scholarly journals The Politics of Disembarkation: Empire, Shipping and Labor in the Port of Durban, 1897–1947

2018 ◽  
Vol 93 ◽  
pp. 176-200
Author(s):  
Jonathan Hyslop
Keyword(s):  
Working Class ◽  
South African ◽  
British Empire ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
African State ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Shipping Industry ◽  
Labor Politics ◽  
The World ◽  
Politics Of Race

AbstractThis article examines the labor politics of race in Durban harbor between 1897 and 1947. It approaches the subject from an analysis of labor in a global, and particularly a British Empire, context. The article aims to move away from a solely “national” focus on the South African state and instead to look “up” toward connections to the British Empire, the world economy, and global social and political movements, and “down” towards Durban itself. These large scale (imperial and global) and small scale (city) levels were very concretely connected by Durban's role as a port. This article contends that in order to understand the place of working class Durban in an imperial world, we need to incorporate the shipping industry into other labor histories, studying how the movement of vessels and the actions of seafarers concretely linked these spatial levels. This article provides a broad overview of the sociological “shape” of the Durban working class and focuses on four “moments” of racialized labor in Durban harbor: the riot against M.K. Gandhi in 1897, the British seamen's strike of 1925, the insurgency of black dockworkers in the late 1920s and early 1930s, and the conflicts over the presence of Indian seamen in the port during the Second World War. These events revolved around what is here called a politics of disembarkation, in which the joining of the ship to the world of the shore created a zone of conflict.

Lawmaking and State-Making as Vigilantism

2019 ◽  
pp. 191-212
Author(s):  
Nicholas Rush Smith
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
South African ◽  
Control Strategy ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Crime Control ◽  
African State ◽  
The State ◽  
Police Reform ◽  
Police Violence ◽  
The World

As apartheid collapsed, South Africa set out on one of the most ambitious police reform projects the world had ever seen. However, in 2008, senior state officials began calling for restrictions on police violence to be lifted with the effect that high rates of police violence have become a primary crime control strategy. This chapter examines this shift in the context of the South African state’s failure to bring the country’s persistent vigilante violence under control. It does so in two ways. First, the chapter examines the contradictory ways in which South African state officials navigate the tensions between advocating for the post-apartheid rights regime while arguing that such rights may inhibit the state’s ability to fight crime. Second, it examines how young men in Durban’s underworld experience the state, showing how rumors of procedureless police violence creates an image for them of the state as a large-scale vigilante organization.

Het Hoge Kempen ruraal-industrieel transitielandschap

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 194-207
Author(s):  
PIET GELEYNS
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
Farming System ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Coal Miners ◽  
Garden Cities ◽  
World Heritage List ◽  
The World ◽  
Outstanding Universal Value ◽  
Extensive Farming

The Hoge Kempen rural industrial transition landscape: a layered landscape of Outstanding Universal Value? Up until the beginning of the 20th century, the eastern part of the Belgian province of Limburg was a sparsely populated and not very productive part of the country. The dominating heathland was maintained with sheep, which were an essential part of a small-scale extensive farming system. This all changed when coal was discovered in 1901. Seven large coalmines were established in a few decades, each one employing thousands of coal-miners. This also meant that entire new garden cities were built, to house the coal-miners and their families. The confrontation between the small-scale traditional land-use and the new large-scale industrial developments defines the landscape up to today. The scale and the force of the turnover are considered unprecedented for Western Europe, which is why it is being presented by Belgium for inclusion in the World Heritage List.

scholarly journals Cambridge Servicemen’s Memorial (Breuer, 1945): espacio público para el recuerdo

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 27
Author(s):  
Salvador José Sanchís Gisbert ◽  
Pedro Ponce Gregorio ◽  
Ignacio Peris Blat
Keyword(s):  
Public Space ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
First Year ◽  
Residential Land ◽  
The Public ◽  
International Recognition ◽  
The World ◽  
Strong Commitment

Marcel Breuer was in the first year of architectural technicians to graduate from Bauhaus School. The peculiar education he received there allowed him to explore the concept of design in its broadest sense. In his European stage we find, on the most private and small scale, unique solutions for furniture. In his first American stage we see a strong commitment with solutions related to the residential land and, when he earned international recognition, he developed large scale solutions for his public non-residential buildings and urban equipments in locations all over the world. It is strange to see that an architect like him did not have the opportunity to materialize any of his proposals associated with the public space. The 1945 Cambridge Servicemen’s Memorial project, also known as the Memorial War, is the most significant one he developed in his last years in Cambridge. Had it been built, it would have been a valuable example of modernity and contemporary reinterpretation of the monument in the public space.

