Multiple Book Review of Speech perception by ear and eye: A paradigm for psychological inquiry

1989 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 741-755 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominic W. Massaro
Keyword(s):  
Speech Perception ◽  
Categorical Perception ◽  
Information Source ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Feature Evaluation ◽  
Categorical Information ◽  
Fuzzy Logical Model ◽  
Perception Theory ◽  
Psychological Inquiry

AbstractThis book is about the processing of information in face-to-face communication when a speaker makes both audible and visible information available to a perceiver. Both auditory and visual sources of information are evaluated and integrated to achieve speech perception. The evaluation of the information source provides information about the strength of alternative interpretations, rather than just all-or-none categorical information, as claimed by “categorical perception” theory. Information sources are evaluated independently; the integration process insures that the least ambiguous sources have the most influences on the judgment. Similar processes occur in a variety of other behaviors, ranging from personality judgments and categorization to sentence interpretation and decision making. The experimental results are consistent with a fuzzy logical model of perception, positing three operations in perceptual (primary) recognition: feature evaluation, feature integration, and pattern classification. Continuously valued features are first evaluated, then integrated and matched against prototype descriptions in memory; finally, an identification decision is made on the basis of the relative goodness-of-match of the stimulus information with the relevant prototype descriptions.

Perception of Synthesized Audible and Visible Speech

1990 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-63 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dominic W. Massaro ◽  
Michael M. Cohen
Keyword(s):  
Speech Perception ◽  
Visual Information ◽  
Optimal Algorithm ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Visible Speech ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Categorical Information ◽  
Fuzzy Logical Model ◽  
Jaw Position ◽  
Combining Information

The research reported in this paper uses novel stimuli to study how speech perception is influenced by information presented to ear and eye. Auditory and visual sources of information (syllables) were synthesized and presented in isolation or in factorial combination. A five-step continuum between the syllables ibal and idal was synthesized along both auditory and visual dimensions, by varying properties of the syllable at its onset. The onsets of the second and third formants were manipulated in the audible speech. For the visible speech, the shape of the lips and the jaw position at the onset of the syllable were manipulated. Subjects’ identification judgments of the test syllables presented on videotape were influenced by both auditory and visual information. The results were used to test between a fuzzy logical model of speech perception (FLMP) and a categorical model of perception (CMP). These tests indicate that evaluation and integration of the two sources of information makes available continuous as opposed to just categorical information. In addition, the integration of the two sources appears to be nonadditive in that the least ambiguous source has the largest impact on the judgment. The two sources of information appear to be evaluated, integrated, and identified as described by the FLMP-an optimal algorithm for combining information from multiple sources. The research provides a theoretical framework for understanding the improvement in speech perception by hearing-impaired listeners when auditory speech is supplemented with other sources of information.

Sources of Performance Information in the Exercise Setting

1990 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 56-65 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vicki Ebbeck
Keyword(s):  
Goal Setting ◽  
Muscle Development ◽  
Information Sources ◽  
Weight Training ◽  
Function Analysis ◽  
Information Source ◽  
Student Feedback ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Perceived Effort ◽  
Gender Groups

This study examined the sources of information used by adult exercisers to judge performance. Of particular interest was the investigation of gender differences. Subjects, 271 adults (174 males, 97 females) who were enrolled in a university weight training program, completed a questionnaire designed to evaluate the importance of 12 information sources in judging weight training performance: instructor feedback, student feedback, student comparison, changes noticed outside the gym, personal attraction toward the activity, degree of perceived effort exerted in the workout, performance in workout, feedback from others not in the class, goal setting, muscle development, workout improvement over time, and ease in learning new skills. Results revealed a significant discriminant function analysis for gender, with six information sources entering the stepwise procedure: goal setting, student feedback, learning, effort, improvement, and changes noticed outside the gym differentiated the gender groups. Males relied more than females on student feedback as an information source to judge performance. Alternatively, females used effort, goal setting, improvement, and learning as information sources more than males.

Categorization of Information Loss During the Dissemination of Design Ideas

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victoria Zhao ◽  
Conrad S. Tucker
Keyword(s):  
Engineering Design ◽  
Design Process ◽  
Information Source ◽  
Information Loss ◽  
Design Solution ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Comprehensive Review ◽  
Engineering Design Process ◽  
Design Idea ◽  
Design Ideas

Information is transferred through a process consisting of an information source, a transmitter, a channel, a receiver and its destination. Unfortunately, during different stages of the engineering design process, there is a risk of a design idea or solution being incorrectly interpreted due to the nonlinearity of engineering design. I.e., there are many ways to communicate a single design idea or solution. This paper provides a comprehensive review and categorization of the possible sources of information loss at different stages of the engineering design process. Next, the authors present an approach that seeks to minimize information loss during certain stages of the engineering design process. The paper i) explores design process and dissemination methods in engineering design; ii) reviews prior work pertaining to these stages of the engineering design process and iii) proposes an information entropy metric that designers can utilize in order to quantify information loss at different stages of the engineering design process. Knowledge gained from this work will aid designers in selecting a suitable dissemination solution needed to effectively achieve a design solution.

