The effect of catchment afforestation on public water supplies in Strathclyde Region, Scotland

1987 ◽  
Vol 78 (4) ◽  
pp. 335-340 ◽  
Author(s):  
L. A. Greene
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Land Use ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Capital Expenditure ◽  
Land Use Changes ◽  
Water Quality Monitoring ◽  
Water Supplies ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
Run Off ◽  
The Impact

ABSTRACTIntensive coniferous afforestation of many water supply catchments is taking place in Strathclyde Region. The current concern over the impact of this significant change in land use on the quantity and quality of water supplies is discussed. Some effects, such as high sediment run-off associated with ploughing and road development, may be of dramatic short-term effect, while others, such as reduction in quantitative yield, the development of eutrophication or acidification with aluminium leaching from soils, may take longer to materialise. Selective routine water quality monitoring work commenced in 1984 in a number of water supply catchments aimed at identifying forestry-related water quality trends. The initial results of this work are presented. Against the background of catchment land use changes, new European Community water supply standards were imposed in 1985 committing the Region to a substantial capital expenditure programme over a ten-year period in order to upgrade water treatment works. Any significant long-term changes in water quality associated with forestry activity will make this programme more costly to achieve. It is considered that the water supplies most susceptible to forestry related quantity or quality problems are the small supplies in areas of Argyll, Ayrshire and the Islands. It is suggested that the way forward is for improved advance consultation and planning on a site specific basis to protect public water supply interests.

scholarly journals Managing Water Quality in Intermittent Supply Systems: The Case of Mukono Town, Uganda

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 806
Author(s):  
Takuya Sakomoto ◽  
Mahmood Lutaaya ◽  
Edo Abraham
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Health Hazard ◽  
Water Quality Monitoring ◽  
Economic Feasibility ◽  
Water Supply Systems ◽  
Chemical Contamination ◽  
Intermittent Water Supply ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Supply Systems

Intermittent water supply networks risk microbial and chemical contamination through multiple mechanisms. In particular, in the cities of developing countries, where intrusion through leaky pipes are more prevalent and the sanitation systems coverage is low, contaminated water can be a public health hazard. Although countries using intermittent water supply systems aim to change to continuous water supply systems—for example, Kampala city is targeting to change to continuous water supply by 2025 through an expansion and rehabilitation of the pipe infrastructure—it is unlikely that this transition will happen soon because of rapid urbanisation and economic feasibility challenges. Therefore, water utilities need to find ways to supply safe drinking water using existing systems until gradually changing to a continuous supply system. This study describes solutions for improving water quality in Mukono town in Uganda through a combination of water quality monitoring (e.g., identifying potential intrusion hotspots into the pipeline using field measurements) and interventions (e.g., booster chlorination). In addition to measuring and analyses of multiple chemical and microbial water quality parameters, we used EPANET 2.0 to simulate the water quality dynamics in the transport pipeline to assess the impact of interventions.

scholarly journals Effect of Land Use Changes on Water Quality in an Ephemeral Coastal Plain: Khambhat City, Gujarat, India

Water ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 724 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pankaj Kumar ◽  
Rajarshi Dasgupta ◽  
Brian Johnson ◽  
Chitresh Saraswat ◽  
Mrittika Basu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Land Use ◽  
Groundwater Quality ◽  
Coastal Plain ◽  
Land Use Changes ◽  
Rapid Expansion ◽  
Barren Land ◽  
Bare Land ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Use Categories

Rapid changes in land use and land cover pattern have exerted an irreversible change on different natural resources, and water resources in particular, throughout the world. Khambhat City, located in the Western coastal plain of India, is witnessing a rapid expansion of human settlements, as well as agricultural and industrial activities. This development has led to a massive increase in groundwater use (the only source of potable water in the area), brought about significant changes to land management practices (e.g., increased fertilizer use), and resulted in much greater amounts of household and industrial waste. To better understand the impacts of this development on the local groundwater, this study investigated the relationship between groundwater quality change and land use change over the 2001–2011 period; a time during which rapid development occurred. Water quality measurements from 66 groundwater sampling wells were analyzed for the years 2001 and 2011, and two water quality indicators (NO3− and Cl− concentration) were mapped and correlated against the changes in land use. Our results indicated that the groundwater quality has deteriorated, with both nitrate (NO3−) and chloride (Cl−) levels being elevated significantly. Contour maps of NO3− and Cl− were compared with the land use maps for 2001 and 2011, respectively, to identify the impact of land use changes on water quality. Zonal statistics suggested that conversion from barren land to agricultural land had the most significant negative impact on water quality, demonstrating a positive correlation with accelerated levels of both NO3− and Cl−. The amount of influence of the different land use categories on NO3− increase was, in order, agriculture > bare land > lake > marshland > built-up > river. Whereas, for higher concentration of Cl− in the groundwater, the order of influence of the different land use categories was marshland > built-up > agriculture > bare land > lake > river. This study will help policy planners and decision makers to understand the trend of groundwater development and hence to take timely mitigation measures for its sustainable management.

