scholarly journals Research and Extension Issues in Production Economics

1982 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-74 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ronald D. Lacewell ◽  
James M. McGrann
Keyword(s):  
Free Market ◽  
Production Economics ◽  
Market Prices ◽  
Cropping Patterns ◽  
Economic Decisions ◽  
History Of Agriculture ◽  
History Of ◽  
Oil Crisis ◽  
Agricultural Input

The role of the economist in agriculture has increased in significance in the 1970s and 80s. A review of the recent history of agriculture begins with the period of stability and relative certainty of agricultural input and product prices in the 1950s. But by the 1970s, the economic impacts of the oil crisis, inflation, and orientation to free market prices of agricultural products necessitated a transition in the role and importance of the agricultural economist. Economists became vital to farmers who had to make economic decisions on appropriate cropping patterns, when and how to market products, and how to invest wisely.

scholarly journals Should 1974 be considered a watershed year in the economic history of the world?

1980 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 45-49
Author(s):  
G. Jan Hupkes
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Economic History ◽  
Free Market ◽  
Market Mechanism ◽  
Oil Consumption ◽  
Payments System ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of ◽  
Oil Crisis ◽  
Economic Future

The early 1970s marked a turning point in mankind's economic fortunes and the author takes 1974 as an 'artificial' vantage point from which to look back, but also forward. Several forces led to the shocks of the seventies: the breaking down in the discipline of the international payments system, rising inflation, the oil crisis, the West's loss of strategic military initiative to the East. The author outlines what ought to be done to improve the economic outlook for the 1980s: The international payments system must be placed on a more stable and disciplined footing, inflation must be controlled by balancing of national budgets, the energy crisis must be contained by reduction of oil consumption via the price mechanism. In South Africa the economic watershed year was 1976; two years later than that of the world economy in general. Since then a policy of strict financial discipline has led to a record surplus in balance of payments, which together with new emphasis on the importance of the free market mechanism and increasing energy self-sufficiency, promises a better economic future for South Africa than for many other countries.Die vroee 1970s was 'n keerpunt in die mensdom se ekonomiese lotgevalle en die skrywer neem 1974 as 'n 'kunsmatige' uitsigpunt vanwaar hy terug kyk, maar ook vorentoe. Verskeie magte het gelei tot die skokke van die sewentigs: die aftakeling van die dissipline van die internasionale betalingstelsel, stygende inflasie, die oliiekrisis, en die Weste se afstand van strategiese militere inisiatief aan die Ooste. Die skrywer dui aan wat gedoen moet word om die ekonomiese vooruitsigte vir die 1980s te verbeter: Die internasionale betalingstelsel moet op 'n meer stabiele en gedissiplineerde grondslag geplaas word, inflasie moet deur die balansering van nasionale begrotings beheer word, die energiekrisis moet via die prysmeganisme deur verminderde olieverbrulk beteuel word. In Suid-Afrika was die ekonomiese waterskeidingsjaar 1976; twee jaar later as die van die wereld-ekonomie in die algemeen. Sedertdien het 'n beleid van streng finansiele dissipline gelei tot 'n rekord surplus op die betalingsbalans, wat saam met nuwe klem op die belangrikheid van die vrye markmeganisme en toenemende energie-selfvoorsiening, 'n bater ekonomiese toekoms vir Suid-Afrika as vir baie ander lande beloof.

scholarly journals Why Europe and the West? Why Not China?

2006 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 3-22 ◽  
Author(s):  
David S Landes
Keyword(s):  
Sixteenth Century ◽  
Property Rights ◽  
Technological Development ◽  
Free Market ◽  
Technological Advance ◽  
The West ◽  
European Science ◽  
History Of ◽  
The One

In the history of technological development, why didn't other regions keep up with Europe? This is an important question, as one learns almost as much from failure as from success. The one civilization that was in a position to match and even anticipate the European achievement was China. China had two chances: first, to generate a continuing, self-sustaining process of scientific and technological advance on the basis of its indigenous traditions and achievements; and second, to learn from European science and technology once the foreign “barbarians” entered the Chinese domain in the sixteenth century. China failed both times. What explains the first failure? I stress the role of the market: the fact that enterprise was free in Europe while China lacked a free market and institutionalized property rights; that in Europe innovation worked and paid, while the Chinese state was always stepping in to interfere with private enterprise. As for the second failure, China's cultural triumphalism combined with petty downward tyranny made it a singularly bad learner.

