TASK COMPLEXITY, LANGUAGE-RELATED EPISODES, AND PRODUCTION OF L2 SPANISH VOWELS

2016 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 347-380 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan Solon ◽  
Avizia Y. Long ◽  
Laura Gurzynski-Weiss
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Difference ◽  
Task Complexity ◽  
Task Completion ◽  
Complex Task ◽  
Vowel Production ◽  
Complex Tasks ◽  
Information Gap ◽  
Theoretical Predictions ◽  
L2 Spanish ◽  
L2 Pronunciation

This study tests the theoretical predictions regarding effects of increasing task complexity (Robinson, 2001a, 2001b, 2007, 2010; Robinson & Gilabert, 2007) for second language (L2) pronunciation. Specifically, we examine whether more complex tasks (a) lead to greater incidence of pronunciation-focused language-related episodes (LREs) and (b) positively impact accuracy of phonetic form during task completion. Seventeen dyads of intermediate L2 Spanish learners completed simple (+few elements) and complex (-few elements) information-gap map tasks in which the pronunciation of Spanish vowels was made task essential through the inclusion of minimal pair street names (e.g.,Calle Copa“Copa Street” andCalle Capa“Capa Street”). Results revealed no statistical difference in learner-produced pronunciation-related LREs in the simple and complex tasks. Vowel production, however, moved in a targetlike direction for one of five segments (/e/) during the complex task. Results therefore point to some benefits of task complexity manipulations for L2 pronunciation.

scholarly journals Fault Tolerant PLBGSA: Precedence Level Based Genetic Scheduling Algorithm for P2P Grid

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Piyush Chauhan ◽  
Nitin
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Algorithm ◽  
Directed Acyclic Graph ◽  
Fault Tolerant ◽  
Scheduling Algorithm ◽  
Complex Task ◽  
Grid Scheduling ◽  
Complex Tasks ◽  
Small Organizations ◽  
Grid Resources ◽  
Desirable Trait

Due to monetary limitation, small organizations cannot afford high end supercomputers to solve highly complex tasks. P2P (peer to peer) grid computing is being used nowadays to break complex task into subtasks in order to solve them on different grid resources. Workflows are used to represent these complex tasks. Finishing such complex task in a P2P grid requires scheduling subtasks of workflow in an optimized manner. Several factors play their part in scheduling decisions. The genetic algorithm is very useful in scheduling DAG (directed acyclic graph) based task. Benefit of a genetic algorithm is that it takes into consideration multiple criteria while scheduling. In this paper, we have proposed a precedence level based genetic algorithm (PLBGSA), which yields schedules for workflows in a decentralized fashion. PLBGSA is compared with existing genetic algorithm based scheduling techniques. Fault tolerance is a desirable trait of a P2P grid scheduling algorithm due to the untrustworthy nature of grid resources. PLBGSA handles faults efficiently.

Task Complexity and Affect in Collegiate Football

1989 ◽  
Vol 69 (2) ◽  
pp. 671-674 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert W. McGowan ◽  
Barry B. Shultz
Keyword(s):  
Task Complexity ◽  
Complex Tasks ◽  
Collegiate Football

This research examined difference in affect of athletes performing complex tasks (offensive positions) and those performing relatively simple tasks (defensive positions). As hypothesized, defensive players were more vigorous than offensive players. Differences were also found between positions (linemen, backs, and quarterbacks). Results agreed with previous research on differences in affect between microcycles of training. Specifically, athletes about to perform relatively simple tasks appeared to utilize anger as a preevent motivating strategy. No differences in attentional styles were detected between offensive players and defensive players or among positions in collegiate football.

