The Transfer of Vaccine Technology to Developing Countries: The Latin American Experience

1994 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akira Homma ◽  
Robert F. Knouss
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Immunization Programs ◽  
Vaccine Production ◽  
American Experience ◽  
The Past ◽  
Technological Advances

AbstractTechnological advances by developed countries are producing safer, more potent vaccines. In addition, the transfer of the technology of vaccine production to some developing countries has been taking place during the past five decades, thereby making possible the participation of developing countries in the production and supply of the essential biologicals that are required for immunization programs. Examples of successful transfers of technology, the decisive elements and factors that contribute to the transfers, and the major obstacles to such transfers are presented.

A summary of beach nourishment in China: The past decade of practices

Shore & Beach ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 65-73
Author(s):  
Gen Liu ◽  
Feng Cai ◽  
Hongshuai Qi ◽  
Jianhui Liu ◽  
Gang Lei ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Beach Nourishment ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Ecological Design ◽  
Optimized Design ◽  
Limited Information ◽  
Personal Communications ◽  
Design Considerations ◽  
The Past ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Urban Beaches

Beach nourishment has been widely used for beach protection around the world. However, there is limited information about beach nourishment in China. This study offers an overview of beach nourishment practices, status and technological advances in China, based on the literature, reports, and personal communications. The results demonstrate that beach nourishment has been recognized as an effective and environmentally friendly measure to combat coastal erosion and has been increasingly adopted in China, especially in the past decade. The unique characteristics of coastal China resulted in a difference in beach nourishment between China and Western developed countries in terms of the types, objectives, and shapes of beach nourishment. For the types of nourishments in China, there were approximately the same number of restored beaches and newly constructed beaches. For fill sediment, homogeneous fill and heterogeneous fill comprised 51.1% and 48.9% of projects, respectively. The objective of beach nourishment was mainly to promote coastal tourism, and the shape of nourished beaches was dominated by headland bays. This study also indicated that China has achieved a number of technological advances in beach nourishment, including methods of beach nourishment on severely eroded coasts and muddy coasts, an optimized design of drain pipes involved in urban beaches, and ecological design considerations. From the past decade of practices, four aspects were proposed as considerations for future nourishment: sand sources, technique advances, ecological effects, and management of beach nourishments.

Wage- and profit-led growth regimes: a panel-data approach

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 394-412
Author(s):  
Guilherme de Oliveira ◽  
Eduardo Prado Souza
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Panel Data ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Structural Characteristics ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Domestic Investment ◽  
Growth Regime ◽  
Investment Function ◽  
Trade Channel

The extensive empirical effort made in the growth and distribution literature to estimate whether economic growth is wage- or profit-led has not sufficiently considered the theoretical foundation of the Neo-Kaleckian model. This paper attempts to respect key tenets of the investment function by estimating a panel-data model in which country-specific structural characteristics and possible endogenous relationships in income distribution and economic growth are explicitly considered. The identification strategy is based on several estimates of the capital stock and the rate of capacity utilization for 61 countries over the period between 1995 and 2014. The main results suggest that the growth regime was wage-led in developed countries, while most developing countries exhibited a profit-led growth regime. Interestingly, however, while the profit-led regime occurs through the international trade channel in Latin American countries, in other developing countries, the causality channel is mainly related to the domestic investment function.

UNEMPLOYMENT AS A SIGN OF INSTABILITY IN SOCIETY

2021 ◽  
pp. 5-10
Author(s):  
Р. Х. Азиева ◽  
Х. Э. Таймасханов
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Labor Market ◽  
Political Stability ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Living Standards ◽  
Modern World ◽  
High Unemployment ◽  
Global Problem ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Impact

