The WHO European Program of Health Legislation and the Health for All Policy

1986 ◽  
Vol 12 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 441-460
Author(s):  
Geneviève Pinet
Keyword(s):  
Health Policy ◽  
National Health ◽  
Health Care Systems ◽  
International Health ◽  
World Health ◽  
Regional Office ◽  
Country Level ◽  
Care Systems ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Health Legislation

AbstractThe purpose of this paper is to provide a comprehensive review of the work of the World Health Organization (WHO), begun a decade ago in Europe, in the field of health legislation. This program is the result of the interaction between two important factors: the trends in national health policy and legislation at the country level, and the implementation of the Health for All policy, which has been collectively adopted by the European Member States in various WHO fora.Health legislation has proved to be a valuable tool in supporting National Health Policies in European countries and a key element in international health activities. The paper will be presented in three main parts. The first examines the legislative implications of the Health for All policy and strategy. The second gives an overview of developments in health legislation in Europe, focusing on national achievements in three areas in which change is necessary to achieve Health for All: health care systems, the environment, and lifestyles. The third part gives an account of activities carried out by the Regional Office for Europe of WHO in the health legislation field, recalls the organization of the first WHO medium-term program in this field, and summarizes its four current subprograms on health policy, health situation, exchange of information, and training. The conclusion briefly outlines the prospects for further developments in Europe.

scholarly journals THE WAY THE HEALTH CARE SYSTEM IN UKRAINE LOOKS LIKE: INTERNATIONAL PRACTICES WITHIN NATIONAL REALITIES

2019 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 685-691
Author(s):  
Borys O. Lohvynenko ◽  
Roman V. Myroniuk ◽  
Olexander P. Svitlychnyy ◽  
Aleksey Y. Prokopenko ◽  
Lidija I. Kalenichenko
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Health Care System ◽  
National Health ◽  
Health Care Systems ◽  
World Health ◽  
National Health Care ◽  
National Health Care System ◽  
Care Systems ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Care System

Introduction: Nowadays there is the transformation of the national health care system in Ukraine, the ultimate goal of which is to create a modern, competitive model of medical care of citizens on the basis of forming packages of free medical services. However, the model adopted by Ukraine is in contradiction with national legislation in part of free medical aid guaranteed by the Art. 49 of the Constitution of Ukraine, and fragmentary considers positive international practices. The aim of the paper is to determine the mistakes of the reform of the Ukrainian health care system and to reveal the positive international practices of the organization of health care systems that can be implemented in Ukraine. Materials and methods: National and international legislation, official web resources of the executive authorities of Ukraine, statistics of the World Health Organization, materials of journalistic and scientific periodicals are the materials for the research of the health care system in Ukraine in comparison with international practices. Research methods are cross-sectoral, complex statistical, comparative, generalization, analysis and synthesis. In order to obtain the results, the authors have conducted a critical analysis of the current norms of the national Ukrainian legislation in the health care sector. Review: The authors of the article have studied the main disadvantages of the national health care system in accordance with the concept of reforming the medical sector. Positive international practices that can be implemented into Ukrainian system for the real improvement of medical human rights in Ukraine have been revealed. Conclusions: It has been proved that the ongoing reform of the health care system in Ukraine needs to be reviewed and optimized. It has been offered to consolidate a perspective model of the Ukrainian health care system, its principles and guarantees of immunity at the legislative level.

Accounting for the Rising Caesarean Section Rate in Canada: What Are the Roles of Changing Needs, Practices, and Incentives?

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michael Baker ◽  
Maripier Isabelle ◽  
Mark Stabile ◽  
Sara Allin
Keyword(s):  
Caesarean Section ◽  
Financial Incentives ◽  
Health Care Systems ◽  
Caesarean Section Rate ◽  
The United States ◽  
World Health ◽  
Strong Increase ◽  
Primary Determinant ◽  
Care Systems ◽  
Health Organization

In most high-income countries, including Canada, the share of births by Caesarean section (C‑section) has risen over the past decades to far exceed World Health Organization recommendations of the proportion justified on medical grounds (15 percent). Although unnecessary C-sections represent an important cost for health care systems, they are not associated with clear benefits for the mother and the child and can sometimes represent additional risks. Drawing on administrative records of nearly four million births in Canada, as well as macro data from the United States and Australia, we provide a comprehensive account of rising C-section rates. We explicitly consider the contributions of the main factors brought forward in the policy literature, including changing characteristics of mothers, births, and physicians as well as changing financial incentives for C-section deliveries. These factors account for at most one-half of the increase in C-section rates. The majority of the remaining increase in C-sections over the period 1994–2011 occurred in the early 2000s. We suggest that some event or shock in the early 2000s is likely the primary determinant of the recent strong increase in the C-section rate in Canada.