scholarly journals The Investigation of Factors Influencing the Market Prices of Agricultural Land in Hungary

2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 5-10
Author(s):  
Zsuzsanna Tóth-Naár Tóth-Naár ◽  
Pál Ádám Sőreg ◽  
Tamás Antal Naár ◽  
Sergey A. Vinogradov
Keyword(s):  
Development Strategy ◽  
Evaluation System ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
Land Evaluation ◽  
Measurement Unit ◽  
Market Prices ◽  
Economic Decisions ◽  
Ownership Of Land

The role of land (as the basis and the resource of agricultural production) is the most significant among the resources of production. The ownership of land, its use, the issue of its price and value, they have been key problems of political, social, legal and economic decisions. There were theoretical and practical experts throughout the world, and we intensively have to deal with the issue of land evaluation. In our research using empirical data collection and statistical methods, we examined not only the factors have influenced on land prices, but its effect as well. We have proven that the „golden crown”-based land evaluation system (golden crown is a measurement unit of the quality of agricultural land in Hungary) can show the land quality differences even today, but in spite of this, the results of calculations (and also the practice) increasingly justify and urge the necessity of the introduction of a modern land evaluation system. namese professionals graduated in Hungary, the reputation and popularity of Hungarian agricultural products and technologies, the achievements of R&D in the field of agriculture – could not be utilized from Hungarian side. Vietnam, however still preserved its socialist political establishment,but in terms of its economic development strategy and economic policy has gradually been standing on the basis of market orientation. Vietnam, with its population of ninety million shows a rapid and successful development and it means good opportunities even for Hungarian entrepreneurs. It would be a mistake to leave these potentials unused. JEL Classification: Q10, Q24, Q30

scholarly journals The Analyses of the Idelogy and History of National Outlook Movement in Turkey

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 1110-1120
Author(s):  
Namig MAMMADOV
Keyword(s):  
Political Parties ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
Free Market ◽  
Political Life ◽  
Party Leader ◽  
The Political ◽  
Constitutional Court ◽  
True Path ◽  
History Of

This article examines and analyzes the history of the formation and development of the National Outlook Movement in Turkey, its ideology and social base and the main driving forces, as well as the main political parties and their activities. The article also analyzes the historical circumstances that influenced the formation and development of the movement, including the role of the movement's leader, prominent scientist and researcher, professor Najmeddin Erbakan, as well as the reasons for his entry into the political arena and its consequences. The role of N. Erbakan in the political life of Turkey was investigated and tried to be evaluated. It was noted that, the main ideology of the National Outlook parties is a free market economy without interest, the strengthening of production, the establishment of a just society in which basic human rights are protected, and so on.The first openly political Islamist political party in Turkish history was the National Order Party, formed on January 30, 1970. However, the party did not last long and was closed in 1971 by a decision of the Constitutional Court. Instead, party representatives formed the National Salvation Party in October 1972. This party, like all other political parties in Turkey, was closed after the 1980 coup. However, it became a partner of the government for the first time, and one of the most important decisions of this government was send of Turkish forces to Cyprus.With the permission of the National Security Council, the Welfare Party (WP) was formed in 1983 under the leadership of Ahmet Tekdal, representing the same direction. After the lifting of political bans, N. Erbakan was re-elected party leader. The 1990s marked a new stage in the development of the National Outlook movement. The Welfare Party's reputation began to rise. In the 1995 elections, the party won 21 percent of the vote. In 1996, N. Erbakan formed a coalition government with the True Path Party, led by Tansu Chiller. This government resigned as a result of the February 28 process, and the party was dissolved. The members of the party formed the Virtue Party. Disagreements between innovative and conservative groups within the party led to the formation of two political parties, the Justice and Development Party and the Felicity Party, after the party was dissolved in 2001.

Private Tubewell Development and Cropping Patterns in West Pakistan

1965 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-53 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ghulam Mohammad
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Production ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Agricultural Development ◽  
Cropping Pattern ◽  
Power Development ◽  
Cropping Patterns ◽  
History Of Agriculture ◽  
Rate Of Increase ◽  
History Of ◽  
Land Water

One of the most significant phenomena in agricultural development in Pakistan has been the installation of private tubewells by the farmers of West Pakistan at an exceedingly fast rate during the Second Plan period. Installation of these tubewells has enabled the farmers to intensify irrigation and make important changes in cropping patterns in order to maximize the income from their crop production. In this article we present results of two surveys conducted recently on private tubewells and the cropping pattern followed by farmers in area where tubewells are being installed. The results of these surveys indicate that West Pakistan is likely to attain a rate of increase in agricultural production which will be unparalled in the history of agriculture. To achieve and maintain such a rate of increase, however, considerable revision will be necessary in the programme for land, water and power development proposed for the next ten years and that included in the Third Five Year Plan.

