scholarly journals XIV. Experimental Researches on the Production of Silicon from Paracyanogen

1844 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 229-246
Author(s):  
Samuel M. Brown
Keyword(s):  
High Temperatures ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
The State ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Experimental Researches

In a Memoir on the Preparation of Paracyanogen submitted to the Royal Society some weeks ago, I laid down the proposition, that two equal and similar molecules may enter into the state of chemical union, the combination produced being indissoluble by every known agent of analysis; and I endeavoured to establish this proposition partly on certain abstract physical considerations, and partly by a series of experiments on the production of paracyanogen by the decomposition of the bicyanide of mercury under pressure and at high temperatures.

scholarly journals II. On some phenomena exhibited by gun-cotton and gunpowder under special conditions of exposure to heat

1864 ◽  
Vol 13 ◽  
pp. 204-217
Keyword(s):  
Rapid Method ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Sufficient Accuracy ◽  
Hot Wire ◽  
Full Extent ◽  
Mechanical Condition ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
The Wire ◽  
Made In

The experiments upon which I have been engaged for some time past, in connexion with the manufacture and properties of gun-cotton, have brought under my notice some interesting points in the behaviour of both gun. cotton and gunpowder, when exposed to high temperatures, under parti­cular conditions. I believe that these phenomena have not been previously observed, at any rate to their full extent, and I therefore venture to lay before the Royal Society a brief account of them. Being anxious to possess some rapid method of testing the uniformity of products obtained by carrying out General von Lenk’s system of manu­facture of gun-cotton, I instituted experiments for the purpose of ascer­taining whether, by igniting equal weights of gun-cotton of the same com­position, by voltaic agency, within a partially exhausted vessel connected with a barometric tube, I could rely upon obtaining a uniform depression of the mercurial column, in different experiments made in atmospheres of uniform rarefaction, and whether slight differences in the composition of the gun-cotton would be indicated, with sufficient accuracy, by a corre­sponding difference in the volume of gas disengaged, or in the depression of the mercury. I found that, provided the mechanical condition of the gun-cotton, and its position with reference to the source of heat, were in all instances the same, the indications furnished by these experiments were sufficiently accurate for practical purposes. Each experiment was made with fifteen grains of gun-cotton, which were wrapped compactly round the platinum wire; the apparatus was exhausted until the column of mercury was raised to a height varying from 29 inches to 29·5 inches. The flash which accompanied the deflagration of the gun-cotton was apparently similar to that observed upon its ignition in open air ; but it was noticed that an interval of time always occurred between the first application of heat (or incandescence of the wire) and the flashing of the gun-cotton, and that during this interval there was a very perceptible fall of the column of mercury. On several occasions, when the gun-cotton, in the form of “roving,” or loosely twisted strand, was only laid over the wire, so that it hung down on either side, the red-hot wire simply cut it into two pieces, which fell to the bottom of the exhausted vessel, without continuing to burn. As these results appeared to indicate that the effects of heat upon gun-cotton, in a highly rarefied atmosphere, differed importantly from those observed under ordinary circumstances, or in a very imperfect va­cuum, a series of experiments, under variously modified conditions, was instituted, of which the following are the most important.

III. On the law of the partial polarization of light by reflexion

1830 ◽  
Vol 120 ◽  
pp. 69-84
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
The State ◽  
Experimental Result ◽  
Natural State ◽  
Angle Of Incidence ◽  
Physical Change ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Polarization Of Light ◽  
Partial Polarization

In the year 1815 I communicated to the Royal Society a series of experiments on the polarization of light by successive reflexions, which contain the germ of the investigations, the results of which I now propose to explain. From these experiments it appeared that a given pencil of light could be wholly polarized at any angle of incidence, provided it underwent a sufficient number of reflexions, either at angles wholly above or wholly below the maximum polarizing angle, or at angles partly above and partly below that angle; and it was scarcely possible to resist the conclusion, that the light not polarized by the first reflexion had suffered a physical change at each action of the reflecting force which brought it nearer and nearer to the state of complete polarization. This opinion, however, which I have always regarded as demonstrable, appeared in a different light to others. Guided probably by an experimental result, apparently though not really hostile to it, Dr. Young and MM. Biot, Arago, and Fresnel, have adhered to the original opinion of Malus, that the reflected and refracted pencils consist partly of light wholly polarized, and partly of light in its natural state; and more recently Mr. Herschel has given the weight of his opinion to the same view of the subject.

