Growth rates and age-size relationships of tropical wet forest trees in Costa Rica

1985 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana Lieberman ◽  
Milton Lieberman ◽  
Gary Hartshorn ◽  
Rodolfo Peralta
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rica ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Growth Behaviour ◽  
Carapa Guianensis ◽  
Light Levels ◽  
Tropical Wet Forest ◽  
Shade Tolerant Species ◽  
Zero Growth

ABSTRACTDiameter growth rates and age-size relationships are reported for 45 abundant tree species and one liana in tropical wet forest at La Selva, Costa Rica. Thirteen-year increments in each species were analysed using growth simulation, a stochastic technique which projects growth trajectories.Median growth rates ranged from 0.35 mm yr-1 (Anaxagorea crassipetala) to 13.41 mm yr-1) (Stryphnodendron excelsum). Maximum ranges ranged from 0.95 mm yr-1 (Quararibea brac-teolosa) to 14.62 mm yr-1 (Hernandia didymanthera). Minimum rates ranged from zero growth (Capparis pittieri, Colubrina spinosa, Doliocarpus spp.) to 7.45 mm yr-1 (Stryphno dendron excelsum).Projected lifespan (from 100 mm dbh to the maximum dbh for the species) varied from 52 years (Anaxagorea crassipetala, Guatteria inuncta) to 442 years (Carapa guianensis). The mean longevity among the 45 tree species studied is 190 years.Four main patterns of growth behaviour are recognized, based upon longevity and growth rates: (1) understorey species have slow maximum growth rates and short lifespans; (2) shade-tolerant subcanopy trees live around twice as long as understorey trees and grow at approxi-mately the same maximum rates; (3) canopy and subcanopy trees that are shade-tolerant but respond opportunistically to increased light levels have long lifespans and fast maximum growth rates; (4) shade-intolerant canopy and subcanopy species are short-lived and have fast maximum growth rates. Understorey species intergrade with shade-tolerant subcanopy species in terms of growth behaviour; shade-tolerant subcanopy species with opportunistic, shade-tolerant species; and opportunistic, shade-tolerant with shade-intolerant species.Intraspecific variation in growth rates is lower in short-lived trees (understorey species with uniformly slow growth and shade-intolerant species with uniformly rapid growth) than in the two long-lived groups. These patterns are discussed in the context of tree ecophysiology and forest light environments.

Interspecific variation in the response of growth, crown morphology, and survivorship to light of six tree species in the conifer belt of the Bhutan Himalayas

2004 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 1093-1107 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georg Gratzer ◽  
Andras Darabant ◽  
Purna B Chhetri ◽  
Prem Bahadur Rai ◽  
Otto Eckmüllner
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Radial Growth ◽  
Interspecific Variation ◽  
Low Light ◽  
Continuous Growth ◽  
Light Levels ◽  
Shade Tolerant Species ◽  
Lower Light ◽  
Crown Morphology ◽  
Changing Light

The responses of radial and height growth, plant architecture, and the probability of mortality of saplings to varying light levels were quantified for six tree species in temperate conifer forests of the Bhutan Himalayas. Increases in growth with increasing light were comparable with those of high latitude tree species but lower than those of tropical tree species and temperate species in North America. The shade-tolerant species Tsuga dumosa (D. Don.) Eichler showed the strongest increase in radial growth at low light and reached asymptotic growth early. It had the deepest crowns in low light and a low decrease of leader growth with decreasing light. It represents a continuous growth type, which invests in height rather than lateral growth under low light conditions. Betula utilis D. Don. showed greater increases in radial growth and a higher mortality at low light than the more shade-tolerant Abies densa Griff., in keeping with the trade-off between survivorship and growth at low light. Picea spinulosa Griff, Larix griffithiana Carriére, and Pinus wallichiana A.B. Jackson showed small increases in growth at low light levels. The latter two species showed no capacity to adapt their morphology in response to changing light levels, which resulted in higher probabilities of mortality at lower light levels. Differences in the probability of mortality at different light levels were more pronounced than differences in the light-growth response, underlining the importance of survivorship at low light for successional dynamics.