Market Failure and Government Failure

1990 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 25-39 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mrinal Datta-Chaudhuri
Keyword(s):  
Market Failure ◽  
Free Market ◽  
State Intervention ◽  
Sufficient Information ◽  
Government Failure ◽  
Economic Decisions ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
New Thinking ◽  
Threat Of Entry

For several decades a debate has been raging in development economics on the relative virtues of the free market as opposed to state intervention, with neither side convincing the other. While this sterile debate continues, experiences accumulated from research and action in the real world during the last 40 years have led to important new thinking on the roles of market and nonmarket institutions in the process of economic growth. The planned economies of the socialist world have learned that market institutions are not exclusive to the capitalist mode of production, and that the threat of entry and the fear of exit remain irreplaceable stimuli for cost and quality consciousness in production. Researchers in market economies have learned that price quotations on marketed commodities do not always carry sufficient information for economic decisions, and that institutions matter. This paper pieces together some lessons from the development experiences of the last four decades to enrich our understanding of the role of the state in the process of economic development.

An inquiry into the origins of fair value

2018 ◽  
Vol 24 (2) ◽  
pp. 253-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriel Donleavy
Keyword(s):  
Distributive Justice ◽  
Free Market ◽  
Market Value ◽  
Fair Value ◽  
Public Welfare ◽  
Accounting Profession ◽  
Market Prices ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
The Creation

The article aims first to elucidate the role of the Enlightenment in the creation of the notion of fair value. The courts were already defending free market prices by 1750, before the main economic thinkers, Turgot, Cantillon, and Smith formulated their views as to why public welfare was best served by freely made private bargains. It is shown that the attachment of the word “fair” to market value is attributable to Smith’s own understanding of what constitutes distributive justice. A second puzzle addressed in the article is the delay, lasting longer than a century, between the commercial and judicial acceptance of fair value and the later acceptance of it by the standard setters of the accounting profession as the primary way to value business assets and liabilities.

scholarly journals THE BEGINNINGS AND DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURAL ADVISORY SERVICES IN POLAND

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (2) ◽  
pp. 77-85
Author(s):  
Józef Kania
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Free Market ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Review Of Literature ◽  
World War ◽  
Advisory Services ◽  
History Of ◽  
Descriptive Method ◽  
Research Grant

The main objective of this article is to present the development of agricultural advisory services in Poland from its beginnings on the Polish lands, until the entry of our country into the European Union (1 May 2004). The data was obtained from a review of literature, published mainly in Polish, hence, not known in English publications and originates from the author’s research carried out in the framework of research grant. The study used a descriptive method and documents the history of agricultural extension dating back to the mid-19th century. In the interwar period (1918–1939), advisory services were carried out by the newly established agricultural chambers, and after World War II, after their liquidation, by state system of agricultural advisory services, which was subject to many changes in the organizational structure and objectives pursued. In the first period of transition of agriculture to a free market economy, the author emphasized the big role of the Polish/American Extension Project for the reorganization of Polish advisory and improvement of skills of our advisers.

Elaborating the role of reflection and individual differences in the study of folk-economic beliefs

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kevin Arceneaux
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Individual Differences ◽  
Cognitive Processes ◽  
Evolutionary History ◽  
Behavioral Responses ◽  
History Of ◽  
Economic Beliefs

AbstractIntuitions guide decision-making, and looking to the evolutionary history of humans illuminates why some behavioral responses are more intuitive than others. Yet a place remains for cognitive processes to second-guess intuitive responses – that is, to be reflective – and individual differences abound in automatic, intuitive processing as well.

The role of a family history of adenocarcinomas in patients with Barrett oesophagus

2001 ◽  
Vol 120 (5) ◽  
pp. A442-A442
Author(s):  
P TSIBOURIS ◽  
M HENDRICKSE ◽  
P ISAACS
Keyword(s):  
Family History ◽  
History Of ◽  
Barrett Oesophagus
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