Growth rates and mortality patterns of tropical lowland tree species and the relation to forest structure in Amazonian Ecuador

1994 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-166 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jørgen Korning ◽  
Henrik Balslev
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Maximum Growth Rate ◽  
Maximum Diameter ◽  
Tropical Lowland ◽  
Light Requirements ◽  
Amazonian Ecuador ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Fast Growing Species

ABSTRACTGrowth in diameter and the relationship between age and size are analysed for 22 tree species in Amazonian Ecuador using growth simulation by a stochastic technique that projects the diameter-age relationships of a species. Maximum diameter growth rates varied from 1.2 mm y–1 (Grias neuberthii) to 20.0 mm y–1 (Cecropia sciadophylla). Minimum growth rates ranged from almost zero in Neea divaricata to 2.4 mm y–1 in Mollia lepidota. Median growth rates ranged between c. 0.5 mm y–1 (Grias neuberthii, Neea divaricata) and 11.6 mm y–1 (Cecropia sciadophylla). The maximum simulated life-span spent between a DBH of 10 cm and the largest DBH of a species varied from 54 y (Cecropia sciadophylla) to 529 y (Neea divaricata). Fast growing species and species that potentially can grow old showed a convex survivorship curve, whereas slower growing species and species that do not grow very old showed sigmoid, linear and convex survivorship curves. The species were grouped according to their DBH-height relationship and according to their maximum age, maximum growth rate, and maximum DBH. The groups probably reflect different light requirements. A negative correlation was found between maximum age and mortality rate. Growth rates vary within species, thus the largest tree is not necessarily the oldest.

Growth Rate Responses of Lotic Periphytic Diatoms to Experimental Phosphorus Enrichment: The Influence of Temperature and Light

1988 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 261-270 ◽  
Author(s):  
Max L. Bothwell
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Maximum Growth Rate ◽  
Phosphorus Enrichment ◽  
Enrichment Experiments ◽  
Community Growth ◽  
Specific Growth Rates ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
River Water Temperature

Phosphate enrichment experiments were conducted year-round at the experimental troughs research apparatus (EXTRA) on the South Thompson River in British Columbia to determine the relationship between external concentration of orthophosphate and the growth rates of lotic periphytic diatom communities. Growth rate saturation always occurred at a phosphate concentration of approximately 0.3–0.6 μg P∙L−1. The maximum growth rate (μmax-P) with phosphorus enrichment varied seasonally with temperature. The relative specific growth rates (μ:μmax-P) as a function of external phosphate were constant. Seasonal changes in solar insolation (PAR) had no effect on the autotrophic community growth rates in unamended river water. Temperature exerted the most dominant influence on phosphorus-replete growth rates.

Reassessment of Maximum Growth Rates for C3 and C4 Crops

1978 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Monteith
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Growing Season ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Maximum Growth Rate ◽  
Crop Growth ◽  
Close Inspection ◽  
Similar Difference ◽  
Photosynthetic Efficiencies

SUMMARYFigures for maximum crop growth rates, reviewed by Gifford (1974), suggest that the productivity of C3 and C4 species is almost indistinguishable. However, close inspection of these figures at source and correspondence with several authors revealed a number of errors. When all unreliable figures were discarded, the maximum growth rate for C3 stands fell in the range 34–39 g m−2 d−1 compared with 50–54 g m−2 d−1 for C4 stands. Maximum growth rates averaged over the whole growing season showed a similar difference: 13 g m−2 d−1 for C3 and 22 g m−2 d−1 for C4. These figures correspond to photosynthetic efficiencies of approximately 1·4 and 2·0%.

scholarly journals Interactions Between the Kleptoplastidic Dinoflagellate Shimiella gracilenta and Several Common Heterotrophic Protists

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sang Ah Park ◽  
Hae Jin Jeong ◽  
Jin Hee Ok ◽  
Hee Chang Kang ◽  
Ji Hyun You ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Ingestion Rate ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Maximum Growth Rate ◽  
Prey Concentration ◽  
Ingestion Rates ◽  
Oxyrrhis Marina ◽  
Planktonic Food ◽  
Moderate Growth ◽  
Algal Prey