scholarly journals The effect of land use changes to discharge extremities in Cimahi Watershed – Upper Citarum Watershed, West Java

2020 ◽  
Vol 148 ◽  
pp. 07002
Author(s):  
Siti Ai Nurhayati ◽  
Arwin Sabar ◽  
Mariana Marselina
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Land Use ◽  
Rock Type ◽  
Land Use Changes ◽  
Base Flow ◽  
Watershed Area ◽  
Landuse Change ◽  
Hydrological Conditions ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Land Changes

The development of cities and regencies in the Cimahi watershed area increases the rate of population growth which results in high land requirements in the Cimahi watershed area. Land se change affects the flow of runoff and debit of the Cimahi River. The purpose of this research is to assess the hydrological function area in the Cimahi watershed, the impact of the land use change and to analyze the effect of landuse change in the Cimahi watershed on the extremity of water resources in terms of both quantity and quality. The natural conservation index and the actual conservation index (IKA and IKC) are used as a parameter to indicate the existing hydrological conditions and ideal hydrological conditions for conservation which are calculated based on rainfall, rock type, slope, height and land use. The results of the conservation index showed that there was a decrease in the value of the IKC from 0.637 in 2000 to 0.608 in 2012. The debit extremity could be seen based on the calculations by moving averages on the debit data, and the resulting maximum debit value was greater and the value of the base flow (baseflow) was getting smaller. Land changes in the Cimahi watershed also had an influence on the river water quality.

Management of the Occoquan River basin: a 20-year case history

1995 ◽  
Vol 32 (5-6) ◽  
pp. 235-243 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. W. Randall ◽  
T. J. Grizzard
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Land Use ◽  
Drinking Water ◽  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Land Use Changes ◽  
Treatment Plant ◽  
Water Reservoir ◽  
Land Use Management ◽  
Early Results

The high dam on the Occoquan River of Northern Virginia, United States of America, was constructed in 1957, forming a drinking water reservoir with a capacity of 37.1 × 106m3 formed by drainage from a 1 460 km2 watershed, and providing a safe yield of 189 251 m3 per day. Deteriorating water quality in the late 1960s led to a special “policy” for the watershed, designed to preserve the reservoir as a drinking water supply. Key provisions of the policy mandated replacement of the watershed's 11 publicly owned wastewater treatment works with a single advanced wastewater treatment plant (AWT), and establishment of the Occoquan Watershed Monitoring Programme. Early results from the programme established non-point nutrient pollution as a major cause of water quality deterioration and resulted in the implementation of non-point pollution controls throughout the watershed during the late 1970s. The AWT plant went on-line in July 1978. Continuous monitoring since 1973 has demonstrated both the necessity and the effectiveness of point and non-point nutrient controls for the preservation of the reservoir's water quality. The AWT plant provides excellent removal of organics and phosphorus, plus complete nitrification. The nitrates are discharged to the receiving stream to enhance conditions in the reservoir. Control policies include land-use management for the preservation of this essential water supply for 750 000 people in the Washington, D.C. suburbs. Land-use management decisions are based on the results obtained with a watershed-reservoir linked computer model which predicts water quality changes resulting from land-use changes.

scholarly journals Identification of Polluted Sites in Four Major Rivers in Kuantan, Malaysia based on Water Chemistry Estimates of Aquatic Microbial Activity

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (14) ◽  
pp. 3813
Author(s):  
Kozaki ◽  
Harun ◽  
Chong ◽  
Esraruddin ◽  
Yunus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Land Use ◽  
Water Chemistry ◽  
Microbial Activity ◽  
Organic Compounds ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Land Use Changes ◽  
Water Quality Monitoring ◽  
Nitrifying Bacteria ◽  
Microbial Oxidation

Kuantan in Pahang, Malaysia has experienced rapid development and environmental degradation over the past decade following the implementation of The National Physical Plan 2005. To assess water quality and identify polluted areas in the region, we measured the water chemistry and microbial activity in response to land use changes for four major rivers, namely Pahang, Kuantan, Belat, and Galing River, using data from ion chromatography and portable water quality monitoring devices. The following were concluded: (1) Significant differences in COD concentration between all monitored rivers suggests that COD and its associated biological reactions are key parameters to assess anthropogenic water quality degradation in our study area; (2) Due to low anthropogenic wastewater pollution, the dominant microbial reactions in the Pahang, Kuantan, and Belat Rivers were aerobic microbial oxidation of organic compounds and nitrification by nitrifying bacteria, allowing the rivers to self-purify; (3) The Galing River predominantly experiences anaerobic decomposition of organic compounds through microbial denitrification and sulfate reduction due to heavy anthropogenic land use in the river basin; (4) The western side of the Galing River and upstream sites located within the industrial and business/servicing areas in Kuantan city center experience the heaviest pollution.