Growth rates and mortality patterns of tropical lowland tree species and the relation to forest structure in Amazonian Ecuador

1994 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jørgen Korning ◽  
Henrik Balslev
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Maximum Growth Rate ◽  
Maximum Diameter ◽  
Tropical Lowland ◽  
Light Requirements ◽  
Amazonian Ecuador ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Fast Growing Species

ABSTRACTGrowth in diameter and the relationship between age and size are analysed for 22 tree species in Amazonian Ecuador using growth simulation by a stochastic technique that projects the diameter-age relationships of a species. Maximum diameter growth rates varied from 1.2 mm y–1 (Grias neuberthii) to 20.0 mm y–1 (Cecropia sciadophylla). Minimum growth rates ranged from almost zero in Neea divaricata to 2.4 mm y–1 in Mollia lepidota. Median growth rates ranged between c. 0.5 mm y–1 (Grias neuberthii, Neea divaricata) and 11.6 mm y–1 (Cecropia sciadophylla). The maximum simulated life-span spent between a DBH of 10 cm and the largest DBH of a species varied from 54 y (Cecropia sciadophylla) to 529 y (Neea divaricata). Fast growing species and species that potentially can grow old showed a convex survivorship curve, whereas slower growing species and species that do not grow very old showed sigmoid, linear and convex survivorship curves. The species were grouped according to their DBH-height relationship and according to their maximum age, maximum growth rate, and maximum DBH. The groups probably reflect different light requirements. A negative correlation was found between maximum age and mortality rate. Growth rates vary within species, thus the largest tree is not necessarily the oldest.

Growth of planted tree seedlings in response to ambient light levels in northwestern interior cedar-hemlock forests of British Columbia

1999 ◽  
Vol 29 (9) ◽  
pp. 1374-1382 ◽  
Author(s):  
K Dave Coates ◽  
Philip J Burton
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Pinus Contorta ◽  
Picea Sitchensis ◽  
High Light ◽  
Thuja Plicata ◽  
Ambient Light ◽  
Growth Strategies ◽  
Light Levels ◽  
Whole Plant

Insights into field-planted conifer seedling growth were gained by fitting height and diameter growth to relative irradiance over the growing season using Michaelis-Menten functions. There was little difference among tree species (Abies lasiocarpa (Hook.) Nutt., Picea glauca (Moench) Voss × Picea sitchensis (Bong.) Carr., Pinus contorta Dougl. ex Loud., Thuja plicata Donn ex D. Don, Tsuga heterophylla (Raf.) Sarg.) in response to ambient light. No significant differences in whole-plant compensation points were observed among species but the ranking of species' compensation points was consistent with their shade-tolerance ranking. Five years after planting, total size and recent growth rates varied little among species from low to high light, implying an absence of trade-offs in low- and high-light growth strategies. Thuja plicata had the greatest response to increased light under deep shade (<20% relative irradiance). All species increased growth above 40% relative irradiance, with no clear whole-plant light saturation point evident under field conditions. Growth rates at high light were broadly overlapping and varied considerably within species. As expected,Pinus contorta growth exceeded that of other species above 70% relative irradiance, but it also exhibited high growth rates at low light. Greatest variability among species was at intermediate light levels (30-70% relative irradiance) where careful matching of tree species to light environment can maximize growth rates.

scholarly journals The composition and diversity of natural regeneration of tree species in gaps under different intensities of forest disturbance

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maame Esi Hammond ◽  
Radek Pokorný ◽  
Daniel Okae-Anti ◽  
Augustine Gyedu ◽  
Irene Otwuwa Obeng
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Natural Regeneration ◽  
Forest Disturbance ◽  
Forest Site ◽  
Gap Formation ◽  
Tree Species Composition ◽  
Forest Sites ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Shade Tolerant Species ◽  
Disturbed Forest