The newly described dinoflagellate, Shimiella gracilenta, is known to survive for approximately 1 month on the plastids of ingested prey cells during starvation, indicating kleptoplastidy. To understand the population dynamics of this dinoflagellate in marine planktonic food webs, its growth and mortality rate due to predation should be assessed. Thus, we investigated the feeding occurrence of eight common heterotrophic protists on S. gracilenta. We also determined the growth and ingestion rates of Oxyrrhis marina and the naked ciliate, Rimostrombidium sp. on S. gracilenta as a function of the prey concentration. The common heterotrophic dinoflagellates (HTDs) Gyrodinium dominans, O. marina, and Pfiesteria piscicida and a naked ciliate Rimostrombidium sp. were able to feed on S. gracilenta; whereas the HTDs Aduncodinium glandula, Gyrodinium jinhaense, Oblea rotunda, and Polykrikos kofoidii were not. Shimiella gracilenta supported positive growth of O. marina and Rimostrombidium sp. but did not support that of G. dominans and P. piscicida. With increasing prey concentrations, the growth and ingestion rates of O. marina and Rimostrombidium sp. on S. gracilenta increased and became saturated. The maximum growth rates of O. marina and Rimostrombidium sp. on S. gracilenta were 0.645 and 0.903 day−1, respectively. Furthermore, the maximum ingestion rates of O. marina and Rimostrombidium sp. on S. gracilenta were 0.11 ng C predator day−1 (1.6 cells predator−1 day−1) and 35 ng C predator day−1 (500 cells predator−1 day−1), respectively. The maximum ingestion rate of O. marina on S. gracilenta was lower than that on any other algal prey reported to date, although its maximum growth rate was moderate. In conclusion, S. gracilenta had only a few common heterotrophic protist predators but could support moderate growth rates of the predators. Thus, S. gracilenta may not be a common prey species for diverse heterotrophic protists but may be a suitable prey for a few heterotrophic protists.

Kinetics And Morphology Of Homoepitaxial Cvd Growth On Diamond (100) And (111)

1995 ◽  
Vol 416 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. E. Rawles ◽  
W. G. Morris ◽  
M. P. D’Evelyn
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Chemical Vapor ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Maximum Growth Rate ◽  
Arrhenius Behavior ◽  
Oriented Growth ◽  
Relative Growth Rates ◽  
Cvd Growth ◽  
Hot Filament

ABSTRACTGrowth rates for homoepitaxy of diamond (100) and (111) by hot-filament chemical vapor deposition were measured via in situ Fizeau interferometry and the surface morphologies were subsequently characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM). (100)-oriented growth from 0.5% CH4 in H2 exhibited pure Arrhenius behavior, with an activation energy of 17±1 kcal/mol, up to a substrate temperature of 1100°C. Addition of oxygen to the feed gas resulted in an increased growth rate below 900°C, a maximum growth rate between 900 and 1000°C, and etching (of diamond) above 1050 - 1100°C. However, the presence of oxygen apparently had less effect on the surface morphology than did the (100)-to-(111) growth rate parameter α, determined directly from the relative growth rates of (100) and (111) substrates mounted side by side. During homoepitaxial growth from 0.5% CH4 in H2 at 875°C of ca. 1-micron-thick films,α = was 2.2 without oxygen and 1.3 for growth with 0.14% O2. The (100) film grown with α = 2.2 was quite smooth, while that with α = 1.3 was covered by numerous hillocks and penetration twins. AFM analysis revealed surprisingly little difference between the (111) films despite the considerable difference in α. Implications of these results for the growth mechanism are discussed.

Growth rates and age-size relationships of tropical wet forest trees in Costa Rica

1985 ◽  
Vol 1 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana Lieberman ◽  
Milton Lieberman ◽  
Gary Hartshorn ◽  
Rodolfo Peralta
Keyword(s):  
Costa Rica ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Tree Species ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Growth Behaviour ◽  
Carapa Guianensis ◽  
Light Levels ◽  
Tropical Wet Forest ◽  
Shade Tolerant Species ◽  
Zero Growth