В современном мировом пространстве политика государств сопряжена с решением такой глобальной проблемы, как безработица. За последние три десятилетия безработица стала одной из наиболее значимых проблем не только в развивающихся, но и в развитых странах, так как безработица приводит к массовой нищете и угрожает социальной и политической стабильности. В статье представлены масштабы изменений в сфере занятости в условиях неопределенности и дана оценка влияния происходящих процессов на изменения структуры занятости. А также авторами представлены рекомендации по стабилизации рынка труда для недопущения высокого уровня безработицы и падения уровня жизни населения. In the modern world space, the policy of states is associated with the solution of such a global problem as unemployment. Over the past three decades, unemployment has become one of the most significant problems, not only in developing countries, but also in developed countries, as unemployment leads to mass poverty and threatens social and political stability. The article presents the scale of changes in the field of employment in conditions of uncertainty and assesses the impact of the processes on changes in the structure of employment. The authors also present recommendations for stabilizing the labor market to prevent high unemployment and falling living standards of the population.

scholarly journals The impact of maternal obesity on maternal and fetal outcome

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 104
Author(s):  
Esther Kamalarani A. ◽  
Ramyajothi . ◽  
Ramalakshmi S.
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Maternal Obesity ◽  
Gestational Hypertension ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Fetal Outcome ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
The Past ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
The Impact

Background: Obesity continues to be a global health concern. Although the increasing obesity rates in developed countries has slowed down in the past 10 years, obesity rates in developing countries continue to increase, as much as three times in some developing countries over the past 30 years. The aim of the study was to determine the adverse effects of obesity in pregnancy and maternal and fetal outcome.Methods: In all patients, a detailed history was taken and examinations and investigations were carried out.  Based on BMI (body mass index), patients were divided into 2 groups. Group 1 = patients with BMI >30 kg/m2 and Group 2 = patients with BMI <30 kg /m2.Results: In our study, comparing pregnant mothers with BMI >30 kg/m2 and normal BMI, authors found that the prevalence of maternal and fetal complications was higher in the obese group. Prevalence of antenatal complications like gestational hypertension, preeclampsia, imminent eclampsia and gestational diabetes mellitus requiring control with insulin was higher in obese women.Conclusions: Obesity is associated with increased adverse effects on pregnancy and its outcome.

scholarly journals When Developing Countries Meet Transnational Universities: Searching for Complementarity and Dealing With Dual Embeddedness

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (3) ◽  
pp. 314-336 ◽  
Author(s):  
José Guimón ◽  
Rajneesh Narula
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Access To Higher Education ◽  
Host Countries ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Branch Campuses ◽  
International Branch Campuses ◽  
The Past ◽  
Foreign Universities

During the past two decades, a growing number of universities, mainly from developed countries, have established branch campuses in developing countries. From the developing country perspective, attracting foreign universities can help mitigate financial constraints and capacity shortages that impair the state’s ability to provide greater access to higher education, while also improving teaching and research in general. However, foreign universities may also be detrimental if they crowd out their domestic counterparts. We explore different scenarios and policy options for developing countries aiming to attract foreign universities, building upon a review of four case studies from Chile, China, Kazakhstan, and Malaysia. Our analysis illustrates how host countries can provide incentives to align incoming foreign universities to complement and strengthen the areas of weakness in their higher education systems. We also reflect on how policy-makers can deal with the challenges associated with the dual embeddedness of international branch campuses.

scholarly journals Artificial Intelligence, Globalization, and Strategies for Economic Development

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-53
Author(s):  
Anton Korinek ◽  
Joseph Stiglitz
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Developing Countries ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
Resource Saving ◽  
Technological Advances ◽  
Poverty And Inequality ◽  
Past Half Century ◽  
Winner Takes All

Progress in artificial intelligence and related forms of automation technologies threatens to reverse the gains that developing countries and emerging markets have experienced from integrating into the world economy over the past half century, aggravating poverty and inequality. The new technologies have the tendency to be labor-saving, resource-saving, and to give rise to winner-takes-all dynamics that advantage developed countries. We analyze the economic forces behind these developments and describe economic policies that would mitigate the adverse effects on developing and emerging economies while leveraging the potential gains from technological advances. We also describe reforms to our global system of economic governance that would share the benefits of AI more widely with developing countries.

scholarly journals Internationalization of Medical Education in China: An Overview of Students' Outward Mobility in a Medical University

