scholarly journals Sodart Telescope on Spectrum-Röntgen-Gamma and its Instrumentation

1990 ◽  
Vol 123 ◽  
pp. 119-128
Author(s):  
Herbert W. Schnopper
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Spectral Resolution ◽  
Narrow Band Imaging ◽  
Focal Length ◽  
Broad Band ◽  
Imaging Spectroscopy ◽  
Thin Foil ◽  
Spectroscopic Studies ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Wide Range

AbstractSPECTRUM-RÖNTGEN-GAMMA (SRG) is one of a new series of large astronomical missions being planned by the Soviet Union and is scheduled for launch in mid-1993. The Space Research Institute (IKI) of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR and the Babakin Center (BC) are responsible for the scientific supervision and spacecraft construction, respectively. Mission objectives include broad and narrow band imaging spectroscopy over a wide range of energies from EUV through gamma rays with particular emphasis on extragalactic objects. The design of the Soviet Danish Röntgen Telescope (SODART) consists of two thin foil, conical shell approximations to Wolter 1 geometry. The reflectors are rolled aluminum foils which have been dipped in acrylic lacquer and coated with gold resulting in a super smooth surface. Each telescope has an aperture of 60 cm, a focal length of 8 m, a field of view of 1 deg and is designed to have a halfpower width of ≤2 arcmin. The conical geometry contributes 15 arcsec and manufacturing tolerances in the support structure and the quality of the figure of the foil the rest. The contribution from X-ray scattering is insignificant. Focal plane slides can position one of four instruments at the focus of each telescope. Images and spectra will be recorded with position sensitive proportional counters with spectral resolution as good as 13% at 6 keV. Spectral resolution of 2.5% at 6 keV is provided by an array of 19 cooled silicon detectors. A broad band polarimeter will be sensitive to residual polarization as low as 1%. An objective Bragg crystal panel, placed in front of one of the telescopes, will be capable of high resolution spectroscopic studies ((E/ΔE)) ~1000) of point- and extended sources.

scholarly journals XSPECT: A Telescope/Spectrometer System on SPECTRUM RÖNTGEN GAMMA

1990 ◽  
Vol 115 ◽  
pp. 307-317
Author(s):  
Herbert W. Schnopper
Keyword(s):  
Narrow Band Imaging ◽  
Focal Length ◽  
Imaging Spectroscopy ◽  
Thin Foil ◽  
Spectroscopic Studies ◽  
Space Research ◽  
Space Research Institute ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Spectrometer System ◽  
Research Institute

AbstractThe SPECTRUM RÖNTGEN-GAMMA mission is being developed by the Babakin Center (BC) together with the Space Research Institute (IKI) of the Academy of Sciences, USSR and is scheduled for launch in 1993. Mission objectives include broad and narrow band imaging spectroscopy over a wide range of energies from the EUV through gamma rays with particular emphasis on the study of extragalactic objects. The Danish Space Research Institute (DSRI) BC and IKI share the responsibility for the preparation of the XSPECT system. Two thin foil telescopes which are conical shell approximations to Wolter 1 geometry, each with an aperture of 60 cm and a focal length of 8 m, are designed to have a half-power width of less than 2 arcmin and will have collecting areas of 1700 and 1200 cm at 2 and 8 keV, respectively. Images and spectra will be recorded with position sensitive proportional counters with good spectral resolution. An objective Bragg crystal panel, placed in front of one of the telescopes, will make high resolution spectroscopic studies (E/ΔE ~103) of point- and extended sources. Other instruments are under consideration.

scholarly journals From private memory to the collective image of the Ukrainian Holodomor

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 ◽  
pp. 33-62
Author(s):  
Wiktoria Kudela-Świątek
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Great Famine ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Individual Memory ◽  
The Subject

The article discusses a wide range of aspects concerning the Holomodor – the Great Famine in the Soviet Union in the years 1932–1933. The author focuses on examining the processes of creating a collective image of the Great Famine and the role of individual memory of its survivors in building this image. Analyzing the memories of the survivors the author deals with distortions and myths which has grown up around the Holomodor. The significance of this disaster for the Ukrainian identity is also the subject of the analysis.

