Competitive Interactions Between Bryozoans and Other Organisms

1981 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
pp. 22-36 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. B. C. Jackson

A fundamental morphological and ecological division among sessile colonial invertebrates and sponges is that between encrusting and erect growth habits. The distributions of such organisms results both from their patterns of larval recruitment onto the substratum and their subsequent growth and interactions (Buss 1979b; Jackson 1979a). Sessile encrusting organisms [runners, sheets, and mounds of Jackson (1979a)] grow primarily out over the substratum. Such growth sets no special mechanical constraints for colony support and growth is potentially infinite, although limited by extrinsic factors such as the extent of the substratum, interactions with other organisms, or physical environmental factors. The alternative pattern is one of growth primarily up or away from the substratum surface [plates, vines, and trees of Jackson (1979a)]. This may set overall size constraints relative to mechanical support and attachment (Cheetham 1971; Cheetham et al. 1981; Cheetham and Thomsen 1981; Schopf et al. 1980), often with approximately determinate growth as for solitary animals (Jackson 1977a, 1979a).

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Basalapura Rangegowda Chandana ◽  
Sampangi Ramesh ◽  
Gonal Basanagouda ◽  
Rotti Kirankumar ◽  
Kyasampalli Venkatesh Reddy Ashwini

Abstract Growth habit is a plant architectural trait in grain legumes with no exception of horse gram. Determinacy and indeterminacy are the two types of growth habits reported in horse gram. Relative advantages of the two types of growth habit depend on the production systems to which cultivars are targeted. Dependable information on genetics of growth habit provide clues for adopting the most appropriate selection strategy to breed high yielding horse gram varieties with desired growth habit. Taking cues from the past studies, we hypothesize that growth habit in horse gram is controlled by two genes displaying inhibitory epistasis and indeterminacy is dominant over determinacy. To test this hypothesis, we monitored the inheritance of growth habit in F1, F2 and F3 generations derived from two crosses involving parents differing for growth habit. Contrary to our hypothesis, determinate growth habit of F1s of both the crosses suggested dominance of determinacy over indeterminacy. A good fit of observed segregation of F2 plants to that of the hypothesized segregation in the ratio of 13 determinate: 3 indeterminate plants, besides confirming dominance of determinacy, suggested classical digenic inhibitory epistatic control of growth habit. These results were further confirmed in F3 generation based on goodness of fit between observed numbers of plants segregating for determinacy and indeterminacy and those expected in the ratio of 49 determinate: 15 indeterminate plants. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report on the inheritance of growth habit in horse gram.


2012 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 1151 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carlos Antonio Fernandes Santos

