THE ETHICAL BASES OF PUBLIC POLICIES: A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

2014 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 175-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Prasanta K. Pattanaik ◽  
Yongsheng Xu
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Public Policies ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Conceptual Clarity ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Value Judgements ◽  
Ethical Evaluations ◽  
Ethical Criteria ◽  
Exclusive Focus

This paper develops a conceptual framework, which can accommodate a wide range of value judgements used in ethical evaluations of extended social states and which can be used to differentiate different categories of value judgements by referring to the type of information on which they may be based. The notions of consequentialism, non-consequentialism, exclusive focus on personal well-being, exclusive focus on utility, etc. are conceptualized in operational ways in the framework. The framework and the discussion of different types of ethical criteria that may be used in evaluating extended social states contribute to conceptual clarity about the ethical bases of public policies.

scholarly journals No effect of different types of media on well-being

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Niklas Johannes ◽  
Tobias Dienlin ◽  
Hasan Bakhshi ◽  
Andrew K. Przybylski
Keyword(s):  
Life Satisfaction ◽  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Video Games ◽  
New Media ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Media Types ◽  
Media Research ◽  
The Uk

AbstractIt is often assumed that traditional forms of media such as books enhance well-being, whereas new media do not. However, we lack evidence for such claims and media research is mainly focused on how much time people spend with a medium, but not whether someone used a medium or not. We explored the effect of media use during one week on well-being at the end of the week, differentiating time spent with a medium and use versus nonuse, over a wide range of different media types: music, TV, films, video games, (e-)books, (digital) magazines, and audiobooks. Results from a six-week longitudinal study representative of the UK population 16 years and older (N = 2159) showed that effects were generally small; between-person relations but rarely within-person effects; mostly for use versus nonuse and not time spent with a medium; and on affective well-being, not life satisfaction.

Are Measures of Well-Being Philosophically Adequate?

2016 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 209-234 ◽  
Author(s):  
Willem van der Deijl
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Framework ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Philosophical Discussion ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Do So

The concept of well-being is increasingly gaining acceptance as an object of science, and many different types of well-being measures have been developed. A debate has emerged about which measures are able to capture well-being successfully. An important underlying problem is that there is no unified conceptual framework about the nature of well-being—a hotly debated topic of philosophical discussion. I argue that while there is little agreement about the nature of well-being in philosophy, there is an important agreement on some important principles relevant for its measurement. I argue that well-being science has good reasons to accommodate these principles, but currently fails to do so.

scholarly journals No effect of different types of media on well-being

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Niklas Johannes ◽  
Tobias Dienlin ◽  
Hasan Bakhshi ◽  
Andrew K Przybylski
Keyword(s):  
Life Satisfaction ◽  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Digital Media ◽  
Media Use ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Media Types ◽  
Media Research ◽  
The Uk

It is often assumed that traditional forms of media such as books enhance well-being, whereas digital media do not. However, we lack evidence for such claims and media research is mainly focused on how much time people spend with a medium, but not whether someone used a medium or not. We investigated the effect of media use on well-being, differentiating time spent with a medium and use vs. nonuse, over a wide range of different media types: music, TV, films, video games, (e-)books, (digital) magazines, and audiobooks. Results from a six-week longitudinal study representative of the UK population (N = 2,159) showed that effects were generally small; between but rarely within people; mostly for use vs. nonuse and not time spent with a medium; and on affective well-being, not life satisfaction. Together, these results do not support policies intended to encourage or discourage media use because of effects on well-being.

Paternalism in Healthcare and Health Policy

2020 ◽  
pp. 38-52
Author(s):  
James F. Childress
Keyword(s):  
Health Policy ◽  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Behavioral Economics ◽  
Public Policies ◽  
Moral Foundations ◽  
Conceptual Clarity ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Health Related

This chapter provides conceptual clarity about paternalism along with a framework for ethically assessing paternalistic actions in both clinical practice and health policy. Not only does paternalism remain common and formidable in both contexts but also it has gained new momentum over the last two decades, for instance, as “neopaternalists” have offered arguments for governmental policies that, at a minimum, seek to protect or benefit individuals through shaping or steering their choices without actually limiting or coercing those choices. This chapter examines the nature of paternalism, particularly by probing its moral foundations and limits and drawing several distinctions that bear on its justification (weak and strong, pure and mixed, hard and soft). It also considers circumstances in which different types of paternalistic interventions may be justified, and, finally, assesses the “new paternalism,” based on behavioral economics and psychology, that now figures in many proposals for health-related public policies.