scholarly journals I. Theory of magnetism based upon new experimental researches

1883 ◽  
Vol 35 (224-226) ◽  
pp. 178-202 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Molecular Structure ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Preliminary Note ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Experimental Researches

In a preliminary note I communicated to the Royal Society the formulated results of a lengthened series of experiments with the induction balance, and I now present the experimental evidences which led me to these conclusions. From numerous researches previously made by means of the induction balance, the results of which I have already published, I felt convinced that in researches upon the cause of magnetism, I should have in it the aid of the most powerful instrument of research ever brought to bear upon the molecular construction of iron, as indeed of all metals. It neglects all forces which do not produce a change in the molecular structure, and enables us to penetrate at once to the interior of a magnet or piece of iron, observing only its peculiar structure and the change which takes place during magnetisation or apparent neutrality.

scholarly journals XIV. On the absorption of gases by solids

1881 ◽  
Vol 32 (212-215) ◽  
pp. 407-408
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
Hydraulic Press ◽  
Careful Examination ◽  
Solid Matter ◽  
Chemical Action ◽  
High Pressure And Temperature ◽  
Solid Iron ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Very High

During the progress of the investigations which I have from time to time had the honour of bringing under the notice of the Royal Society, I have again and again noticed the apparent disappearance of gases inclosed in vessels of various materials when the disappearance could not be accounted for upon the assumption of ordinary leakage. After a careful examination of the subject I found that the solids absorbed or dissolved the gases, giving rise to a striking example of the fixation of a gas in a solid without chemical action. In carrying out that most troublesome investigation, the crystalline separation of carbon from its compounds, the tubes used for experiment have been in nine cases out of ten found to be empty on opening them, and in most cases a careful testing by hydraulic press showed no leakage. The gases seemed to go through the solid iron, although it was 2 inches thick. A series of experiments with various linings were tried. The tube was electro-plated with copper, silver, and gold, but with no greater success. Siliceous linings were tried fusible enamels and glass—but still the' tubes refused to hold the contents. Out of thirty-four experiments made since my last results were published, only four contained any liquid or condensed gaseous matter after the furnacing. I became convinced that the solid matter at the very high pressure and temperature used must be pervious to gases.

scholarly journals On the fluorescence and channelled absorption of bismuth at high temperatures

1925 ◽  
Vol 107 (744) ◽  
pp. 760-762 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Fine Structure ◽  
Absorption Spectra ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Visible Region ◽  
Compressed Air ◽  
Orange Yellow ◽  
Fluorescent Radiation ◽  
Absorption Chamber

In a paper recently communicated to the Royal Society, experiments dealing with the absorption spectra of several metals were described, in which it was found that bismuth vapour shows both lines and bands in absorption. The banded spectrum consists of three groups of bands, each group consisting of a number of bands degraded towards the red, the group of bands in the visible region appearing at high temperatures. In the above experiments it was hoped that by raising the temperature of the absorption chamber sufficiently high, and raising the absorption in the lines of the several bands, it might be possible to detect a fine structure in some of these bands. Accordingly, the author modified the furnace previously used so as to blow through it a larger quantity of compressed air, and succeeded finally by using coke and this furnace to obtain a temperature of about 1500°C. to 1600°C. At this temperature the vapour emitted a fluorescent radiation orange yellow in colour.

W. T. Astbury and Ross G. Harrison: the search for the molecular determination of form in the developing embryo

1980 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 195-219 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
Limb Bud ◽  
Amphibian Embryo ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Biological Phenomena ◽  
Biology I ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Molecular Patterns ◽  
Molecular Determination

Amongst the Fellows elected to the Royal Society in 1941 were W. T. Astbury for his studies using X-ray analysis to study the structures of natural fibres, and amongst the Foreign Members elected that year was Ross G. Harrison for his contributions to embryology. Astbury and Harrison were very different in temperament, and worked in very different fields on either side of the Atlantic, yet they were united in their approach to the study of biological phenomena. Both Astbury and Harrison believed that the organization and form of biological materials whether wool fibres or the limb-bud in an amphibian embryo depended on molecular structure and pattern. Moreover both were concerned with dynamic aspects of form; Astbury’s greatest achievement was to demonstrate the dynamic, reversible folding and stretching of proteins in the k-m-e-f group, and Harrison looked to changing molecular patterns to account for changing symmetries in the developing embryo. It was this common approach that brought them together and led to Harrison spending a brief month in Leeds where they and K. M. Rudall performed what have been described as ‘truly progressive experiments in molecular biology’. I believe this short series of experiments illuminates the character and work of both Harrison and Astbury and illustrates the difficulties, practical and conceptual, in carrying out ‘progressive experiments’. I shall begin by reviewing briefly the embryological background of the time before going on to discuss in detail the approaches of Harrison and Astbury to their work and the outcome of their collaboration.