‘Burn it down!’: Materialising intersectional solidarities in the architecture of the South African Embassy during the London Poll Tax Riot, March 1990

2019 ◽  
Vol 38 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-250 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gavin Brown
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Working Class ◽  
South African ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
The South ◽  
The West ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Metropolitan Police ◽  
Trafalgar Square ◽  
Poll Tax

This paper offers a new way of conceptualising how intersectional solidarities are actualised. It recounts and theorises an outbreak of radical internationalism, when working class struggles in Britain and South Africa were unexpectedly linked. It examines how intersectional solidarity was materialised through a process of coming together against the architectural fabric of the South African Embassy and considers the interwoven temporalities that enabled this action to occur. On 31 March 1990, nearly a quarter of a million people demonstrated in London against the Poll Tax that was due to take effect in England and Wales the following day. On the day, the Metropolitan Police lost control of an already enraged crowd and provoked a large scale riot that engulfed the West End of London for several hours. In the midst of the riot, during a short retreat by the police, protesters took the opportunity to attack the South African Embassy in Trafalgar Square – many windows were broken and an attempt was made to set the building alight. Drawing on interviews with former anti-apartheid protesters who were present on that day (and who had concluded a four-year long Non-Stop Picket of the embassy a month earlier), this paper explores and analyses their memories of that unexpected moment when their previously symbolic call to ‘burn it down’ was (almost) materialised. In doing so, it contributes new ways of conceptualising the spatiality and temporality of intersectional solidarity.

South Africa and the International Community

1966 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 297-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Dale
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
South African ◽  
British Empire ◽  
Nobel Laureate ◽  
Western World ◽  
Founding Father ◽  
Boer War ◽  
The World ◽  
History Of

Ever since the discovery there of gold and diamonds in the last half of the nineteenth century, South Africa has engaged the rapt attention of the Western world. The saga of the Anglo-Boer War of 1899–1902, perhaps the last of the “gentlemen's wars,” and now the refurbished accounts of the gallant defense of Rorke's Drift in the AngloZulu War of 1879 have been fascinating material for both novelists and film scriptwriters. In addition, the history of South Africa is replete with titanic figures who rank with, or perhaps even above, those from the rest of the continent: the aggressive architect of empire, Cecil J. Rhodes; the redoubtable Zulu warrior, Chaka; the dour, stern-willed President of the South African Republic, “Oom” (Uncle) Paul Kruger; the world-renowned statesman and philosopher, Field Marshal Jan C. Smuts; the founding father of Indian independence, Mohandas K. Gandhi; the compassionate and courageous writer, Alan S. Paton; and the dignified, modest Zulu Nobel Laureate, Albert J. Luthuli. By any standard, South Africa and its leaders of all races have made far-reaching and impressive contributions to the continent, the British Empire, and the world at large.

Experience and Plans for Rationalization of Small-Scale Fisheries in India

1973 ◽  
Vol 30 (12) ◽  
pp. 2172-2177
Author(s):  
P. C. George
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Training Programs ◽  
Pilot Scale ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Fishing Industry ◽  
Small Scale Fisheries ◽  
The Past ◽  
The World ◽  
Fishing Capacity ◽  
Small Craft

Small-scale fisheries have traditionally been the backbone of the fishing industry all over the world. Although large-scale mechanized fishing has come into the limelight recently, even such countries as have developed substantial capability in this direction still have a large fleet of small boats in coastal areas. The landings of this sector of the industry are always substantial, and in many countries they still dominate the picture. In India, small-scale fisheries landed almost 1.15 million tons in 1971. This figure has been increasing as motor-powered small craft have increased in numbers, although 70% of marine fish is still caught from nonpowered boats. Measures taken to increase fishing capacity, landings, and net fishermen’s income over the past 10 years include various kinds of loans and subsidies for the purchase of boats, motors, and nets; assistance for the construction of ponds in inland areas; organization of cooperatives; training programs for fishermen and supporting personnel, especially motor repairmen (with the cooperation of Norway); and gear and vessel research including pilot-scale demonstrations with new types of vessels and equipment.

scholarly journals A MODEL STUDY OF SMALL-SCALE WORLD MAP GENERALIZATION

2018 ◽  
Vol XLII-3 ◽  
pp. 223-228
Author(s):  
Y. Cheng ◽  
Y. Yin ◽  
C. M. Li ◽  
W. Wu ◽  
P. P. Guo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Physical Geography ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Map Generalization ◽  
Basic Algorithm ◽  
The World ◽  
Cross Platform ◽  
Improved Model

With the globalization and rapid development every filed is taking an increasing interest in physical geography and human economics. There is a surging demand for small scale world map in large formats all over the world. Further study of automated mapping technology, especially the realization of small scale production on a large scale global map, is the key of the cartographic field need to solve. In light of this, this paper adopts the improved model (with the map and data separated) in the field of the mapmaking generalization, which can separate geographic data from mapping data from maps, mainly including cross-platform symbols and automatic map-making knowledge engine. With respect to the cross-platform symbol library, the symbol and the physical symbol in the geographic information are configured at all scale levels. With respect to automatic map-making knowledge engine consists 97 types, 1086 subtypes, 21845 basic algorithm and over 2500 relevant functional modules.In order to evaluate the accuracy and visual effect of our model towards topographic maps and thematic maps, we take the world map generalization in small scale as an example. After mapping generalization process, combining and simplifying the scattered islands make the map more explicit at 1 : 2.1 billion scale, and the map features more complete and accurate. Not only it enhance the map generalization of various scales significantly, but achieve the integration among map-makings of various scales, suggesting that this model provide a reference in cartographic generalization for various scales.