scholarly journals Synthesis and Application of Assessment Framework for Human Resources for Health Policy Implementation: Gaps in India’s National Health Policy

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sweta Dubey ◽  
Jeel Vasa ◽  
siddhesh zadey
Keyword(s):  
Health Policy ◽  
Human Resources ◽  
National Health ◽  
Human Resources For Health ◽  
Implementation Strategies ◽  
World Health ◽  
National Health Policy ◽  
Four Dimensions ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
Almost All

Abstract Background: Human Resources for Health (HRH) are crucial to improve health services coverage and population health outcomes. The World Health Organization (WHO) promotes four dimensions - availability, accessibility, acceptability, and quality (AAAQ) for HRH strengthening. Integrating AAAQ dimensions in policymaking is essential to reduce the critical shortage of HRH in India. Methods: We created a multilevel framework consisting of implementable strategies and actions that can improve AAAQ dimensions. We assessed and monitored the incorporation of dimensions in HRH-related recommendations of all versions of the National Health Policy of India (NHPI) policies using this framework. Recommendations were coded using this framework and classified according to targeted dimensions and cadres. We formulated dimension-wise normalized indices to calculate HRH deficits for pre-NHPI years and assess situational deficiencies. Finally, we evaluated whether or not the HRH recommendations of NHPIs addressed the deficient cadres and dimensions for the corresponding year. Results: We observed that HRH availability and quality were focused more in NHPI compared to accessibility and acceptability. Doctors were prioritized over auxiliary nurses-midwives and health assistants. AAAQ indices showed deficits in all dimensions in almost all cadres over the years. The cadres focused by NHPI recommendations did not completely correspond to the deficient cadres. Conclusion: The framework and indices based method can help identify the gaps between targeted and needed dimensions and cadres for effective HRH strengthening in countries. At the global level, the application of framework and indices will allow a comparison of the strengths and weaknesses of HRH-related policies and indicate implementation strategies and actions.

scholarly journals Implementation of the Integrated Care of Older People (ICOPE) App in Primary Care: New Technologies in Geriatric Care during Quarantine of COVID-19 and Beyond

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-2
Author(s):  
D. Sanchez-Rodriguez ◽  
C. Annweiler ◽  
S. Gillain ◽  
B. Vellas
Keyword(s):  
New Technologies ◽  
Health Care Systems ◽  
Action Plan ◽  
Credible Interval ◽  
Therapeutic Interventions ◽  
World Health ◽  
Global Priority ◽  
Care Systems ◽  
Novel Coronavirus ◽  
Health Organization

The COVID-19 pandemic due to a novel coronavirus (SARS-CoV-2) in December 2019 has rapidly spread worldwide. The mortality rate is about 2.3% in general population, with high human-to-human transmission of 0.41 (credible interval [0.27, 0.55]), and nasopharyngeal asymptomatic carriers act as vectors within the population (1). The World Health Organization (WHO) declared the pandemic on March 2020, and established objectives and action plan. First, WHO aimed at limiting the transmission of SARS-CoV-2, which required large isolation actions (country borders lockdown and individual quarantine). Second, WHO aimed at guiding and supporting the different health care systems across countries. Finally, developing therapeutic interventions appeared as a global priority as available evidence were still scarce (1). More than 860 clinical trials are ongoing worldwide.

The Politics of Developing a National Health Policy

1973 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 331-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karl Evang
Keyword(s):  
Health Policy ◽  
Social Services ◽  
National Health ◽  
Food Policy ◽  
World Health ◽  
The Political ◽  
National Health Policy ◽  
Pressure Groups ◽  
The World ◽  
Health Organization

Since national health policy is developed through the political instruments and modalities of a given country, it would be unrealistic to prescribe a solution applicable everywhere. Health matters are “in” in the political world, due partly to the rapidly rising cost of medical care and related social services, and partly to pressure groups which have become aware of the potentialities of health services in the population. Also, the “man-consuming” sector of society, industry and war machines, can use man as he is produced by nature only to a limited extent; more must, therefore, be invested in his health. The emergency period in health protection and promotion is over in the richer parts of the world. However, few countries have yet produced a national health policy. The difficulties encountered in this process are discussed, and it is suggested that a great deal can be learned from the initiative, in the 1920s, of a recommendation by the Health Section of the League of Nations that every country develop a national food policy. It is argued that it is time for the World Health Organization to urge its member states to develop and introduce a national health policy.

