scholarly journals Witchcraft, Calvinism and Rural Society in the Netherlands: Storytelling in the Twentieth Century

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-48
Author(s):  
John Exalto
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
World View ◽  
Rural Society ◽  
Linear Process ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
The World ◽  
Rural Context ◽  
Good And Evil ◽  
The Devil

Abstract The disenchantment of the world initiated by the Enlightenment was not a linear process. Folktales show that a magical world-view persisted in rural society until about 1900. An analysis of two types of folktales demonstrates that even in orthodox Calvinism there were people to whom witchcraft was ascribed. The persistence of belief in witchcraft must be explained both from the rural context and in light of orthodox Calvinism, which held a literal belief in the powers of good and evil personified by God and the devil.

Puritan Radicalism and the Enlightenment

1960 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 424-439 ◽  
Author(s):  
George L. Mosse
Keyword(s):  
Eighteenth Century ◽  
World View ◽  
Difficult Problem ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Religious Truth ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
The World ◽  
Christian Thought ◽  
The Many ◽  
The Relationship

The relationship between Christianity and the Enlightenment presents a subtle and difficult problem. No historian has as yet fully answered the important question of how the world view of the eighteenth century is related to that of traditional Christianity. It is certain, however, that the deism of that century rejected traditional Christianity as superstitious and denied Christianity a monopoly upon religious truth. The many formal parallels which can be drawn between Enlightenment and Christianity cannot obscure this fact. From the point of view of historical Christianity, both Protestant and Catholic, the faith of the Enlightenment was blasphemy. It did away with a personal God, it admitted no supernatural above the natural, it denied the relevance of Christ's redemptive task in this world. This essay attempts to discover whether traditional Christian thought itself did not make a contribution to the Enlightenment.

Knowledge and Power in the Discourse of Modernity: The Campaigns against Popular Religion in Early Twentieth-Century China

1991 ◽  
Vol 50 (1) ◽  
pp. 67-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prasenjit Duara
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Popular Religion ◽  
Western World ◽  
Historical Understanding ◽  
The West ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
Early Twentieth Century ◽  
The World ◽  
Historical Transition ◽  
Modern Era

Ever since the enlightenment—the dawn of the modern era—historical understanding has been much concerned with the passage to modernity. In our present century, questions and dilemmas of the transition to modernity and the evaluation of “tradition” in the non-Western world have been central to the historical problematique the world over. I have chosen to analyze the modernist understanding of this historical transition in China not only among professional historians in the West, but among Chinese advocates of modernity. Specifically, I will examine the campaigns attacking popular religion during the first three decades of this century. As a movement advocating the establishment of a rational society, these campaigns offer a view of the understanding of this transition, not just in theory and historiography, but in practice.

What Kissinger Feels in His Bones

Worldview ◽  
1975 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 37-45
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Thomas Jefferson ◽  
War And Peace ◽  
Secretary Of State ◽  
Foreign Countries ◽  
The World ◽  
New Nation

Bill Moyers: When Thomas Jefferson became Secretary of State in 1790 there were to be representatives of four foreign countries in Washington-Britain, the Netherlands, France, and Spain. Jefferson's chief problems were to negotiate commercial relations with each of the four countries, to gain from three of them control of territory surrounding the new nation, and to maintain neutrality in the war that raged between two of them.Now there are 128 diplomatic missions in Washington, and while the chief problems continue to be commerce, war, and peace, the world is a far more complicated place. As we move toward the end of the twentieth century the problems we face are a crisscrossing web of issues, each of which is tangled with the next, so that today's solution may be tomorrow's headache or war.

scholarly journals Kosmopolitanisme dalam Majalah Penghiboer di Awal Abad Ke-20

Metahumaniora ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 136
Author(s):  
Ari J. Adipurwawijdana
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Middle Class ◽  
Private Sector ◽  
Literary History ◽  
World View ◽  
Literary Texts ◽  
Cultural Materialism ◽  
Global Society ◽  
Ethical Policy ◽  
The World

