SYNTHESIS OF EVIDENCE FOR REIMBURSEMENT DECISIONS: A BAYESIAN REANALYSIS

2014 ◽  
Vol 30 (4) ◽  
pp. 438-445
Author(s):  
Willem Woertman ◽  
Rene Sluiter ◽  
Gert Jan van der Wilt
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Bayesian Approach ◽  
Bayesian Methods ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Informational Needs ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Science And Policy ◽  
Standard Methods ◽  
The Bayesian Approach

Objectives: The aim of this study was to compare Bayesian methods with the standard methods that are used for evidence-based policy making.Methods: We performed a Bayesian reanalysis of the data underlying a reimbursement advice by the Dutch National Health Insurance Board (CVZ) regarding the anti-diabetic drug exenatide (an alternative to insulin). We synthesized evidence from various sources that was available when the CVZ advice was drafted: expert opinion (as elicited from internists), experimental data (from direct comparison studies), and observational data. Subsequently, the original frequentist results and the results from the Bayesian reanalysis were compared in terms of outcomes and interpretations. These results were presented in a meeting with staff from CVZ, whose opinions about the usefulness of a Bayesian approach were assessed using a questionnaire.Results: The Bayesian approach yields outcomes that summarize different pieces of evidence, which would have been difficult to obtain otherwise. Moreover, there are conceptual differences, and the Bayesian approach allows for determining probabilities of clinically relevant differences. The staff at CVZ were fairly positive with respect to the use of Bayesian methods, although practical barriers were also seen as important.Conclusions: The Bayesian outcomes are different and could be more suited to the informational needs of policy makers. The response from staff at CVZ provides some support for this statement, but more research at the interface of science and policy is needed.

scholarly journals Multifunctionality of agriculture, public policies and scientific evidences: Some critical issues of contemporary controversies

2010 ◽  
Vol 4 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 53-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine Laurent ◽  
Marielle Berriet-Solliec ◽  
Marc Kirsch ◽  
Pierre Labarthe ◽  
AurélieT AurélieTrouvé
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Theoretical Models ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Evidence Based Practices ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Science And Policy ◽  
Public Policy Analysis ◽  
Critical Issues ◽  
The Status ◽  
New Situation

Various theoretical models of public policy analysis are used to treat situations of decision-making in which public deciders have to take into account the multifunctionality of agriculture. For some, science-society relations are not really problematical. Others acknowledge the current attempts of these policy-makers to find adequate scientific knowledge, and the difficulties they encounter. These difficulties stem partly from the very content of knowledge produced by research. Could other modes of production be more efficient? The status of the knowledge produced by these approaches is a subject of debate. Bridging the divide between science and policy more effectively is not only a question of knowledge brokerage.Accessibility and reliability of the existing evidences are also problems to be addressed. The debates around evidence-based practices may provide some landmarks in this new situation although they also emphasize the limits of the tools that can be built for this purpose.  

BAYESIAN OCKHAM’S RAZOR AND NESTED MODELS

2019 ◽  
Vol 35 (02) ◽  
pp. 321-338
Author(s):  
Bengt Autzen
Keyword(s):  
Bayesian Approach ◽  
Bayesian Methods ◽  
Economic Models ◽  
Philosophical Literature ◽  
Ockham’S Razor ◽  
Nested Models ◽  
Scientific Inference ◽  
Complex Hypothesis ◽  
Ockham's Razor ◽  
The Bayesian Approach

Abstract:While Bayesian methods are widely used in economics and finance, the foundations of this approach remain controversial. In the contemporary statistical literature Bayesian Ockham’s razor refers to the observation that the Bayesian approach to scientific inference will automatically assign greater likelihood to a simpler hypothesis if the data are compatible with both a simpler and a more complex hypothesis. In this paper I will discuss a problem that results when Bayesian Ockham’s razor is applied to nested economic models. I will argue that previous responses to the problem found in the philosophical literature are unsatisfactory and develop a novel reply to the problem.

scholarly journals Deliberative Research for Deliberative Policy Making: Creating and Recreating Evidence in Transport Policy

2011 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 459-470 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lesley Murray
Keyword(s):  
Social Policy ◽  
Everyday Life ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Transport Policy ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Visual Methods ◽  
Research Utilisation ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Policy Responses ◽  
Interpretative Research

Despite promotion of evidence-based policy responses, there remains a knowledge gap between policy-makers and academia particularly in transport policy making, which is steeped in positivist traditions. A number of social policy academics have conceptualised research utilisation in relation to particular elements of social policy, but less attention has been paid to the integration of deliberative and interpretative research into transport policy. This article explores this through a study of the journey to school that used mobile and visual methods in an in-depth exploration of this element of everyday life.

scholarly journals Application of Turchin's method of statistical regularization

2018 ◽  
Vol 177 ◽  
pp. 07005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mikhail Zelenyi ◽  
Mariia Poliakova ◽  
Alexander Nozik ◽  
Alexey Khudyakov
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Bayesian Approach ◽  
Apparatus Function ◽  
Statistical Regularization ◽  
Ill Posed ◽  
Regularization Strategy ◽  
The Bayesian Approach