Ukrainian Fashion Houses as Centers of Soviet Fashion Representation

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 495-528
Author(s):  
Olha Korniienko
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Research Institutions ◽  
Light Industry ◽  
Large Cities ◽  
State Institutions ◽  
General Orientation ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Wide Range

The study examines Soviet fashion houses as fashion corporations with an extensive structure and a certain autonomy which served as centers for the development and representation of Soviet fashion. These state institutions were created in the capitals and large cities of the Soviet republics. The Moscow All-Union Fashion House acted as a methodological center for fashion houses of all Soviet republics. The Ukrainian SSR was one of the important centers of fashion development in the Soviet Union, and it included six general orientation and five specialized fashion houses, as well as the Ukrainian Institute of Assortment of Light Industry Products and Clothing Culture. Based on a wide range of archival sources and interviews with fashion house workers, the article reveals the structure and operation of Ukrainian fashion houses in the period between 1940 and 1991 and also examine their cooperative endeavors with garment enterprises and research institutions. The technology of clothing production by designers, the processes of approval to which these technologies were subjected by art councils, and the organization of exhibitions in the USSR and abroad are also considered.

Some aspects of fertilizer application to grassland in the Soviet Union

1968 ◽  
Vol 5 (5) ◽  
pp. 197-201
Author(s):  
N. G. Andreev ◽  
E. E. Ljubimova
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Soil Types ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Wide Range

Grasslands in the Soviet Union amount to about 370 million hectares, of which some 70 million are devoted to hay, the remaining 300 million being grazed. That the wide range of climate and soil types should be reflected in the variety of grassland problems is inevitable. The present article reviews the contributions of the Timiryazev Agricultural Academy and discusses many of the problems related to the use of fertilizers on grassland in the Soviet Union.

Tetraploid and hexaploid chromosome races of Phalaris arundinacea L.

1962 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
JR McWilliam ◽  
CA Neal-Smith
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Central Europe ◽  
Phalaris Arundinacea ◽  
Botanic Garden ◽  
Chromosome Counts ◽  
Chromosome Races ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Autumn And Winter ◽  
Regular Meiosis

Chromosome counts of a wide range of Phalaris arundinacea introductions have revealed the existence of two chromosome races, one tetraploid (2n = 28) and the other hexaploid (2n = 42). The majority of the introductions, including those from the Soviet Union, northern and central Europe, and North America, belong to the tetraploid race, whereas those from Portugal, Spain, Oregon, U.S.A., and two Botanic Garden collections in central Europe belong to the hexaploid race. Both races have regular meiosis and a stable chromosome number, and are fully fertile. The hexaploid hybridizes freely with the tetraploid Ph. Arundinacea and also with Ph. Tuberosa, but is effectively isolated from both owing to the sterility of the hybrids. The hexaploid differs from the tetraploid in a number of characteristics, and in particular in its growth rhythm. Under Australian conditions it has a longer growing season, and is more productive in the autumn and winter. In this and in other respects the hexaploid is intermediate between the tetraploid form of Ph. Arundinacea and Ph. Tuberosa, and is considered to have arisen through hybridization and subsequent introgression between these two species along the junction of their respective distributions in southern Europe.

Distributing condoms on the factory floor: Communists and sexual health in the Netherlands

2021 ◽  
Vol 20 (20) ◽  
pp. 45-78
Author(s):  
Elke Weesjes
Keyword(s):  
Family Planning ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
Sexual Health ◽  
Sex Education ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Family ◽  
Soviet Ideology ◽  
Heterosexual Sex ◽  
The Cold War

Dutch communists were remarkably progressive in their views on (heterosexual) sex, sex education, contraception and family planning. Many were active members of the Nederlandse Vereniging van Sexuele Hervorming ('Dutch League for Sexual Reform' or NVSH), and were passionate advocates of sexual health, and promoted the use of contraceptives and the legalisation of abortion. This progressive stance on sexuality and contraception was not led by the Dutch Communist Party (CPN). In fact, from the 1940s until the late 1960s, topics related to birth control, sex education and family planning had been given a wide berth in the CPN and its organisations. The CPN seemingly followed the example set by the Soviet Union, where, after a very brief moment of sexual liberation in the early post-revolution years, conservative views about sexuality, the family and household organisation had prevailed. Considering the Dutch party's refusal to address sex education and family planning, it is quite remarkable that so many of its members were such passionate advocates of sexual health. Based on a series of interviews with twenty-five cradle communists, communist archives, and a wide range of other sources, this article explores communists' stance on sexual health, and discusses their roles in the NVSH and the abortion rights movement during the Cold War. It argues that in regard to sexuality and sex education, the ideas of Dutch communists were much more in line with utopian socialist traditions that predated the Russian revolution as well as anarchist traditions carried through to communists, than with the Soviet ideology.