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qin Jiang ◽  
Hong Sun ◽  
Wei Duan ◽  
Yang Wu ◽  
Feng Yuan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Medical Education ◽  
Eastern China ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
European Countries ◽  
International Affairs ◽  
The Past ◽  
Reference Information ◽  
Medical University ◽  
Education In China

Abstract Background: Challenged by globalization, internationalization of medical education has become an irreversible trend. By analyzing students’ outward mobility in a medical university, eastern China, this study tries to investigate the internationalization of medical education in China.Methods: The data, obtained from international affairs office of Xuzhou Medical University, China, provided information about outward students’ backgrounds, destinations, program types and funding plans in the past nine years, and were analyzed with the use of MS Excel.Results: Students’ outward mobility has increased in the past nine years, though with a low number. Students with characteristics of undergraduate, traditional discipline related, the second and third year were more motivated in going outward. Traditional destinations like US and UK were still popular, Australia and other European countries were not hot. Developed countries and regions in Asia were becoming more and more vigorous, but developing countries were deep in freeze. Outward students demonstrated great interest in short-term programs, but little in course study and research program. The effect of financial support in students’ outward mobility was obvious, yet the investment was quite limited. Conclusion: The results suggest that students’ outward mobility has been improving in the past nine years. However, European countries and developing countries did not receive enough attention, and communication in interdisciplinary fields was insufficient, neither was it in course and research collaborations. Our findings provide important reference information for policy-makers of various countries and universities. At the same time, since a big potential for future mobility can be seen, the university should do the best to call for concerted efforts from governments, education institutions and the society to further improve internationalization of medical education.

scholarly journals Pandemic in the network society: Network readiness increases population vulnerability to COVID-19 in less developed countries

2021 ◽  
Vol 71 (S1) ◽  
pp. 187-203
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Disease Risk ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Disease Spread ◽  
Data Sets ◽  
Way Of Life ◽  
The Developed Countries ◽  
The Impact

Abstract This paper examines the factors which determine the impact of network communication and network connections on the likelihood of contracting the new coronavirus in the European and Latin American countries. The author presents several data sets to prove the following suggestions: 1) The generalized indicators of economic development and society’s globalization are not indicators of how vulnerable a country’s population may be in a pandemic; 2) Not the economy as such, but the conventional way of life of people, their daily behaviour and habits have a decisive influence on the disease spread; 3) Factors of prevention of illness and health promotion such as the habit of exercise, distance, and network communications use modern online services to become protective factors against the risk of infection only at a certain level of development of the country; 4) In the developed countries, a much broader set of factors than in the developing countries determine protection against disease risk; 5) The evolution of a networked society opens up significant opportunities for the developing countries to improve the quality of life, and the emergence of new, progressive traditions.

scholarly journals EFFECT OF WAGES ON MULTIPLE JOB HOLDING DECISIONS IN INDONESIA: EVIDENCE FROM THE INDONESIAN FAMILY LIFE SURVEY (IFLS) DATA OF 2007 AND 2014

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Niken Dwi Wijayanti ◽  
Vid Adrison
Keyword(s):  
Developing Countries ◽  
Family Life ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Multinomial Logit ◽  
Wage Increase ◽  
Reservation Wage ◽  
Job Status ◽  
The Past ◽  
Indonesian Family Life Survey ◽  
Wage Increases

Multiple job holding - i.e., a phenomenon in which workers have more than one job has become a trend in developed countries and is beginning to occur in developing countries, such as Indonesia. Existing studies provide the evidence that wages are a significant and consistent criterion to determine multiple job decisions. Wage increases in the primary job will decrease the incentive to have a second job as the reservation wage increases. However, we do not find any study which links the current multiple job decision with the past multiple job status. In this study, we use data from the Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS) in 2007 and 2014 to investigate whether or not a wage increase in the primary job reduces the incentive to have a second job in 2014, controlling for the multiple job status in 2007. Using logit and multinomial logit estimations, we find that the wage increase in the primary job decreases the probability of having a second job in 2014.

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