During analysis of experimental data, one usually needs to restore a signal after it has been convoluted with some kind of apparatus function. According to Hadamard's definition this problem is ill-posed and requires regularization to provide sensible results. In this article we describe an implementation of the Turchin's method of statistical regularization based on the Bayesian approach to the regularization strategy.

scholarly journals Why policy needs history (and historians)

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 369-381 ◽  
Author(s):  
Virginia Berridge
Keyword(s):  
Case Studies ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Time History ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Direct Relevance ◽  
The Past ◽  
Evidence Based Policy ◽  
Fresh Starts ◽  
The Relationship

AbstractPolicy makers like the idea of new initiatives and fresh starts, unencumbered by, even actively overthrowing, what has been done in the past. At the same time, history can be pigeonholed as fusty and antiquarian, dealing with long past events of no relevance to the present. Academic historians are sometimes bound up in their own worlds. The debates central to academe may have little direct relevance to the immediate concerns of policy making. The paper argues that history, as the evidence-based discipline par excellence, is as relevant as other approaches to evidence-based policy making. Case studies can show us the nature of that relevance. How to achieve influence for history also needs discussion. The relationship is not straightforward and will vary according to time and place. History is an interpretative discipline, not just a collection of ‘facts’. The paper discusses how historians work and why it is important for policy makers to engage, not just with history, but with historians as well. Historians too need to think about the value of bringing their analysis into policy.

Indicators as a Tool for Strengthened Monitoring

2021 ◽  
pp. 108-122
Author(s):  
Emma Lantschner
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
The Political ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Political Dialogue ◽  
Outcome Indicators ◽  
State Institutions ◽  
Law And Policy ◽  
Process And Outcome

Chapter 3 is dedicated to a discussion of the concept of indicators, since the use of such an instrument is not uncontroversial. To address critics of the concept, the chapter analyses not only the purposes for which indicators can be used and their related advantages, but also discusses the limitations and pitfalls connected with their use. This chapter also introduces the division into structural, process, and outcome indicators that measure the progress of implementation in different phases of the life cycle of a norm. It further looks at the use that is made (or not made) of indicators in monitoring procedures carried out by the Commission in the pre-accession phase to show that, to date, the concept has been used rather inconsistently. On the basis of the foregoing, it develops criteria for the development of indicators in the area of equality and non-discrimination. The main purpose of these indicators is to support consistent monitoring of the transposition and implementation of the EU non-discrimination acquis. They can, however, also be used as a tool in the political dialogue between the European Commission, civil society actors, and state institutions, as well as by policy makers to analyse the situation in view of evidence-based law and policy making.

scholarly journals INDIGENOUS PEOPLE IN THEIR EXISTENCE OF IN EVIDENCE-BASED POLICY MAKING BY GOVERNMENTS

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 1344-1348
Author(s):  
Revency Vania Rugebregt ◽  
M.J. Saptenno ◽  
J. Tjiptabudy
Keyword(s):  
Indigenous People ◽  
Indigenous Peoples ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Research Method ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Vulnerable Group ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Remote Areas ◽  
Evidence Based Policy ◽  
Laws And Regulations

Indigenous Peoples are a problem that is relatively unknown to the wider community because they are located in remote areas, and only certain areas have Indigenous Peoples problems. They are a very vulnerable group in our society and in the country in general. This happens because they lack access to development and even their rights tend to be neglected. Apart from that, the alignment of the constitution with them in the laws and regulations is not in line with the practice in the field. This research uses the normative research method where the conceptual and statutory approaches are used, but also the legal materials that are obtained in the field will also be input in this research. It is hoped that this research can contribute ideas to policy makers so that it becomes a recommendation for making policies based on conditions in the field or evidence (evidence-based policies).

scholarly journals Digital Transformations in Planning: An Australian Context

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Kok Ming Ng ◽  
Christopher Pettit
Keyword(s):  
Development Policy ◽  
Policy Making ◽  
Data Analytics ◽  
Data Repository ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Data Governance ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Governance Model ◽  
Planning Institute ◽  
Urban Problems

Australia is currently undergoing sweeping changes in transforming and digitizing its planning and development sectors. However, numerous challenges still exist in consolidating and making accessible essential data in the country to effect evidence-based development policy-making. This has been argued to have tangible consequences in formulating solutions to urban problems, such as housing delivery, and driving new urban innovations that are data-focused. In this chapter, we discuss a new urban data governance model in the context of the development of a novel single housing data and analytics platform, which has been formulated based on Australia’s current issues on data disparity, ownership, and interoperability. This platform, the Australian Housing Data Analytics Platform, seeks provide researchers with an integrated data repository and transparent analytical capabilities that hopes to drive collaboration, public participation, and data democratization across the country. In line with PlanTech principles developed through the Australian Planning Institute, this chapter describes how data in Australia can be made as a public good and integral commodity for policy-makers for the better planning for our cities.

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