Alfred Schnittke's Concerto Grosso no. 1

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter J. Schmelz
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Primary Sources ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Concerto Grosso ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Novel Structure ◽  
New Information ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Serial Music ◽  
First Time

This book provides for the first time an accessible, comprehensive study of Alfred Schnittke’s Concerto Grosso no. 1 (1977). One of Schnittke’s best-known and most compelling works, the Concerto Grosso no. 1 sounds the surface of late Soviet life, resonating as well with contemporary compositional currents around the world. This innovative monograph builds on existing publications about the Concerto Grosso no. 1 in English, Russian, and German, augmenting and complicating them. It adds new information from underused primary sources, including Schnittke’s unpublished correspondence and his many published interviews. It also engages further with his sketches for the Concerto Grosso no. 1 and contemporary Soviet musical criticism. The result is a more objective, historical appraisal of this rich, multifaceted composition. The Concerto Grosso no. 1 provided a utopian model of the contemporary soundscape. It was a decisive point in Schnittke’s development of the approach he called polystylism, which aimed to contain in a single composition the wide range of contemporary musical styles, including jazz, pop, rock, and serial music. Thanks to it and his other similar compositions, Schnittke became one of the most-performed and most-recorded living composers at the end of the twentieth century. The novel structure of this book engages the Concerto Grosso no. 1 conceptually, historically, musically, and phenomenologically: the six movements of the composition frame the six chapters. The present volume thus provides a holistic accounting of Schnittke’s Concerto Grosso no. 1, its influences, and its impact on subsequent music making in the Soviet Union and worldwide.

Religious Freedom and the New Evangelical Foreign Policy Lobby

2020 ◽  
pp. 72-94
Author(s):  
Lauren Frances Turek
Keyword(s):  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Soviet Union ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Interest Groups ◽  
Foreign Relations ◽  
The United States ◽  
Spiritual Beliefs ◽  
Global Issues ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Wide Range

This chapter explores how evangelical internationalism developed into a focused vision for U.S. foreign relations that provided the foundation for political advocacy on a wide range of global issues by the late 1970s and early 1980s. It argues that a powerful evangelical foreign policy emerged in response to growing anxieties about developments in international relations. It also explains how evangelicals drew on their connections with coreligionists abroad and combined their spiritual beliefs with human rights language in order to build support among policymakers for the cause of international religious liberty. The chapter reflects the layered and multimodal nature of evangelical internationalist development and of the foreign policy challenges that evangelical activists confronted. It also reveals how evangelical leaders, missionaries, and interest groups drew on their political power and the international evangelical network to shape international relations and national policies in the United States, the Soviet Union, Guatemala, and South Africa.

On vocational counselling and career guidance in secondary schools

1935 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-168
Author(s):  
N. G. Lutovinova ◽  
O. M. Voidinova
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Social Construction ◽  
Career Guidance ◽  
Universal Education ◽  
Centre Of Gravity ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Urgent Task ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Vocational Counselling ◽  
Being Moved

In connection with the elimination of unemployment in the Soviet Union and the introduction of universal education, the majority of workers are being recruited from mass schools and the centre of gravity of training is being moved here, so the urgent task of the school is to organise and carry out a wide range of practical career guidance and vocational counselling activities with the aim of rational training for social construction.

Why the Soviets Buy the Weapons They Do

1984 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 597-618 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew A. Evangelista
Keyword(s):  
Soviet Union ◽  
Bureaucratic Politics ◽  
Industrial Complex ◽  
Internal Factors ◽  
Military Industrial Complex ◽  
The Soviet Union ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Nuclear Policy ◽  
Weapons Procurement ◽  
The Military

The authors of three recent books attempt to account for Soviet military developments by exploring a wide range of possible explanations. In Soviet Strategic Forces, Berman and Baker adopt a“requirements“approach; they argue that the Soviet strategic posture has developed mainly in response to threats generated by the West. Andrew Cockburn, in The Threat, maintains that internal factors—in particular, bureaucratic politics and the workings of the military-industrial complex—are responsible for Soviet weapons decisions. David Holloway's more eclectic explanation, in The Soviet Union and the Arms Race, describes both the internal and external determinants of Soviet military policy. The evolution of Soviet regional nuclear policy, and particularly the deployment of the SS-20 missile, can be accounted for by several different explanations—indicating a problem of overdetermination of causes. One way to resolve this problem is by adopting a framework developed by James Kurth to explain U.S. weapons procurement. It suggests that the“modes of causation” for Soviet weapons decisions are generally the opposite of those for American decisions. This generalization is consistent with what an analysis based on the relative strengths of state and societal forces in the two countries would predict.

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