ABSTRACTDiameter growth rates and age-size relationships are reported for 45 abundant tree species and one liana in tropical wet forest at La Selva, Costa Rica. Thirteen-year increments in each species were analysed using growth simulation, a stochastic technique which projects growth trajectories.Median growth rates ranged from 0.35 mm yr-1 (Anaxagorea crassipetala) to 13.41 mm yr-1) (Stryphnodendron excelsum). Maximum ranges ranged from 0.95 mm yr-1 (Quararibea brac-teolosa) to 14.62 mm yr-1 (Hernandia didymanthera). Minimum rates ranged from zero growth (Capparis pittieri, Colubrina spinosa, Doliocarpus spp.) to 7.45 mm yr-1 (Stryphno dendron excelsum).Projected lifespan (from 100 mm dbh to the maximum dbh for the species) varied from 52 years (Anaxagorea crassipetala, Guatteria inuncta) to 442 years (Carapa guianensis). The mean longevity among the 45 tree species studied is 190 years.Four main patterns of growth behaviour are recognized, based upon longevity and growth rates: (1) understorey species have slow maximum growth rates and short lifespans; (2) shade-tolerant subcanopy trees live around twice as long as understorey trees and grow at approxi-mately the same maximum rates; (3) canopy and subcanopy trees that are shade-tolerant but respond opportunistically to increased light levels have long lifespans and fast maximum growth rates; (4) shade-intolerant canopy and subcanopy species are short-lived and have fast maximum growth rates. Understorey species intergrade with shade-tolerant subcanopy species in terms of growth behaviour; shade-tolerant subcanopy species with opportunistic, shade-tolerant species; and opportunistic, shade-tolerant with shade-intolerant species.Intraspecific variation in growth rates is lower in short-lived trees (understorey species with uniformly slow growth and shade-intolerant species with uniformly rapid growth) than in the two long-lived groups. These patterns are discussed in the context of tree ecophysiology and forest light environments.

Sizes and Growth-Rates of Thalli of the Lichen Rhizocarpon Geographicum on the Moraines of the Glacier De Valsorey, Valais, Switzerland

1983 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 249-261 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. C. F. Proctor
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rates ◽  
Radial Growth ◽  
Growth Curves ◽  
Field Measurements ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Maximum Growth Rate ◽  
Rhizocarpon Geographicum ◽  
Constant Rate ◽  
Maximum Parameters ◽  
Lichen Growth

AbstractMeasurements of thalli of Rhizocarpon geographicum on the recent moraines of the Glacier de Valsorey and their surroundings are considered in relation to thallus growth rates and colonization following glacial recession. Photographs taken in 1975 and 1979 show that up to c. 3.5 cm diam the relation of maximum growth-rate to thallus size is approximated by a growth curve of the kind derived by Aplin and Hill, rising asymptotically towards a constant rate of radial growth (here c. 0.5 mm year−1). Growth-rates of many individual thalli fall well below the maximum. Parameters of the fitted growth curves are used to construct curves of thallus radius against time. Taken in conjunction with the field measurements these suggest two main phases of colonization, one from about 1880 to 1910, and one from about 1930 onwards. Some general considerations relating to lichenometry and lichen growth curves are discussed.

Shoot and leaf growth in Fraxinuspennsylvanica and its relation to crown location and pruning

1994 ◽  
Vol 24 (10) ◽  
pp. 1997-2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
W.R. Remphrey ◽  
C.G. Davidson
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Leaf Growth ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Maximum Growth Rate ◽  
Logistic Growth ◽  
Parameter Estimates ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Green Ash ◽  
Growth Duration

Elongation of shoots in various crown locations, and of individual internodes and leaves of the leading shoot, were recorded at 2-day intervals throughout the 1991 growing season in four clones of Fraxinuspennsylvanica var. subintegerrima (Vahl) Fern. (green ash). Other trees were disbudded and pruned to a single leader. Using a logistic growth function, nonlinear regression equations were generated and parameter estimates were used to determine maximum growth rates. Terminal leading shoots had a longer growth duration and a greater maximum growth rate than lateral shoots. The pruning treatment resulted in larger shoots, which grew 2–3 weeks longer and had a higher maximum growth rate. Leaf emergence occurred at regular intervals but the rate of emergence varied among clones. Leaf maximum growth rates were not significantly different among clones. Leaf size declined acropetally whereas internode length increased and then decreased. The longest leaves and internodes had the highest maximum growth rates. The size and maximum growth rates of putative preformed leaves were larger than putative neoformed leaves. As a shoot expanded, growth of one internode tended to cease during the linear phase of growth of its associated leaf and that of the succeeding internode.