AbstrakSejarah kesusastraan Indonesia lazim dipandang memiliki awalnya denganterbitnya karya-karya yang diterbitkan dan dipromosikan Balai Pustaka sebagai bagiandari program otoritas kolonial Belanda dalam konteks Politik Etis. Namun, pandanganyang Balai Pustaka-sentris semacam ini mengabaikan aktivitas penulisan dan penerbitanyang dilakukan pihak swasta di berbagai kota selain Batavia. Tulisan ini bertujuanmenunjukkan betapa wawasan kelas menengah terdidik di Hindia Belanda pada awal abadkedua puluh melampaui yang direfleksikan dalam karya-karya terbitan Balai Pustaka.Untuk mencapai tujuan ini, diterapkan kajian materialis kultural yang memandangteks sastra maupun non-sastra sebagai bagian dari ekonomi dan kebudayaan material.Dengan berfokus pada majalah Penghiboer, yang terbit di Palembang, akan tampakbetapa warga kelas menengah Hindia-Belanda memiliki kehidupan yang kosmopolitan,yang memandang dirinya merupakan bagian dari masyarakat dunia, dan, karena itupula, menunjukkan ambivalensi dalam menyajikan identitas nasional.Kata kunci: Penghiboer, bacaan populer, majalah, Hindia Belanda, materialisme kulturalAbstractIndonesian literary history is commonly viewed to have had its beginnings in thepublication and promotion of works by Balai Pustaka as a part of the program of the Dutchcolonial authority under the auspices of the Ethical Policy. However, such Balai Pustaka-centricperspective often ignores the writing and publications carried out by the private sector in variouscities other than Batavia. This piece aims at exposing how the world view of the educated middleclass in the Dutch-Indies in the early twentieth century had gone beyond what is reflected in theworks published by Balai Pustaka. To achieve this objective,the cultural materialist approachis employed, which views literary and non-literary texts as apart of the economy and materialculture. Focusing on the magazine Penghiboer, published in Palembang, it will be apparenthow the members of the middle class in the Dutch Indies lived lives in the view that they were apart of a global society, and, therefore, also shows ambivalence in presenting national identity.Keywords: Penghiboer, popular reading, magazines, Dutch Indies, cultural materialism

scholarly journals Kosmopolitanisme dalam Majalah Penghiboer di Awal Abad Ke-20

Metahumaniora ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 136
Author(s):  
Ari J. Adipurwawijdana
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Middle Class ◽  
Private Sector ◽  
Literary History ◽  
World View ◽  
Literary Texts ◽  
Cultural Materialism ◽  
Global Society ◽  
Ethical Policy ◽  
The World

AbstrakSejarah kesusastraan Indonesia lazim dipandang memiliki awalnya denganterbitnya karya-karya yang diterbitkan dan dipromosikan Balai Pustaka sebagai bagiandari program otoritas kolonial Belanda dalam konteks Politik Etis. Namun, pandanganyang Balai Pustaka-sentris semacam ini mengabaikan aktivitas penulisan dan penerbitanyang dilakukan pihak swasta di berbagai kota selain Batavia. Tulisan ini bertujuanmenunjukkan betapa wawasan kelas menengah terdidik di Hindia Belanda pada awal abadkedua puluh melampaui yang direfleksikan dalam karya-karya terbitan Balai Pustaka.Untuk mencapai tujuan ini, diterapkan kajian materialis kultural yang memandangteks sastra maupun non-sastra sebagai bagian dari ekonomi dan kebudayaan material.Dengan berfokus pada majalah Penghiboer, yang terbit di Palembang, akan tampakbetapa warga kelas menengah Hindia-Belanda memiliki kehidupan yang kosmopolitan,yang memandang dirinya merupakan bagian dari masyarakat dunia, dan, karena itupula, menunjukkan ambivalensi dalam menyajikan identitas nasional.Kata kunci: Penghiboer, bacaan populer, majalah, Hindia Belanda, materialisme kulturalAbstractIndonesian literary history is commonly viewed to have had its beginnings in thepublication and promotion of works by Balai Pustaka as a part of the program of the Dutchcolonial authority under the auspices of the Ethical Policy. However, such Balai Pustaka-centricperspective often ignores the writing and publications carried out by the private sector in variouscities other than Batavia. This piece aims at exposing how the world view of the educated middleclass in the Dutch-Indies in the early twentieth century had gone beyond what is reflected in theworks published by Balai Pustaka. To achieve this objective,the cultural materialist approachis employed, which views literary and non-literary texts as apart of the economy and materialculture. Focusing on the magazine Penghiboer, published in Palembang, it will be apparenthow the members of the middle class in the Dutch Indies lived lives in the view that they were apart of a global society, and, therefore, also shows ambivalence in presenting national identity.Keywords: Penghiboer, popular reading, magazines, Dutch Indies, cultural materialism

