Toward peaceful coexistence of adaptive central strategies and medical professionals

AbstractWe start with a number of philosophical and theoretical issues related to motor control, proceed through a spectrum of problems related to the role of adaptive changes in the central nervous system (CNS) in response to a primary disorder, and end with tentative practical recommendations. We consider the hierarchical and dynamic approaches to motor control not as incompatible alternatives but as ways of approaching two equally important issues, those of control and coordination. Professionals working in the area of physical therapy and rehabilitation should make use of the adaptive abilities of the CNS, identify goals, provide tools, and allow the CNS to develop optimal strategies. Therapists should intervene if they suspect that the CNS settles down in a local rather than a global optimum because of such factors as pain or the lack of a long-term predictive ability. Adaptive changes within the CNS may be important not only in pathologies but also in cases of specialized training, normal growth, and normal ageing.

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Long Latency Reflexes and the Silent Period

Clinical Neurophysiology ◽

10.1093/med/9780195385113.003.0032 ◽

2009 ◽

pp. 543-550

Author(s):

John N. Caviness

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Motor Control ◽

Brain Stem ◽

Silent Period ◽

Complex Interplay ◽

Long Latency ◽

System P ◽

The Central Nervous System ◽

Long Latency Reflexes

LLRs and the silent period are EMG phenomena that reflect the complex interplay of spinal, brain stem, and cortical influences in motor control. These techniques have been applied to the study of disorders of motor control such as Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, and dystonia. Abnormalities of these reflexes may help to detect lesions of the central nervous system.

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Tryptophan Metabolism: A Link Between the Gut Microbiota and Brain

Advances in Nutrition ◽

10.1093/advances/nmz127 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

pp. 709-723 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Kan Gao ◽

Chun-long Mu ◽

Aitak Farzi ◽

Wei-yun Zhu

Keyword(s):

Gut Microbiota ◽

Brain Function ◽

Potential Role ◽

Therapeutic Option ◽

Normal Growth ◽

Tryptophan Metabolism ◽

The Central Nervous System ◽

Multiple Levels ◽

Synthesis And Degradation

ABSTRACT The gut-brain axis (GBA) is a bilateral communication network between the gastrointestinal (GI) tract and the central nervous system. The essential amino acid tryptophan contributes to the normal growth and health of both animals and humans and, importantly, exerts modulatory functions at multiple levels of the GBA. Tryptophan is the sole precursor of serotonin, which is a key monoamine neurotransmitter participating in the modulation of central neurotransmission and enteric physiological function. In addition, tryptophan can be metabolized into kynurenine, tryptamine, and indole, thereby modulating neuroendocrine and intestinal immune responses. The gut microbial influence on tryptophan metabolism emerges as an important driving force in modulating tryptophan metabolism. Here, we focus on the potential role of tryptophan metabolism in the modulation of brain function by the gut microbiota. We start by outlining existing knowledge on tryptophan metabolism, including serotonin synthesis and degradation pathways of the host, and summarize recent advances in demonstrating the influence of the gut microbiota on tryptophan metabolism. The latest evidence revealing those mechanisms by which the gut microbiota modulates tryptophan metabolism, with subsequent effects on brain function, is reviewed. Finally, the potential modulation of intestinal tryptophan metabolism as a therapeutic option for brain and GI functional disorders is also discussed.

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Bradykinesia in Parkinson's disease and cocontraction activity in dystonia are unlikely to be due to adaptive changes in the CNS

Behavioral and Brain Sciences ◽

10.1017/s0140525x00041480 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

pp. 69-69

Author(s):

A. Berardelli ◽

R. Agostino ◽

A. Currà ◽

M. Manfredi

Keyword(s):

Parkinson’S Disease ◽

Central Nervous System ◽

Parkinson's Disease ◽

Nervous System ◽

Motor Impairment ◽

Spatial Accuracy ◽

Adaptive Changes ◽

Postural Reactions ◽

The Central Nervous System

AbstractLatash & Anson's explanation of bradykinesia in patients with Parkinson's disease and cocontraction in dystonic patients is intriguing. However, the proposed adaptive changes in the central nervous system do not fit well with both clinical and experimental evidence of motor impairment in these patients. In particular, we question the explanation of: (1) the role of postural reactions and spatial accuracy in bradykinesia, (2) certain abnormalities during the execution of sequential and simultaneous movements, (3) the sudden changes in mobility (ON and OFF) of Parkinsonian patients, and (4) the meaning of reflex circuitry changes in dystonia.

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Anticipatory postural mechanisms: Some evidence and methodological implications

Behavioral and Brain Sciences ◽

10.1017/s0140525x00041583 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

pp. 77-78

Author(s):

Tatsuya Kasai

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Motor Control ◽

Postural Control ◽

H Reflex ◽

Human Motor Control ◽

Therapeutic Implications ◽

Anticipatory Postural Control ◽

The Central Nervous System ◽

Human Motor

AbstractTo understand the basic priorities of the central nervous system in human motor control, neurophysiological parameters are important. Certain H-reflex methods related to anticipatory postural control are particularly useful and may have therapeutic implications.