Quantitative relationships for specific growth rates and macromolecular compositions of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2) and Escherichia coli B/r: an integrative theoretical approach

Microbiology ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 150 (5) ◽  
pp. 1413-1426 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert A. Cox
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Growth Rate ◽  
Mycobacterium Tuberculosis ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Specific Growth ◽  
Streptomyces Coelicolor ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Maximum Growth Rate ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Specific Growth Rates

Further understanding of the physiological states of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and other mycobacteria was sought through comparisons with the genomic properties and macromolecular compositions of Streptomyces coelicolor A3(2), grown at 30 °C, and Escherichia coli B/r, grown at 37 °C. A frame of reference was established based on quantitative relationships observed between specific growth rates (μ) of cells and their macromolecular compositions. The concept of a schematic cell based on transcription/translation coupling, average genes and average proteins was developed to provide an instantaneous view of macromolecular synthesis carried out by cells growing at their maximum rate. It was inferred that the ultra-fast growth of E. coli results from its ability to increase the average number of rRNA (rrn) operons per cell through polyploidy, thereby increasing its capacity for ribosome synthesis. The maximum growth rate of E. coli was deduced to be limited by the rate of uptake and consumption of nutrients providing energy. Three characteristic properties of S. coelicolor A3(2) growing optimally (μ=0·30 h−1) were identified. First, the rate of DNA replication was found to approach the rate reported for E. coli (μ=1·73 h−1); secondly, all rrn operons were calculated to be fully engaged in precursor-rRNA synthesis; thirdly, compared with E. coli, protein synthesis was found to depend on higher concentrations of ribosomes and lower concentrations of aminoacyl-tRNA and EF-Tu. An equation was derived for E. coli B/r relating μ to the number of rrn operons per genome. Values of μ=0·69 h−1 and μ=1·00 h−1 were obtained respectively for cells with one or two rrn operons per genome. Using the author's equation relating the number of rrn operons per genome to maximum growth rate, it is expected that M. tuberculosis with one rrn operon should be capable of growing much faster than it actually does. Therefore, it is suggested that the high number of insertion sequences in this species attenuates growth rate to still lower values.

On the asymptotic behaviour of sample spacings

1981 ◽  
Vol 90 (2) ◽  
pp. 293-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Hawkes
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Asymptotic Behaviour ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Maximum Growth Rate ◽  
Unit Interval ◽  
Sample Spacing ◽  
Image Position ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Sample Spacings

SummarySuppose that we are given a random sample of size n chosen according to the uniform distribution on the unit interval. Let Zn(x) = Zn(x, ω) be the length of the unique left-closed and right-open sample spacing that contains x. The purpose of this paper is to examine the almost sure, and exceptional, growth rates of the process {Zn}. The typical maximum growth rate and the growth rate of the maximum can be of quite different orders of magnitude as is shown by the following two results.Theorem 2. With probability one we havefor almost all x.Theorem 3. With probability one we have

scholarly journals Estimating the maximal growth rates of eukaryotic microbes from cultures and metagenomes via codon usage patterns

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jake L Weissman ◽  
Edward-Robert O Dimbo ◽  
Arianna I Krinos ◽  
Christopher Neely ◽  
Yuniba Yagues ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Growth Rate ◽  
Water Column ◽  
Growth Rates ◽  
Maximum Growth ◽  
Maximum Growth Rate ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Maximal Growth ◽  
Culture Collections ◽  
Microbial Eukaryotes ◽  
Eukaryotic Microbes

Microbial eukaryotes are ubiquitous in the environment and play important roles in key ecosystem processes, including accounting for a significant portion of global primary production. Yet, our tools for assessing the functional capabilities of eukaryotic microbes in the environment are quite limited because many microbes have yet to be grown in culture. Maximum growth rate is a fundamental parameter of microbial lifestyle that reveals important information about an organism's functional role in a community. We developed and validated a genomic estimator of maximum growth rate for eukaryotic microbes, enabling the assessment of growth potential for both cultivated and yet-to-be-cultivated organisms. We produced a database of over 700 growth predictions from genomes, transcriptomes, and metagenome-assembled genomes, and found that closely related and/or functionally similar organisms tended to have similar maximal growth rates. By comparing the maximal growth rates of existing culture collections with environmentally-derived genomes we found that, unlike for prokaryotes, culture collections of microbial eukaryotes are only minimally biased in terms of growth potential. We then extended our tool to make community-wide estimates of growth potential from over 500 marine metagenomes, mapping growth potential across the global oceans. We found that prokaryotic and eukaryotic communities have highly correlated growth potentials near the ocean surface, but that this relationship disappears deeper in the water column. This suggests that fast growing eukaryotes and prokaryotes thrive under similar conditions at the ocean surface, but that there is a decoupling of these communities as resources become scarce deeper in the water column.

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