus commersoni issu de deux milieux différents: étude par microscopie électronique analytique

1974 ◽  
Vol 31 (1) ◽  
pp. 63-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. van Coillie ◽  
A. Rousseau
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microprobe ◽  
Mineral Content ◽  
The Other ◽  
Catostomus Commersoni ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Healthy Environment ◽  
Microscopie Électronique ◽  
Other Substances ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Polluted Waters

The mineral content of scales, metals only, was studied. Fish of the Catostomus commersoni subspecies were used, taken from a healthy environment, (the Manicouagan River) and an environment polluted by, among other substances, various metals (Rivière des Prairies, near Montréal). X-ray microspectrometry was combined with electron microprobe scanning techniques, with subsequent microdensitometric scanning. Scales contained, in addition to the highly predominant calcium, the following: Na, Mg, Al, K, Fe, Cu, Zn, and Ba, as well as some Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Sr, Ag, Cd, Cs, Hg, and Pb. All metals were between the circuli in the osteoid structures. The latter category of metals, widely known for their toxicity, were more abundant in the scales of the sample from polluted waters, whereas the reverse was true for the other metals, with the exception of Al and Ba, which were found in equal quantities in both samples. If the difference in content of the scales taken from fish of the two different environments is seen in relation with the fact that the toxic metals are more abundant in polluted waters and the fact that there is the possibility that excess metal from the water can replace calcium in the scales, we may infer that the mineral content of scales is related at least in part to that of the surrounding aquatic environment.

scholarly journals Characteristics of Surface Tension on First Edible Oil and Frying the Mixed with Candles by Using Torsion Dynamometer

2019 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 53-54
Author(s):  
Dwi Windarti ◽  
M. Faruq Najib ◽  
Frida Agung Rakhmadi
Keyword(s):  
Surface Tension ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Edible Oil ◽  
The Body ◽  
Cooking Oil ◽  
Laboratory Results ◽  
Other Substances ◽  
The Difference

Cooking oil pure with the content that has been determined according to the needs that require measurement data minimum and the measurement of the maximum permissibility of the oil it consumed, and the content contained in the oil should have a standard that had been determined by laboratory results that do not interfere with the system of the body when consumed. However, when the pure cooking oil that has been supplemented with other substances or other material that would change the sound into different standard. By way of meeting the data compare surface on pure cooking oil and cooking oil wax mixture. So with this study we can know the difference in surface tension characteristics with Torsion Dynamometer that the elections were not arbitrary and cooking oil consumed well and healthy.

Experimental determination of the laws of magneto-electric induction in different masses of the same metal, and of its intensity in different metals

1837 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 177-178
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Determination ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Iron Wire ◽  
Electric Excitation ◽  
Electric Induction ◽  
Other Substances ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Experimental Researches

The reading of Mr. Christie’s paper was resumed and concluded. Mr. Faraday, in his valuable papers entitled “Experimental Researches in Electricity,” has advanced the proposition, that “when metals of different kinds are equally subject, in every circumstance, to magneto-electric induction, they exhibit exactly equal powers with respect to the currents which either are formed or tend to form in them;” and “that the same is probably the case in all other substances.” The author not being satisfied with the conclusiveness of the experiments adduced in support of this proposition,— in order to determine its correctness, subjected different metals directly to the same degree of magneto-electric excitation, in such a manner, that the currents excited in them should be in opposite directions (as was the case in Mr. Faraday’s experiment), and also that these opposing currents should have the same facility of transmission; so that the difference of their intensities, if any existed, might admit of measurement. He then minutely describes the apparatus he contrived with this view, and which consisted of helices of copper and of iron wire, covered with silk, each making sixty-five turns, but in opposite directions, and crossing each other alternately, and surrounding a cylinder of soft iron, which was rendered magnetic by the application of the large magnet belonging to the Royal Society, which the Council had placed at his disposal while engaged in these researches. The result of the experiment showed that the force of the currents from the copper helix considerably exceeded that from the iron helix, and appeared to be even more than double. By a modification of the apparatus, he found that the intensities of the currents in the two wires were very accurately proportional to their conducting powers; and hence the uniformity of the results obtained by Mr. Faraday is easily explicable.

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