O cultivo do feijão-caupi no Submédio do Vale do São Francisco (SVSF) é realizado no primeiro semestre, sem irrigação e temperaturas mais amenas, e no segundo semestre, com irrigação e temperaturas mais elevadas. No período de 2008 a 2009 foram avaliadas 22 linhagens tipo ‘Canapu’ e outras 22 linhagens de porte ereto e crescimento determinado em dois experimentos em blocos ao acaso, com três repetições. Pelo menos uma geração de seleção para obtenção das linhagens foi realizada em condições de alta temperatura do segundo semestre. Em torno de 30 experimentos foram conduzidos nos campos experimentais da Embrapa Semiárido em Juazeiro e Petrolina e em áreas de produtores do SVSF. O manejo e densidades populacionais foram similares nos dois semestres, com irrigação apenas no segundo semestre. As diferenças entre temperaturas máximas e mínimas dos meses de março x outubro e de abril x novembro, período de floração das linhagens, foram significantes pelo teste ‘t’. A produtividade média de grãos foi de 1394 kg/ha e 1078 kg/ha com e sem irrigação, respectivamente, no experimento de linhagens tipo ‘Canapu’ e de 1468 kg/ha e de 1081 kg/ha, com e sem irrigação, respectivamente, no experimento de linhagens de porte ereto e crescimento determinado, sugerindo a superioridade das linhagens quando avaliadas com irrigação. As cultivares Marataoã e Canapu, diferente das linhagens desenvolvidas em Petrolina, apresentaram maior produção no primeiro semestre do ano, não respondendo ao regime irrigado, devido a menor tolerância às temperaturas elevadas do segundo semestre.  A avaliação de linhagens em meados dos dois semestres é uma estratégia simplificada, que permitiu selecionar genótipos com tolerância às altas temperaturas e responsivos à irrigação. Palavras - chave: Vigna unguiculata, produtividade, adaptação, irrigação.  Breeding Cowpea for Moderate and High Temperatures in the São Francisco River Valley, Brazil  ABSTRACTCowpea is grown in the São Francisco river valley (SFRV) in the first semester, without irrigation and with occurrence of medium temperatures, and also in the second semester, with irrigation and high temperatures. From 2008 to 2009 were evaluated 22 lines of ‘Canapu’ type and also other 22 lines of upright plant and determinate growth habits in a block experimental design, with tree replications. At least one generation of selection to obtain the lines was done under high temperatures conditions of the second semester. Around 30 experiments were evaluated in the Juazeiro and Petrolina Embrapa Semiárido experimental station and also in SFRV grower fields. Crop managements and plant density/ha were the same in both semesters, with irrigation only in the second semester. The maximum and minimum temperatures in March x October and April x November, that corresponds to the cowpea flower time in both experiments, were significant by ‘t’ test, based on 35 years of data. The yield means were 1394 kg/ha and 1078 kg/ha with and without irrigation, respectively, in the ‘Canapu’ lines experiment, and 1468 kg/ha and 1081 kg/ha, with and without irrigation, respectively, in the upright plant and determinate growth habits lines experiment, indicating that the lines were more productive under irrigation conditions. Marataoã and Canapu control cultivars, differing from the lines developed at Petrolina, presented high yield in the first semester, without response to irrigation, due the low adaptation to high temperatures of the second semester. Evaluation of lines in middle of both semesters was a simplified strategy that allowed selecting genotypes with high temperature tolerance and with good response to the irrigation.  Keywords: Vigna unguiculata, yield, adaption, irrigation.


2019 ◽  
Vol 99 (7) ◽  
pp. 1495-1505
Author(s):  
J. F. Alvarado-Rodríguez ◽  
H. Nava ◽  
J. L. Carballo

AbstractReef encrusting calcifiers (non-scleractinian species) constitute assemblages that participate in the carbon cycle at coral reefs. Despite their apparent secondary role in building the reef framework, they contribute to the reef consolidation binding sediments and inducing larval recruitment from other epilithic invertebrates. The contribution of encrusting calcifiers on reef accretion was examined by the assessment of their rate of carbonate deposition on four different simulated reef microhabitats using calcification accretion units (CAUs) during 12 months at Playa Las Gatas and Islote Zacatoso, two coral communities from the coast of the Mexican Pacific. Encrusting calcifiers from Playa Las Gatas, the most impacted site, showed a rate of carbonate deposition (mean ± SD) four times higher than at Islote Zacatoso (10.02 ± 3.22 g CaCO3 m−2 d−1vs 2.48 ± 1.01 g CaCO3 m−2 d−1). Overall, the rate of carbonate deposition on surfaces protected from sedimentation and light was up to 1.8 times higher than on exposed ones (11.40 ± 4.35 g CaCO3 m−2 d−1vs 6.18 ± 3.13 g CaCO3 m−2 d−1). Carbonate deposition by calcareous algae was higher on the well-lit exposed surfaces while filter-feeding invertebrates showed the major contribution on the shaded cryptic surfaces. Although rate of carbonate deposition by encrusting calcifiers seems to be lower than hermatypic corals, it seems to be relevant on coral reefs affected by anthropogenic impacts where coral calcification is low. Under global demise of coral reefs by environmental degradation and climate change, encrusting calcifiers may become relevant for the process of carbonate deposition.