AbstractThe positive ecological interaction between gap formation and natural regeneration has been examined but little research has been carried out on the effects of gaps on natural regeneration in forests under different intensities of disturbance. This study evaluates the composition, diversity, regeneration density and abundance of natural regeneration of tree species in gaps in undisturbed, intermittently disturbed, and disturbed forest sites. Bia Tano Forest Reserve in Ghana was the study area and three gaps each were selected in the three forest site categories. Ten circular subsampling areas of 1 m2 were delineated at 2 m spacing along north, south, east, and west transects within individual gaps. Data on natural regeneration < 350 cm height were gathered. The results show that the intensity of disturbance was disproportional to gap size. Species diversity differed significantly between undisturbed and disturbed sites and, also between intermittently disturbed and disturbed sites for Simpson’s (1-D), Equitability (J), and Berger–Parker (B–P) indices. However, there was no significant difference among forest sites for Shannon diversity (H) and Margalef richness (MI) indices. Tree species composition on the sites differed. Regeneration density on the disturbed site was significantly higher than on the two other sites. Greater abundance and density of shade-dependent species on all sites identified them as opportunistic replacements of gap-dependent pioneers. Pioneer species giving way to shade tolerant species is a natural process, thus make them worst variant in gap regeneration.

scholarly journals Growth, leaf and stomatal traits of crabwood (Carapa guianensis Aubl.) in central Amazonia

2012 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 07-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miguel Angelo Branco Camargo ◽  
Ricardo Antonio Marenco
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Stomatal Density ◽  
Leaf Gas Exchange ◽  
Carbon Assimilation ◽  
Leaf Traits ◽  
Leaf Thickness ◽  
Diurnal Changes ◽  
Wet Season ◽  
Carapa Guianensis ◽  
Rainfall Seasonality

Crabwood (Carapa guianensis Aubl.) is a fast growing tree species with many uses among Amazonian local communities. The main objective of this study was to assess the effect of seasonal rainfall pattern on growth rates, and seasonal and diurnal changes in leaf gas exchange and leaf water potential (ΨL) in crabwood. To assess the effect of rainfall seasonality on growth and physiological leaf traits an experiment was conducted in Manaus, AM (03º 05' 30" S, 59º 59' 35" S). In this experiment, six 6-m tall plants were used to assess photosynthetic traits and ΨL. In a second experiment the effect of growth irradiance on stomatal density (S D), size (S S) and leaf thickness was assessed in 0.8-m tall saplings. Stomatal conductance (g s) and light-saturated photosynthesis (Amax) were higher in the wet season, and between 09:00 and 15:00 h. However, no effect of rainfall seasonality was found on ΨL and potential photosynthesis (CO2-saturated). ΨL declined from -0.3 MPa early in the morning to -0.75 MPa after midday. It increased in the afternoon but did not reach full recovery at sunset. Growth rates of crabwood were high, and similar in both seasons (2 mm month-1). Leaf thickness and S D were 19% and 47% higher in sun than in shade plants, whereas the opposite was true for S S. We conclude that ΨL greatly affects carbon assimilation of crabwood by reducing g s at noon, although this effect is not reflected on growth rates indicating that other factors offset the effect of g s on Amax.

Reassessment of Maximum Growth Rates for C3 and C4 Crops

1978 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Monteith
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Maximum Growth Rate ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Close Inspection ◽  
Similar Difference ◽  
Photosynthetic Efficiencies

SUMMARYFigures for maximum crop growth rates, reviewed by Gifford (1974), suggest that the productivity of C3 and C4 species is almost indistinguishable. However, close inspection of these figures at source and correspondence with several authors revealed a number of errors. When all unreliable figures were discarded, the maximum growth rate for C3 stands fell in the range 34–39 g m−2 d−1 compared with 50–54 g m−2 d−1 for C4 stands. Maximum growth rates averaged over the whole growing season showed a similar difference: 13 g m−2 d−1 for C3 and 22 g m−2 d−1 for C4. These figures correspond to photosynthetic efficiencies of approximately 1·4 and 2·0%.

scholarly journals Diversidade genética de populações de andiroba no Baixo Acre

2007 ◽  
Vol 42 (9) ◽  
pp. 1291-1298 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andréa Raposo ◽  
Karina Martins ◽  
Ana Yamaguishi Ciampi ◽  
Lúcia Helena de Oliveira Wadt ◽  
Elizabeth Ann Veasey
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rica ◽  
Carapa Guianensis