scholarly journals Unfavorable Mortality-To-Incidence Ratio of Lung Cancer Is Associated with Health Care Disparity

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. 2889 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheng-Yu Huang ◽  
Kwong-Kwok Au ◽  
Sung-Lang Chen ◽  
Shao-Chuan Wang ◽  
Chi-Yu Liao ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lung Cancer ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Health Care Systems ◽  
Health Care Expenditures ◽  
Good Health ◽  
World Health ◽  
Incidence And Mortality ◽  
Care Systems ◽  
Adequate Quality ◽  
Health Organization

The mortality-to-incidence ratio (MIR) is associated with the clinical outcome of cancer treatment. For several cancers, countries with relatively good health care systems have favorable MIRs. However, the association between lung cancer MIR and health care expenditures or rankings has not been evaluated. We used linear regression to analyze the correlation between lung cancer MIRs and the total expenditures on health/gross domestic product (e/GDP) and the World Health Organization (WHO) rankings. We included 57 countries, for which data of adequate quality were available, and we found high rates of incidence and mortality but low MIRs in more developed regions. Among the continents, North America had the highest rates of incidence and mortality, whereas the highest MIRs were in Africa, Asia, Latin America, and the Caribbean. Globally, favorable MIRs correlated with high e/GDP and good WHO ranking (regression coefficient, −0.014 and 0.001; p = 0.004, and p = 0.014, respectively). In conclusion, the MIR for lung cancer in different countries varies with the expenditure on health care and health system rankings.

Oral Health Care Systems: An International Collaborative Study Coordinated by the World Health Organization

1987 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 125
Author(s):  
Max H. Schoen ◽  
Harald A. Arnljot ◽  
David E. Barmes ◽  
Lois K. Cohen ◽  
Peter B. V. Hunter ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Oral Health ◽  
World Health Organization ◽  
Health Care Systems ◽  
Collaborative Study ◽  
World Health ◽  
The World ◽  
Care Systems ◽  
Health Organization ◽  
International Collaborative Study

scholarly journals Prioritising children and adolescents in the tuberculosis response of the WHO European Region

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (151) ◽  
pp. 180106 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthias I. Gröschel ◽  
Martin van den Boom ◽  
Giovanni Battista Migliori ◽  
Masoud Dara
Keyword(s):  
World Health ◽  
Regional Office ◽  
Member States ◽  
Country Level ◽  
National Strategic Plan ◽  
Regional Meeting ◽  
Latent Tb ◽  
Low Incidence ◽  
Latent Tb Infection ◽  
Health Organization

In 2017, in recognition of the challenges faced by Member States in managing childhood and adolescent tuberculosis (TB) at a country level, the WHO Regional Office for Europe held a Regional Consultation. In total, 35 countries participated in the consultations representing both high- and low-incidence Member States. Here, we provide an overview of the existing World Health Organization (WHO) documents and guidelines on childhood and adolescent TB and describe the outcomes of this regional meeting. National childhood and adolescent TB guidelines are available in 25% of Member States, while 33% reported that no such guidelines are at hand. In the majority of countries (83%), childhood and adolescent TB is part of the National Strategic Plan. The most pressing challenges in managing paediatric TB comprise the lack of adequate drug formulations, the difficult diagnosis, and treatment of presumed latent TB infection. Investments into childhood and adolescent TB need to be further advocated to achieve the End TB goals set by WHO to eliminate TB by 2030.

scholarly journals Role of mhealth in the management of Tuberculosis: A new approach to improve adherence

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 5560-5568
Author(s):  
Rajavardhana T ◽  
Rajanandh M G ◽  
Geethavani M ◽  
Sreedhar V
Keyword(s):  
Health Care Systems ◽  
Treatment Compliance ◽  
World Health ◽  
Single Individual ◽  
Success Rates ◽  
Tb Treatment ◽  
Care Systems ◽  
New Ideas ◽  
Health Accounts ◽  
Health Organization

Compliance with Tuberculosis (TB) treatment is essential in enhancing singly and public health as well. may come out with suffering, disease worsening, and mortality and also leads to increased economic burden to the patients. Through this article, we want to explore new ideas to strengthen medication adherence with the assistance of approaches to monitor and enhance TB patient's medication-taking behavior. have more success rates in particular parts, whereas its limitations in improving the adherence can be understood in the world health organization End Tuberculosis plan of action. To provide disease and treatment-related education to the patients, apps should be of educational worth to patients by delivering classified information, which is easily accessible to the patients and caregivers. Hurdles to TB treatment compliance are noteworthy and multiple. Mobile health accounts for an arising field with significant promises to locate barriers, thus enhancing every single individual and community health and health care systems planning.

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