ESTIMATION OF SEASONAL VARIABILITY OF WATER QUALITY IN A SURFACE SOURCE OF DRINKING WATER SUPPLY

2018 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 20-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alexandra V. SELEZNEVA ◽  
Ksenia V. BESPALOVA ◽  
Vladimir A. SELEZNEV
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Water Supply ◽  
Seasonal Variability ◽  
Water Quality Monitoring ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Surface Source ◽  
Organic Contamination ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
Mass Development

The results of water quality monitoring of the Saratov reservoir for the period 2000-2016 are presented. Observations were carried out monthly at a stationary station located in the lower tail of the Zhigulevskaya HPP. It is established that the quality of water in the source of water supply is characterized by signifi cant seasonal variability. During the mass development of algae the organic contamination of the reservoir increases and the concentration of nutrients decreases. Excessive content of organic substances in the summer low water complicates the technological processes of water purifi cation. It is concluded that phosphate is the limiting factor restraining the mass development of algae, the concentration of which in the peak of “fl owering” of water is reduced to almost zero.

Assessing the impact of agricultural land use changes on water quality

1999 ◽  
Vol 40 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. Meissner ◽  
J. Seeger ◽  
H. Rupp ◽  
H. Balla
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Land Use ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Land Use Changes ◽  
Agricultural Land Use ◽  
N Loss ◽  
Ground Water Recharge ◽  
Catchment Areas ◽  
One Year ◽  
The Impact

To study and predict environmental impacts of land use changes on water quality we conducted different types of lysimeter experiments. All of them are linked to representative experimental catchment areas in the field. This allows the verification and extrapolation of lysimeter results. The objective of this paper is to discuss a strategy for using and scaling-up of lysimeter results to a field and catchment scale. It will be shown that the N-loss determined with lysimeters falls within the variation of N-balance based model calculations, and also within ground water recharge rates calculated with models commonly used in hydrology. Extrapolation of lysimeter data to a catchment with similar soils provides a reliable basis for estimating the N-leaching caused by a change in agricultural land use. On the basis of the N-loss from the soil and the N-load of the stream, the calculations show that an increase in the proportion of one year rotation fallow from 10 to 25% results in nearly a 10% increase in the N-load of the stream. However, from the point of view of protecting drinking water quality, rotation fallow for one year is not recommended because of the resulting intensified leaching of nitrates.

scholarly journals The impact of land use on the water quality of foothill microcatchment areas

2008 ◽  
Vol 40 (1) ◽  
pp. 27-37
Author(s):  
Andrzej Misztal ◽  
Marcin Kuczera
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Land Use ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Negative Influence ◽  
Rural Settlements ◽  
Quality Of Water ◽  
Catchment Areas ◽  
Forested Areas ◽  
The Impact

The impact of land use on the water quality of foothill microcatchment areas The impact of land use on the water quality of foothill microcatchment areas. In this paper a comparison is made between the impact of land use methods on the quality of water in the streams which drain various catchment areas. For this purpose three microcatchments were selected which are located in agricultural, rural settlements, and forested areas. Water samples were physically and chemically analysed in order to determine: nitrates, nitrites, ammonia, phosphates, sulphates, chlorides, calcium, magnesium, dissolved oxygen, reaction and conductivity. The above studies were conducted in the 2006 and 2007. Our analysis of the collected materials allows us to affirm that land use methods have a significant impact on the water quality of the streams which drain the area. Rural settlement has the most negative influence on the water quality, followed by typical agricultural use. Based on the direct quality evaluations of single water samples, it has been found that only water from forested areas can be qualified as belonging to the 1st cleanness class.

scholarly journals STUDI INDEKS KUALITAS TANAH SERTA BIOINDIKATOR KUALITAS AIR DI DAS MIKRO SISIM KOTA BATU

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 203-213
Author(s):  
Shofie Rindi Nurhutami ◽  
Zaenal Kusuma ◽  
Istika Nita
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Land Use ◽  
Soil Quality ◽  
Land Use Changes ◽  
Pollution Index ◽  
Health Condition ◽  
Soil Quality Index ◽  
Water Pollution Index ◽  
Landuse Change ◽  
The Impact

Landuse change causes the decrease of soil quality, so the hydrological and non-hydrological functions do not run optimally. Sisim Micro Watershed‘s area of ± 933.17 ha with a very steep slope has undergone major land-use changes. Soil Quality Index (SQI) analysis and water quality bioindicators are needed to assess the impact of land-use change. This study used 12 soil sampling plots, i.e. production forest (H2, H3, H4, H5), mixed gardens (KC2, KC3, KC4, KC5), and fields (T2, T3, T4, T5). The numbers behind the code indicate slope; 2 (slope 8-15%), 3 (slope 15-25%), 4 (slope 25-40%), and 5 (slope 40-60%). The results showed that dense vegetation and low intensity of tillage gave the best SQI. The highest SQI value was on H5 (0.63) with a good category, and the lowest was on T5 (0.32) with a bad category. The water quality bioindicator showed water pollution index of 1.97 (dirty water quality and rather heavily polluted). Soil quality which is dominated by low categories with high agricultural intensity and community waste disposal causes health condition of biotic habitats classified as unhealthy with a score of 1.90.

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