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a diversidade genética em duas populações de Carapa guianensis Aubl. (andiroba), no Estado do Acre, e comparar os parâmetros de diversidade com os observados em outras populações da espécie (no Brasil: Flona Tapajós, PA, Porto Acre, AC; e na Costa Rica). Foram avaliados 77 indivíduos adultos com sete locos polimórficos de microssatélites. Observaram-se 51 alelos nas duas populações, em que o número efetivo de alelos por loco (Âe = 3,2) foi inferior ao número médio de alelos por loco (Â = 7,3), o que indica elevado número de alelos com baixa freqüência. Os valores estimados de f não diferiram de zero, o que mostra que não ocorre endogamia nas populações. A taxa de cruzamento aparente foi alta (t a = 1,11 na população Porto Acre, e t a= 0,88 na de Rio Branco), resultado indicador de que a espécie se reproduz por alogamia. Foi observado, por meio das estimativas de Â, He (diversidade gênica) e Ne (número efetivo populacional) que as populações de andiroba, comparadas neste trabalho, tiveram padrões de diversidade semelhantes, porém, proporções de alelos raros diferentes.

Single Crystal Silicon Carbide On Silicon Using A Supersonic Gas Jet Of Methylsilane

1997 ◽  
Vol 483 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. A. Ustin ◽  
C. Long ◽  
L. Lauhon ◽  
W. Ho
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Single Crystal Silicon ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Crystal Silicon ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Supersonic Molecular Beam ◽  
Transmission Electron

AbstractCubic SiC films have been grown on Si(001) and Si(111) substrates at temperatures between 600 °C and 900 °C with a single supersonic molecular beam source. Methylsilane (H3SiCH3) was used as the sole precursor with hydrogen and nitrogen as seeding gases. Optical reflectance was used to monitor in situ growth rate and macroscopic roughness. The growth rate of SiC was found to depend strongly on substrate orientation, methylsilane kinetic energy, and growth temperature. Growth rates were 1.5 to 2 times greater on Si(111) than on Si(001). The maximum growth rates achieved were 0.63 μm/hr on Si(111) and 0.375μm/hr on Si(001). Transmission electron diffraction (TED) and x-ray diffraction (XRD) were used for structural characterization. In-plane azimuthal (ø-) scans show that films on Si(001) have the correct 4-fold symmetry and that films on Si(111) have a 6-fold symmetry. The 6-fold symmetry indicates that stacking has occurred in two different sequences and double positioning boundaries have been formed. The minimum rocking curve width for SiC on Si(001) and Si(111) is 1.2°. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) absorption was performed to discern the chemical bonding. Cross Sectional Transmission Electron Microscopy (XTEM) was used to image the SiC/Si interface.

Dynamic Predictive Model for Growth of Bacillus cereus from Spores in Cooked Beans

2017 ◽  
Vol 81 (2) ◽  
pp. 308-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vijay K. Juneja ◽  
Abhinav Mishra ◽  
Abani K. Pradhan
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Cereus ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Growth Models ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Effect Of Temperature ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Growth Data ◽  
Three Phase ◽  
Primary Model

ABSTRACT Kinetic growth data for Bacillus cereus grown from spores were collected in cooked beans under several isothermal conditions (10 to 49°C). Samples were inoculated with approximately 2 log CFU/g heat-shocked (80°C for 10 min) spores and stored at isothermal temperatures. B. cereus populations were determined at appropriate intervals by plating on mannitol–egg yolk–polymyxin agar and incubating at 30°C for 24 h. Data were fitted into Baranyi, Huang, modified Gompertz, and three-phase linear primary growth models. All four models were fitted to the experimental growth data collected at 13 to 46°C. Performances of these models were evaluated based on accuracy and bias factors, the coefficient of determination (R2), and the root mean square error. Based on these criteria, the Baranyi model best described the growth data, followed by the Huang, modified Gompertz, and three-phase linear models. The maximum growth rates of each primary model were fitted as a function of temperature using the modified Ratkowsky model. The high R2 values (0.95 to 0.98) indicate that the modified Ratkowsky model can be used to describe the effect of temperature on the growth rates for all four primary models. The acceptable prediction zone (APZ) approach also was used for validation of the model with observed data collected during single and two-step dynamic cooling temperature protocols. When the predictions using the Baranyi model were compared with the observed data using the APZ analysis, all 24 observations for the exponential single rate cooling were within the APZ, which was set between −0.5 and 1 log CFU/g; 26 of 28 predictions for the two-step cooling profiles also were within the APZ limits. The developed dynamic model can be used to predict potential B. cereus growth from spores in beans under various temperature conditions or during extended chilling of cooked beans.

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