Categorizing Blogs as Information Sources for Libraries and Information Science

2015 ◽  
pp. 4833-4845
Author(s):  
Mark-Shane Scale ◽  
Anabel Quan-Haase
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Information Needs ◽  
Information Sources ◽  
Information Science ◽  
Information Source ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Collection Development ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Additional Information ◽  
Source Category

Blogs are important sources of information currently used in the work of professionals, institutions and academics. Nevertheless, traditional information needs and uses research has not yet discussed where blogs fit in the existing typologies of information sources. Blogs and other types of social media have several characteristics that blur the lines of distinction existent between traditional information source categories. This chapter brings this research problem to the fore. Not only do we examine why blogs do not neatly fit into existing information source categories, but we also deliberate the implications for libraries in terms of the need to consider blogs as an information source to be included in collection development. We discuss the opportunities and possibilities for blogs to be integrated into the collection development efforts of academic and public libraries to better serve patrons. In order to accommodate for blogs and other types of social media as information sources, we propose the introduction of an additional information source category. We suggest new avenues of future research that investigate how blogs are being used to meet information needs in various social settings, such as corporations, health care and educational settings (e.g., higher education, and schools). In this chapter, we develop a framework of how blogs may function as information sources to provide libraries with a better understanding of how blogs are integrated into the context of everyday information seeking. By grouping the ways in which people employ blogs to acquire information, we propose that blogs provide information sources along a continuum ranging from non-fiction to fictional information.

Information Valuation Policies for Explainable Trustworthiness Assessment in E-Services

2011 ◽  
pp. 168-197
Author(s):  
Karen K. Fullam ◽  
K. Suzanne Barber
Keyword(s):  
Information Source ◽  
Accurate Information ◽  
Service Users ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Inaccurate Information ◽  
Assessment Decisions ◽  
Information Valuation ◽  
Information Providers ◽  
Relational History

Information e-services are useful for exchanging information among many users, whether human or automated agent; however, e-service users are susceptible to risk of inaccurate information, since users have no traditional face-to-face interaction or past relational history with information providers. To encourage use of information e-services, individuals must have technology to assess information accuracy and information source trustworthiness. This research permits automated e-service users—here called agents—acting on behalf of humans, to employ policies, or heuristics, for predicting information accuracy when numerous pieces of information are received from multiple sources. These intuitive policies draw from human strategies for evaluating the trustworthiness of information to not only identify accurate information, but also distinguish untrustworthy information providers. These policies allow the agent to build a user’s confidence in the trust assessment technology by creating justifications for trust assessment decisions and identifying particular policies integral to a given assessment decision.

scholarly journals Multi-Source Neural Variational Inference

2019 ◽  
Vol 33 ◽  
pp. 4114-4121
Author(s):  
Richard Kurle ◽  
Stephan Günnemann ◽  
Patrick Van der Smagt
Keyword(s):  
Latent Variables ◽  
Information Sources ◽  
Information Source ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Multiple Sources ◽  
Learning Framework ◽  
Trade Offs ◽  
Variational Autoencoder ◽  
Learning Research ◽  
Inference Methods

Learning from multiple sources of information is an important problem in machine-learning research. The key challenges are learning representations and formulating inference methods that take into account the complementarity and redundancy of various information sources. In this paper we formulate a variational autoencoder based multi-source learning framework in which each encoder is conditioned on a different information source. This allows us to relate the sources via the shared latent variables by computing divergence measures between individual source’s posterior approximations. We explore a variety of options to learn these encoders and to integrate the beliefs they compute into a consistent posterior approximation. We visualise learned beliefs on a toy dataset and evaluate our methods for learning shared representations and structured output prediction, showing trade-offs of learning separate encoders for each information source. Furthermore, we demonstrate how conflict detection and redundancy can increase robustness of inference in a multi-source setting.