Effects of task complexity on the learning of genre specific rhetorical moves and linguistic forms: the case of contrast and argumentative essays

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Pia Gomez Laich ◽  
Naoko Taguchi
Keyword(s):  
English Learners ◽  
Task Complexity ◽  
Private University ◽  
Task Group ◽  
Second Phase ◽  
Complex Task ◽  
Simple Task ◽  
Undergraduate Level ◽  
Post Test ◽  
Argumentative Essays

Abstract This study investigates whether task complexity improves L2 English learners’ ability to write contrast and argumentative essays as measured by the use of rhetorical moves and linguistic forms characteristic of these essays. The participants were 62 students in an undergraduate-level composition class in a private university in the U.S. The study involved a first phase that targeted contrast writing and a second phase that targeted argumentative writing. In both phases, students were assigned randomly to a simple or complex task group and wrote an essay in dyads. In terms of rhetorical moves, the complex task group outperformed the simple task group in the immediate and delayed post-test of contrast essays. For argumentative essays, this superiority of the complex group was only found in the immediate post-test. As per linguistic forms, the complex task group outperformed the simple task group in the immediate and delayed post-test of both contrast and argumentative essays.

Research Note: The Interactions Among Stress, Vigilance, and Task Complexity

1975 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 106-109 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert S. Kennedy ◽  
Xenia B. Coulter
Keyword(s):  
Task Complexity ◽  
Vigilance Task ◽  
Research Note ◽  
Stressed Condition ◽  
Complex Task ◽  
Large Group ◽  
Flight Students ◽  
Better Than ◽  
Threat Of Shock ◽  
And Task

A simple (one-channel) or a complex (three-channel) vigilance task was administered with or without threat of shock to a large group of flight students. It was found that a larger absolute decrement was obtained in the complex task, but the relative decrements were equivalent for both. One-channel monitoring was better overall than three-channel monitoring in the non-stressed condition. Stressed subjects performed better than nonstressed, and this enhancement was greater for three-channel monitoring.

Virtual Team Effectiveness And Sequence Of Conditions

2012 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joel Olson ◽  
Linda Olson
Keyword(s):  
Virtual Teams ◽  
Task Complexity ◽  
Complex Task ◽  
Group Effectiveness ◽  
Simple Task ◽  
Communication Medium ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Computer Mediated ◽  
Full Rotation ◽  
Task Technology Fit

This study examines the sequence of Group Task Pressure (GTP) and communication medium conditions on group effectiveness. It contributes to the task-technology fit research by considering the sequence of these conditions on task-technology fit related to group effectiveness. The study has value for professionals pursuing the construction and management of virtual teams. A pilot experiment was conducted using 22 subjects in eight groups with a mixed 2x2 design. Given the sample size, the study is more descriptive than inferential. The study manipulated GTP by combinations of time scarcity, reward and task complexity. The media conditions used in the study were face-to-face and synchronous computer-mediated chats. Group effectiveness was measured by the length of time groups took to complete assigned tasks. The four study conditions were: a simple task completed face-to-face, a simple task completed in a computer-mediated condition, a complex task completed in a face-to-face condition and a complex task in a computer-mediated condition. Each group was rotated through all the conditions. The sequence of communication medium conditions were significant, but not the sequence of GTP conditions. Groups starting in the face-to-face condition took less time to complete their rotation of tasks than groups starting in the computer-mediated condition. Groups starting in both the low and high GTP conditions took the same amount of time to complete the full rotation of task and conditions. Recommendations for subsequent research on group task pressure are presented.

Effects of Task Complexity Variables on Complexity, Accuracy and Fluency of Second Language Production: A Critical Review

2017 ◽  
Vol 9 (4) ◽  
pp. 94
Author(s):  
Lilliati Ismail ◽  
Arshad Abd. Samad
Keyword(s):  
Second Language ◽  
Learning Process ◽  
Critical Review ◽  
Language Production ◽  
Task Complexity ◽  
Task Design ◽  
Complex Tasks ◽  
Complexity Level ◽  
Language Classroom ◽  
L2 Learners