Water, Irrigation, and Agrarian Society in India and Egypt

2007 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Beinart ◽  
Lotte Hughes
Keyword(s):  
British Empire ◽  
Natural Resource ◽  
Social Order ◽  
American West ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Industrial Society ◽  
New West ◽  
Agrarian Society ◽  
The World ◽  
Capitalist Enterprise

Water drives the world. Without it, our bodies cannot function, settlement is impossible, livestock die, and farmers cannot grow crops that feed millions. Great civilizations have been built upon irrigation, and fallen when the irrigation failed. Water carried armies, navies, commodities and labour across the globe, into places unreachable by land transport, and at far lower cost. When harnessed it produced steam engines and electricity, and helped to power industrial society. This natural resource, both fresh and salt, helped shape the patterns of empire in terms of the location of settlement and routes of communication. Irrigation became a major enterprise in the British Empire. Dammed and channelled water did not become a commodity in quite the same way as sugar, furs, or teak. But direct charges were often made for channelled water, and its value was also materialized in crops and livestock. In many places, control of water was intimately bound up with command over territory. State-owned irrigation is a highly visible assertion of power, and management of water has sometimes required a centralized and ruthless bureaucracy, not least in order to collect the new revenues generated. As with forestry, colonial states tended to claim that their approach to water involved greater rationality and efficiency, in contrast to existing indigenous practices—though individual engineers did praise the ingenuity of the latter. Some scholars have argued that despotism has followed human attempts to assert authority over water and its products, because it is a very basic way in which one group of people can dominate other, weaker groups. Such controls could also be a bedfellow of capitalist enterprise and empire. Making the link between the control of water and the rise of empires, Donald Worster has written of the American West: ‘[It] can best be described as a modern hydraulic society, which is to say, a social order based on the intensive, large-scale manipulation of water and its products in an arid setting…The technological control of water was the basis of a new West’. Ultimately, it helped to make California the leading state in America.

scholarly journals Afskeid en vertrek as dekadente roman

Literator ◽  
1993 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 25-36
Author(s):  
M. Grobbelaar ◽  
H. Roos
Keyword(s):  
South African ◽  
African State ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Heterosexual Relationships ◽  
Dynamic Development ◽  
The World ◽  
Static Character ◽  
Critical Reviews

Most of the arguments advanced in negative critical reviews of Karel Schoeman’s latest novel Afskeid en vertrek lose their validity if this novel is evaluated as a decadent text. Firstly, the vagueness regarding the apparently contemporary South African state of war depicted in this novel is in accordance with the decadent vision of the world, which is characterized by a fundamental rejection of reality. In Afskeid en vertrek the negation of an intolerable world takes the form of solipsism, acting and masquerade in an artificial and aestheticised existence, deviation from conventional heterosexual relationships and especially an escape in language. Secondly, critical remarks on the absence of a dynamic development of plot can be invalidated on the grounds that the static character of the novel and the use of images or "static portraits which interrupt the flow of narrative by halting visions" (Nalbantian, 1983:123) are typical stylistic traits of decadent literature.

Religion as Race, Recognition as Democracy

2011 ◽  
Vol 637 (1) ◽  
pp. 148-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Noah Tamarkin
Keyword(s):  
South Africa ◽  
South African ◽  
African State ◽  
The South ◽  
South Africans ◽  
Black Jews ◽  
Politics Of Race ◽  
Media Discourses ◽  
Forms Of Violence ◽  
Past Injustices

Apartheid South Africa enacted physical, structural, and symbolic forms of violence on racially marked South Africans, and postapartheid South Africa has enacted ambitious—though also limited—laws, policies, and processes to address past injustices. In this article, the author traces the South African political histories of one self-defined group, the Lemba, to understand how the violence they collectively experienced when the apartheid state did not acknowledge their ethnic existence continues to shape their ideas of the promise of democracy to address all past injustices, including the injustice of nonrecognition. The Lemba are known internationally for their participation in DNA tests that indicated their Jewish ancestry. In media discourses, their racialization as black Jews has obscured their racialization as black South Africans: they are presented as seeking solely to become recognized as Jews. The author demonstrates that they have in fact sought recognition as a distinct African ethnic group from the South African state consistently since the 1950s. Lemba recognition efforts show that the violence of nonrecognition is a feature of South African multicultural democracy in addition to being part of the apartheid past. The author argues that the racialization of religion that positions the Lemba as genetic Jews simplifies and distorts their histories and politics of race in South Africa.

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