OPEN INNOVATION IN SMALL BUSINESSES IN THE INDUSTRY AND CRAFT SECTORS

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (04) ◽  
pp. 1950038 ◽  
Author(s):  
RONEN HAREL ◽  
DAFNA SCHWARTZ ◽  
DAM KAUFMANN
Keyword(s):  
Open Innovation ◽  
Small Businesses ◽  
Business Environment ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Theoretical Contribution ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Marketing Innovation ◽  
Internet Searches ◽  
Professional Information ◽  
Commercial Relationships

The study findings show that the utilization of open innovation (OI) tools is effective in promoting innovation in small businesses. The study differentiated between OI tools aimed at acquiring knowledge in a unidirectional manner from external open sources of information such as Internet searches for professional information or attending professional conferences, and OI tools aimed at obtaining knowledge by interacting with other factors in the business ecosystem. Interestingly, it was found that utilization of unidirectional OI tools contributes more to the level of product innovation, while utilization of networking and external collaboration contributes more to levels of process and marketing innovation, respectively. In addition, the study clarified that these businesses maintain connections to promote innovation mainly with entities in their closest business environment, based on commercial relationships with their suppliers and customers. The empirical study was conducted through face-to-face interviews on a sample of 202 small businesses in the industry and craft sectors. The theoretical contribution of the research stems from its focus on a group of businesses that has rarely been the focus of studies on innovation. The use of face-to-face interviews as a research tool facilitated the attainment of knowledge that is generally not readily accessible. The study may contribute in a practical manner to assisting small businesses in the development and implementation of appropriate OI tools for promoting innovation and enable them to reach beyond their closest business environment.

scholarly journals Credible Sources of Information Regarding Induced Seismicity

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 2308
Author(s):  
Andrew Tracy ◽  
Amy Javernick-Will
Keyword(s):  
Induced Seismicity ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Source Credibility ◽  
Information Source ◽  
Household Survey ◽  
Elected Officials ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Oil And Gas Development ◽  
The Public ◽  
Credible Source

The central United States has seen an increase in earthquakes in recent years, spurring academics to research this new hazard and communicate their findings to the public—that the earthquakes are human-induced and tied to activities associated with oil and gas development. However, individuals receive information from a variety of sources and accept or reject information based on how credible they view the information source. Within this study, we administered and analyzed a household survey to understand what sources individuals view as credible regarding induced seismicity and oil and gas development, and what factors predict this perceived source credibility. We found that academics were viewed as the most credible source, and elected officials were viewed as the least credible source. Rural respondents viewed sources, including academics, as less credible than their urban counterparts. Those who experienced more negative impacts of induced seismicity viewed all sources as less credible than did individuals who have not experienced such adverse impacts. These findings are important to consider when developing outreach and communication campaigns around sustainability issues, as the public will view certain sources, particularly academics, as more credible than the sources that traditionally create and enact policy, such as elected officials and government agencies.

Dietary Supplement Usage, Motivation, and Education in Young Canadian Athletes

2014 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 613-622 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kristin Wiens ◽  
Kelly Anne Erdman ◽  
Megan Stadnyk ◽  
Jill A. Parnell
Keyword(s):  
Dietary Supplement ◽  
Sources Of Information ◽  
Validity And Reliability ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Beta Alanine ◽  
Supplement Use ◽  
Sport Type ◽  
Supplement Usage ◽  
Branched Chain ◽  
Dietary Supplement Use

Purpose:To evaluate dietary supplement use in young Canadian athletes, their motivation for consuming supplements, and their sources of information.Methods:A questionnaire tested for content validity and reliability was administered to 567 athletes between the ages of 11 and 25 years from the Canadian athletic community in face-to-face meetings. Demographics and sport variables were analyzed using descriptive statistics. Fisher’s exact tests were used to examine dietary supplementation patterns and sources of information regarding dietary supplement use between categories of gender, age, sport type, and competition level.Results:Ninety-eight percent of athletes were taking at least one dietary supplement. Males were more likely to consume protein powder, energy drinks, recovery drinks, branched chain amino acids, beta-alanine, and glutamine (p < .01); supplements typically associated with increased muscle mass. Athletes 11–17 years old focused on vitamin and mineral supplements; whereas, athletes 18–25 years old focused on purported ergogenic supplements. Strength training athletes were more likely to consume creatine, glutamine, and protein powders (p < .02). Reasons for supplement use included to stay healthy, increase energy, immune system, recovery, and overall performance. Primary sources of information were family and friends, coaches, and athletic trainers; with 48% of athletes having met with a dietitian. Preferred means of education included individual consultations, presentations, and the internet.Conclusions:The majority of young athletes are using dietary supplements with the belief they will improve performance and health; however, may not always have reliable information. Educational programs using individual consultations and electronic media are recommended for this demographic.

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