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Effects of muscle action type on corticospinal excitability and triceps surae muscle-tendon mechanics

Journal of Neurophysiology ◽

10.1152/jn.00079.2017 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 119 (2) ◽

pp. 563-572 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

P. Valadão ◽

S. Kurokawa ◽

T. Finni ◽

J. Avela

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Motor Control ◽

Pennation Angle ◽

H Reflex ◽

Corticospinal Excitability ◽

Triceps Surae ◽

Fascicle Length ◽

The Central Nervous System ◽

Muscle Actions

This study investigated whether the specific motor control strategy reported for eccentric muscle actions is dependent on muscle mechanical behavior. Motor evoked potentials, Hoffman reflex (H-reflex), fascicle length, pennation angle, and fascicle velocity of soleus muscle were compared between isometric and two eccentric conditions. Ten volunteers performed maximal plantarflexion trials in isometric, slow eccentric (25°/s), and fast eccentric (100°/s) conditions, each in a different randomized testing session. H-reflex normalized by the preceding M wave (H/M) was depressed in both eccentric conditions compared with isometric ( P < 0.001), while no differences in fascicle length and pennation angle were found among conditions. Furthermore, although the fast eccentric condition had greater fascicle velocity than slow eccentric ( P = 0.001), there were no differences in H/M. There were no differences in motor evoked potential size between conditions, and silent period was shorter for both eccentric conditions compared with isometric ( P = 0.009). Taken together, the present results corroborate the hypothesis that the central nervous system has an unique activation strategy during eccentric muscle actions and suggest that sensory feedback does not play an important role in modulating these muscle actions. NEW & NOTEWORTHY The present study provides new insight into the motor control of eccentric muscle actions. It was demonstrated that task-dependent corticospinal excitability modulation does not seem to depend on sensory information processing. These findings support the hypothesis that the central nervous system has a unique activation strategy during eccentric muscle actions.

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Developmental psychobiology of cyclic affective illness: Implications for early therapeutic intervention

Development and Psychopathology ◽

10.1017/s0954579400007082 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 8 (1) ◽

pp. 273-305 ◽

Cited By ~ 34

Author(s):

Robert M. Post ◽

Susan R. B. Weiss ◽

Gabriel S. Leverich ◽

Mark S. George ◽

Mark Frye ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Affective Disorders ◽

Therapeutic Potential ◽

Treatment Modalities ◽

Developmental Psychobiology ◽

Adaptive Changes ◽

Affective Illness ◽

Developmental Disturbances ◽

The Central Nervous System ◽

New Treatment ◽

Experiential Effects

AbstractThe recurrent affective disorders are discussed from the perspective of accumulating inherited and experiential effects on gene expression. Stress and episodes of affective illness are viewed as leaving biochemical and microstructural residues in the central nervous system (CNS) in relation to their patterning, severity, and recurrence. Comorbid factors such as substance abuse and developmental disturbances may also interact with these illness-related variables. In addition to the primary pathological processes, secondary adaptive changes can also be induced, which, in concert with pharmacological interventions, may be sufficient to counter episode occurrences and illness progression. We postulate that the balance of primary pathological and secondary adaptive changes at multiple levels of CNS regulation accounts for recurrence and cyclicity in the affective disorders. The importance of early, effective, long-term interventions in the recurrent affective disorders and the therapeutic potential of several new treatment modalities including repeated transcranial magnetic stimulation (rTMS) are discussed.

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Adaptive changes in catecholamine receptors in the central nervous system

Neuroscience ◽

10.1016/0306-4522(81)90221-9 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 6 (8) ◽

pp. 1471-1502 ◽

Cited By ~ 99

Author(s):

T. Reisine

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Adaptive Changes ◽

The Central Nervous System

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Improving infant formulas: on the way to approaching breast milk

Medical Council ◽

10.21518/2079-701x-2016-1-90-97 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 90-97 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

I. N. Zakharova ◽

Y. A. Dmitrieva ◽

E. A. Gordeeva

Keyword(s):

Breast Milk ◽

Normal Growth ◽

First Year ◽

Behavioral Characteristics ◽

Mother And Child ◽

Postnatal Differentiation ◽

The Central Nervous System ◽

The Mind ◽

First Year Of Life ◽

Further Development

Breast milk is the gold standard of infant feeding during the first year of life that ensures adequate physical and psychological development. The composition of human milk changes all the time in the process of one feeding as well as throughout the whole period of lactation. The ingredients of breast milk promote the normal growth of the baby, affect postnatal differentiation of tissues, the formation of the central nervous system (CNS), auditory and visual analyzers, development of the intestinal microbiota of the infant. Breastfeeding contributes to a strong psycho-emotional bond between mother and child which provides the best conditions for further development of the mind, intelligence and behavioral characteristics.

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Investigation of central motor pathways: magnetic brain stimulation

Oxford Textbook of Medicine ◽

10.1093/med/9780199204854.003.2434 ◽

2010 ◽

pp. 4782-4785

Author(s):

K.R. Mills

Keyword(s):

Central Nervous System ◽

Nervous System ◽

Motor Control ◽

Early Diagnosis ◽

Lower Limb ◽

Neurological Disease ◽

Cranial Nerves ◽

Motor Pathways ◽

The Central Nervous System ◽

Abnormal Motor

The ability to percutaneously stimulate the central nervous system of awake humans without causing pain has opened up new areas for neurophysiological investigation in the early diagnosis of neurological disease, also furthered the understanding of normal and abnormal motor control. Magnetic stimulators are now available that can excite both upper and lower limb areas of the motor cortex, as well as cranial nerves, motor roots, and deeply sited peripheral nerves....

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