An employee who was not there: a study of job boredom in white-collar work

2016 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 374-391 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lotta K. Harju ◽  
Jari J. Hakanen
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
White Collar ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Focus Group Interviews ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Group Interviews ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Practical Implications

Purpose – Job boredom is an amotivational state at work, where employees lack interest in their work activities and have difficulties concentrating on them. Although recent research suggests that job boredom may concern a wide range of industries, studies investigating the experience and its emergence in white-collar work are scarce. Thereby the purpose of this paper is to contextualize job boredom by exploring the experience and its preconditions in white-collar work. Design/methodology/approach – This inductive, exploratory study employed data from 13 focus group interviews (n=72) in four organizations to investigate the emergence and experience of job boredom. Findings – Three types of job boredom was found. Each type involved distinct temporal experiences: inertia, acceleration and disrupted rhythm at work. The findings suggest that different types of job boredom involve specific conditions that hamper the activation of individual capabilities and disrupt temporal experience accordingly. Research limitations/implications – Extending the conceptualization of job boredom may enable better understanding of the variety of consequences often associated with the phenomenon. Practical implications – It is also important for organizations to recognize that there are different types and various preconditions of job boredom in white-collar work, as it may have a negative impact on employee well-being and performance. Originality/value – The results indicate that job boredom is a more nuanced phenomenon than earlier believed. By identifying job boredom in white-collar work as an experience with various forms and respective preconditions, this study expands the understanding of the phenomenon and its emergence.

Could Thyroid Disorders Be Better Understood and Dealt as a Thyroid Syndrome

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (08) ◽  
pp. 326-328
Author(s):  
Dr. Sushma Patil ◽  
Dr. Vikrant Patil
Keyword(s):  
Reference Range ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Thyroid Disorders ◽  
Thyroid Function Tests ◽  
Thyroid Disorder ◽  
Serum Concentrations ◽  
Comorbid Conditions ◽  
Free T4 ◽  
Research Perspective ◽  
Wide Range

Thyroid disorders are common worldwide. Thyroid dysfunction, both hypo- and hyperthyroidism may increase the risk of cardiovascular disorders. Current thyroid function tests may have limitations since they only measure the total or free T4 and/or T3 and TSH serum concentrations in peripheral blood and not the effect of T4 or T3 serum on different specific target tissues. Several comorbid conditions can interfere with the absorption or increase the clearance of levothyroxine. Among patients treated with thyroid replacement, under or overmedicated may-be at risk for adverse health consequences. A wide range of drugs may interfere with levothyroxine absorption, metabolism, and action. Patients report a lack of well-being, despite reaching euthyroid reference range of TSH, with psychological distress. If we will consider Thyroid related conditions as a syndrome then research perspective at the pathophysiology, interrelation between symptoms and comorbidities will be much broader that can lead researchers to get insights of different pathways in which thyroid gland functioning can be perceived and dealt therapeutically. The deliberation of thyroid disorder as a syndrome can affluence our knowledge of correlating cofounders, action of thyroid hormones on target tissues, underlying cause and thyroid health.

Design Intervention Assessment of Urban Public Park for Physical Activity Promotion in Bangkok, Thailand

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-4
Author(s):  
Sigit Arifwidodo ◽  
Orana Chandrasiri
Keyword(s):  
Physical Activity ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Urban Landscape ◽  
Physical Activity Promotion ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Pilot Project ◽  
Public Park ◽  
Activity Promotion ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Design Intervention

Public Park is considered one of the essential settings for physical activity, especially in urban areas. Parks support physical activity through their accessibility, their provision to facilitate active pursuits; their capacity to provide opportunities to a wide range of users; and their semi-permanent nature. The paper explores the design intervention assessment of Benchakitti Park, which serves as the pilot project for active park and showcase during the past ISPAH 2016 conference. The objective of the paper is to understand the health and well-being benefits of an urban park in increasing PA levels of urban population and promoting a healthy and active lifestyle. Keywords: Public park; physical activity; urban landscape design; public health; SOPARC

Nanoparticles Functionalized with Venom-Derived Peptides and Toxins for Pharmaceutical Applications

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ana P. dos Santos ◽  
Tamara G. de Araújo ◽  
Gandhi Rádis-Baptista
Keyword(s):  
Oral Absorption ◽  
Current Data ◽  
Pharmacological Activities ◽  
Venom Peptides ◽  
Essential Components ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Different Types ◽  
Direct Use ◽  
Animal Venoms ◽  
Pharmaceutical Biotechnology

Venom-derived peptides display diverse biological and pharmacological activities, making them useful in drug discovery platforms and for a wide range of applications in medicine and pharmaceutical biotechnology. Due to their target specificities, venom peptides have the potential to be developed into biopharmaceuticals to treat various health conditions such as diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and chronic pain. Despite the high potential for drug development, several limitations preclude the direct use of peptides as therapeutics and hamper the process of converting venom peptides into pharmaceuticals. These limitations include, for instance, chemical instability, poor oral absorption, short halflife, and off-target cytotoxicity. One strategy to overcome these disadvantages relies on the formulation of bioactive peptides with nanocarriers. A range of biocompatible materials are now available that can serve as nanocarriers and can improve the bioavailability of therapeutic and venom-derived peptides for clinical and diagnostic application. Examples of isolated venom peptides and crude animal venoms that have been encapsulated and formulated with different types of nanomaterials with promising results are increasingly reported. Based on the current data, a wealth of information can be collected regarding the utilization of nanocarriers to encapsulate venom peptides and render them bioavailable for pharmaceutical use. Overall, nanomaterials arise as essential components in the preparation of biopharmaceuticals that are based on biological and pharmacological active venom-derived peptides.

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