2020 ◽  
Vol 71 (19) ◽  
pp. 5911-5923 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roisin C McGarry ◽  
Xiaolan Rao ◽  
Qiang Li ◽  
Esther van der Knaap ◽  
Brian G Ayre

Abstract Patterns of indeterminate and determinate growth specify plant architecture and influence crop productivity. In cotton (Gossypium hirsutum), SINGLE FLOWER TRUSS (SFT) stimulates the transition to flowering and determinate growth, while its closely related antagonist SELF-PRUNING (SP) maintains meristems in indeterminate states to favor vegetative growth. Overexpressing GhSFT while simultaneously silencing GhSP produces highly determinate cotton with reduced foliage and synchronous fruiting. These findings suggest that GhSFT, GhSP, and genes in these signaling networks hold promise for enhancing ‘annualized’ growth patterns and improving cotton productivity and management. To identify the molecular programs underlying cotton growth habits, we used comparative co-expression networks, differential gene expression, and phenotypic analyses in cotton varieties expressing altered levels of GhSFT or GhSP. Using multiple cotton and tomato datasets, we identified diverse genetic modules highly correlated with SFT or SP orthologs which shared related Gene Ontologies in different crop species. Notably, altering GhSFT or GhSP levels in cotton affected the expression of genes regulating meristem fate and metabolic pathways. Further phenotypic analyses of gene products involved in photosynthesis, secondary metabolism, and cell wall biosynthesis showed that early changes in GhSFT and GhSP levels profoundly impacted later development in distal tissues. Identifying the molecular underpinnings of GhSFT and GhSP activities emphasizes their broad actions in regulating cotton architecture.


Author(s):  
F. Khoury ◽  
L. H. Bolz

The lateral growth habits and non-planar conformations of polyethylene crystals grown from dilute solutions (<0.1% wt./vol.) are known to vary depending on the crystallization temperature.1-3 With the notable exception of a study by Keith2, most previous studies have been limited to crystals grown at <95°C. The trend in the change of the lateral growth habit of the crystals with increasing crystallization temperature (other factors remaining equal, i.e. polymer mol. wt. and concentration, solvent) is illustrated in Fig.l. The lateral growth faces in the lozenge shaped type of crystal (Fig.la) which is formed at lower temperatures are {110}. Crystals formed at higher temperatures exhibit 'truncated' profiles (Figs. lb,c) and are bound laterally by (110) and (200} growth faces. In addition, the shape of the latter crystals is all the more truncated (Fig.lc), and hence all the more elongated parallel to the b-axis, the higher the crystallization temperature.


Author(s):  
Devi Angrahini Anni Lembana ◽  
Yu Yu Chang ◽  
Wen Ke Liang

From the intentionality-based view, individuals' actual behaviors to initiate a new venture is driven by their entrepreneurial intentions. Company employees have accumulated professionalism and practical experience, which both enable them to discover some unmet market demand and industrial gaps. However, in establishing a new business, not everyone with certain knowledge or expertise has the desire to become an entrepreneur. Prior research has shown that entrepreneurial intentions are under the profound influences of intrinsic factors and extrinsic factors. On the one hand, entrepreneurial self-efficacy is one of the key psychological states that makes someone dare to initiate entrepreneurial activities. Institutional environment, on the other hand, can either enhance and hinder an individuals' entrepreneurial motivation by offering incentives or causing barriers. Little work has been done to understand how the institutional environment and entrepreneurial self-efficacy jointly affect company employees' intention to quit their job and start an enterprising career. By using hierarchical regression on a sample of 325 Indonesian company employees, this paper shows that the entrepreneurial cognition and entrepreneurial self-efficacy are positively related to employees' entrepreneurial intentions. Also, entrepreneurial self-efficacy strengthens the effect of normative Approval on entrepreneurial intention, whereas the regulatory Support from Government is detrimental to company employees' intention to start a new venture regardless the entrepreneurial self-efficacy is high or low.


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