The World Opens Up, 1900-1924

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jurjen A. Zeilstra
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Problem Solving ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Karl Barth ◽  
World Council Of Churches ◽  
The World ◽  
World Council ◽  
Student Society ◽  
Early Influences

This chapter traces Wim Visser ’t Hooft’s life from his birth at the beginning of the twentieth century in Haarlem in the Netherlands to his move to Geneva as international secretary for the YMCA in 1924. The chapter stresses his patrician and Remonstrant background, pointing out how this background shaped his worldview and taught him to think and act independently and on his own initiative. The chapter also traces important early influences on his thinking and theology, such as the NCSV (Dutch Christian Student Society) and Karl Barth. His work in student relief after the war showcased his networking and problem-solving capabilities. The qualities he developed were decisive for his career in the World Council of Churches.

scholarly journals СULTURAL EPOCHS AS TEXT IN LESIA UKRAINKA’S DRAMAS

2021 ◽  
pp. 3-20
Author(s):  
Olha Turhan
Keyword(s):  
Middle Ages ◽  
Late Antiquity ◽  
World View ◽  
Classical System ◽  
Cultural Codes ◽  
Nature And Culture ◽  
Biological Phenomena ◽  
The World ◽  
The Masses ◽  
Good And Evil

Based on Lesia Ukrainka’s dramas “Iphigenia in Tavrida”, “Cassandra”, “The Orgy”, “Ruphin and Priscilla”, and “The Stone Master”, the paper highlights peculiarities of cultural and historical codes of the Antiquity and the Middle Ages in the writer's works as well as literary manifestation of the world-view features of European and Ukrainian Modernism in the antique and medieval images and motifs. Lesia Ukrainka reconsidered the heritage of archaic and late Antiquity, Hellenistic period, Galilee at the time of Jesus, Early Christianity, and Medieval Spain. Each of these epochs has its own dichotomy of social and biological phenomena, parameters of the world model, and dominant fundamental points. Lesia Ukrainka’s dramas transform the material of various cultural epochs, providing polysemantic images that transfer the cosmos of a certain period into the neo-romantic and neo-classical system of images and symbols. In the dramas, the writer raised the issues recurrent in her works, such as love and sacrifice; beauty and ugliness; prophet, artist and ‘revolt of the masses’; reality and dream; good and evil; truth and benefit; nostalgia for chivalry; nostalgia for the Absolute; psychological and moral freedom and violence; spirit, soul, and body; spiritual nobility and the rule of brutes; nature and culture, etc.  Numerous issues and characters, multifunctional ontological, cultural, and historical phenomena, cultural codes, symbols, and mythologems acquire an existential meaning in the author’s dramas fitting not only into various cultural contexts but also into the modern reconsideration of mythopoetics. 

scholarly journals HISTORICAL ASPECT OF FORMATION AND DEVELOPMENT OF PARTNERSHIP PEDAGOGY

2021 ◽  
pp. 193-201
Author(s):  
Larysa Tkachuk
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
World View ◽  
Historical Aspect ◽  
Second Stage ◽  
Preparatory Period ◽  
The World ◽  
Two Stages ◽  
Second Period ◽  
Pedagogy Development ◽  
Development Of Partnership