The State of the Art of Rubber-Seal Technology

1987 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 381-416 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. S. Nau
Keyword(s):  
State Of The Art ◽  
Test Procedure ◽  
Working Party ◽  
The State ◽  
Supporting Evidence ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Lip Seals ◽  
Alternative Hypotheses ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Range Of Values

Abstract The understanding of the engineering fundamentals of rubber seals of all the various types has been developing gradually over the past two or three decades, but there is still much to understand, Tables V–VII summarize the state of the art. In the case of rubber-based gaskets, the field of high-temperature applications has scarcely been touched, although there are plans to initiate work in this area both in the U.S.A. at PVRC, and in the U.K., at BHRA. In the case of reciprocating rubber seals, a broad basis of theory and experiment has been developed, yet it still is not possible to design such a seal from first principles. Indeed, in a comparative series of experiments run recently on seals from a single batch, tested in different laboratories round the world to the same test procedure, under the aegis of an ISO working party, a very wide range of values was reported for leakage and friction. The explanation for this has still to be ascertained. In the case of rotary lip seals, theories and supporting evidence have been brought forward to support alternative hypotheses for lubrication and sealing mechanisms. None can be said to have become generally accepted, and it remains to crystallize a unified theory.

scholarly journals [Report of the Secretary and Treasurer of the Royal Society]

1837 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 235-244
Keyword(s):  
Royal Society ◽  
The State

The Treasurer made the following statements with respect to the Number of Fellows, the State of the Finances, and the Receipts and Payments of the Society during the preceding year. At the last Anniversary, the Society consisted of 748 Members; of whom there were, 11 Royal Personages, 45 Foreign Members, and 692 Home Members.

scholarly journals Chemical researches on the blood, and some other animal fluids

1832 ◽  
Vol 1 ◽  
pp. 416-418
Keyword(s):  
Thoracic Duct ◽  
The State ◽  
Perfect State ◽  
Slight Effect ◽  
Series Of Experiments

The author, after referring to those authorities by which he had been misled into the supposition that the colour of the blood depended on the presence of iron, until he had tried how slight effect it produced by infusion of galls, proceeds to a series of experiments which he has made upon chyle and on lymph, for the purpose of comparing their composition with that of bloody the examination of which is divided into three sections, in which he treats separately of the serum, the coagulum, and the colouring matter. The chyle employed in these analyses was collected by Mr. Brande while assisting Mr. Home and Mr. Brodie in their experiments on different animals; attention being always paid to the interval that had elapsed since the last meal; upon which circumstance its qualities were found to depend more than upon the animal from which it was taken. About four hours after a meal, the chyle is supposed to be in its most perfect state, and is then uniformly white, like milk. At longer periods it becomes more dilute, like milk and water, till at length, when an animal has fasted twenty-four hours, the fluid contained in the thoracic duct is reduced to the state of mere lymph.

scholarly journals XXVI. Report on a Communication from Dr Dyce of Aberdeen, to the Royal Society of Edinburgh, ‘On Uterine Irritation, and its Effects on the Female Constitution.’

1823 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 365-379 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Dewar
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Royal Society ◽  
Mental Disease ◽  
The State ◽  
Healthy State ◽  
Mental Symptoms ◽  
Mental Powers

The communication received from Dr Dyce chiefly consists of a description of a singular affection of the nervous system, and mental powers, to which a girl of sixteen was subject immediately before puberty, and which disappeared when that state was fully established. It exemplifies the powerful influence of the state of the uterus on the mental faculties; but its chief value arises from some curious relations which it presents to the phenomena of mind, and which claim the attention of the practical metaphysician. The mental symptoms of this affection are among the number of those which are considered as uncommonly difficult of explanation. It is a case of mental disease, attended with some advantageous manifestations of the intellectual powers; and these manifestations disappearing in the same individual in the healthy state.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document