In the article, the periodization of the formation and development of partnership pedagogy has been based on socio-pedagogical prerequisites, clarifying the contribution of prominent philosophers, educator-innovators in the development of theoretical, methodological, and technological aspects of partnership pedagogy. The author divides the formation and development of the pedagogy of partnership into two periods: the preparatory and the development of the ideas of partnership pedagogy.The chronological framework of the preparatory period – from antiquity (V century BC) to the 80s of the XX century has been determined. There are two stages within the preparatory period: the first stage – from antiquity (V century BC) to the 50s of the twentieth century, the second stage – the 50–80s of the twentieth century. It has been established that within the first stage, the studied phenomenon is not the object of purposeful holistic study it appeals to it are spontaneous and unsystematic, knowledge about it is scanty and contradictory. The second stage of the preparatory period (the '50s – the mid-'80s of the twentieth century) has been characterized by a systematic study of certain aspects of the problem, the emergence of theories and concepts of cooperation pedagogy, which in the future form the basis of partnership pedagogy, help determine its formation and development.The peculiarities of the second period of the partnership pedagogy development (from 1986 to the present) have been clarified. Two stages of this period are distinguished by the author: the first – from 1986 to 2016, the second – from 2016 to the present. The first stage begins with the signing by the teachers-innovators of the Manifesto “Pedagogy of Cooperation” (1986) and has been characterized by a thorough scientific study, design of ways and means of development of the cooperation pedagogy. Since 2016, when the Concept of the New Ukrainian School has been adopted, the second stage of the second period of formation of partnership pedagogy begins. The concept of “partnership pedagogy” has been transferred from the world view to the normative plane; research is actively carried out, and ideas of partnership pedagogy are developed. Keywords: partnership pedagogy; cooperation pedagogy; philosophical thought; humanism; teachers-innovators; New Ukrainian School; periodization; formation and development.

Islamic fundamentalism

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Youssef Choueiri
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
World View ◽  
Human Existence ◽  
Historical Change ◽  
Modern World ◽  
Islamic Fundamentalism ◽  
Philosophical Discourse ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
Philosophical System ◽  
Sayyid Qutb

The philosophical roots of Islamic fundamentalism are largely the result of a conscious attempt to revive and restate the theoretical relevance of Islam in the modern world. The writings of three twentieth-century Muslim thinkers and activists – Sayyid Qutb, Ayatollah Ruhollah al-Khumayni and Abu al-‘Ala al-Mawdudi – provide authoritative guidelines delineating the philosophical discourse of Islamic fundamentalism. However, whereas al-Khumayni and al-Mawdudi made original contributions towards formulating a new Islamic political theory, it was Qutb who offered a coherent exposition of Islam as a philosophical system. Qutb’s philosophical system postulated a qualitative contradiction between Western culture and the religion of Islam. Its emphasis on Islam as a sui generis and transcendental set of beliefs excluded the validity of all other values and concepts. It also marked the differences between the doctrinal foundations of Islam and modern philosophical currents. Consequently Islamic fundamentalism is opposed to the Enlightenment, secularism, democracy, nationalism, Marxism and relativism. Its most original contribution resides in the formulation of the concept of God’s sovereignty or lordship. This concept is the keystone of its philosophical structure. The premises of Islamic fundamentalism are rooted in an essentialist world view whereby innate qualities and attributes apply to individuals and human societies, irrespective of time, historical change or political circumstances. Hence, an immutable substance governs human existence and determines its outward movement.

Reformed Theology in Modern Europe (Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries)

2020 ◽  
pp. 133-153
Author(s):  
James Eglinton
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Reformed Theology ◽  
Classical Liberal ◽  
The Enlightenment ◽  
The Social ◽  
History Of ◽  
Nineteenth And Twentieth Centuries ◽  
Modern Europe ◽  
Twentieth Century Europe

The history of nineteenth- and twentieth-century Europe is one of upheaval. How did modern European Reformed theologians and theologies fare as the social, political, cultural, and intellectual ground upon which they stood was shifting? This chapter explores developments in Reformed theology in Scotland, Germany, the Netherlands, Switzerland, France, and Hungary. It argues that the nineteenth century saw Reformed theology coming to terms with the Enlightenment—conforming to it, in the case of classical liberal theology, and challenging it, in the case of the Réveil. In the twentieth century, the two most historically important attempts to reimagine the Reformed faith in a culturally modern Europe were neo-Calvinism (Bavinck and Kuyper) and neo-Orthodoxy (Barth). The story of twentieth-century European Reformed theology, for the most part, was the story of Reformed theologians reorienting themselves in relation to Basel and Amsterdam, as the ground moved beneath their feet.

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