This paper reviews recent research that has manipulated task complexity variables to gauge their effects on L2 learning. This review draws upon Robinson’s Triadic Componential Framework for task design (2001a) which suggests that increases in task complexity levels should be an important consideration when designing and sequencing a task-based language syllabus. Most of the studies discussed support Robinson’s contention that more complex tasks result in greater accuracy and complexity in L2 learners’ language production. This would imply the need to consider task complexity variables in selecting, designing and administering tasks in the second language classroom to achieve optimum effects on the learning process. Teachers would also have to be conscientious in evaluating cognitive loads of tasks to ensure heightened attention to meaning and forms. Also, the potential of using task complexity level as an organising principle for a second-language syllabus needs to be further explored and investigated.

scholarly journals PENGARUH MOTIVASI, KOMPLEKSITAS TUGAS, DAN INSENTIF MONETER TERHADAP KINERJA INDIVIDU

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 67
Author(s):  
Aulia Azzardina
Keyword(s):  
University Students ◽  
Extrinsic Motivation ◽  
Task Complexity ◽  
Monetary Incentives ◽  
Complex Tasks ◽  
Intrinsic And Extrinsic Motivation ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Given ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
And Task

This study investigates the relationship between motivation and task complexity on performance. Monetary incentives are involved in this study as a moderating variable. The motivation examined in this research is intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. A 2x2 quasi-experiment has been conducted and involving 66 university students. Two and three-way ANOVA are used for hypothetical testing. The result shows that individuals with intrinsic motivation have shown better performance than those with extrinsic motivation. After individuals have faced more complex tasks, they achieved lower scores than those who faced less complex tasks. Prior studies suggested that motivation could be destructed by monetary incentives. However, there is no interaction proof when moderating variable is involved. The relationship between motivation and performance is not influenced by monetary incentives. In line with it, the relationship between task complexity and performance is also not strengthened or weakened by the given monetary incentives information. Thus, monetary incentives failed to influence the relationship between motivation, task complexity and performance.

scholarly journals Effect of Speech Recognition on Problem Solving and Recall in Consumer Digital Health Tasks: Controlled Laboratory Experiment (Preprint)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jessica Chen ◽  
David Lyell ◽  
Liliana Laranjo ◽  
Farah Magrabi
Keyword(s):  
Speech Recognition ◽  
Problem Solving ◽  
Cognitive Load ◽  
Language Processing ◽  
Digital Health ◽  
Task Completion ◽  
Consumer Health ◽  
Conversational Agents ◽  
Complex Tasks ◽  
Health Applications

BACKGROUND Recent advances in natural language processing and artificial intelligence have led to widespread adoption of speech recognition technologies. In consumer health applications, speech recognition is usually applied to support interactions with conversational agents for data collection, decision support, and patient monitoring. However, little is known about the use of speech recognition in consumer health applications and few studies have evaluated the efficacy of conversational agents in the hands of consumers. In other consumer-facing tools, cognitive load has been observed to be an important factor affecting the use of speech recognition technologies in tasks involving problem solving and recall. Users find it more difficult to think and speak at the same time when compared to typing, pointing, and clicking. However, the effects of speech recognition on cognitive load when performing health tasks has not yet been explored. OBJECTIVE The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of speech recognition for documentation in consumer digital health tasks involving problem solving and recall. METHODS Fifty university staff and students were recruited to undertake four documentation tasks with a simulated conversational agent in a computer laboratory. The tasks varied in complexity determined by the amount of problem solving and recall required (simple and complex) and the input modality (speech recognition vs keyboard and mouse). Cognitive load, task completion time, error rate, and usability were measured. RESULTS Compared to using a keyboard and mouse, speech recognition significantly increased the cognitive load for complex tasks (<i>Z</i>=–4.08, <i>P</i>&lt;.001) and simple tasks (<i>Z</i>=–2.24, <i>P</i>=.03). Complex tasks took significantly longer to complete (<i>Z</i>=–2.52, <i>P</i>=.01) and speech recognition was found to be overall less usable than a keyboard and mouse (<i>Z</i>=–3.30, <i>P</i>=.001). However, there was no effect on errors. CONCLUSIONS Use of a keyboard and mouse was preferable to speech recognition for complex tasks involving problem solving and recall. Further studies using a broader variety of consumer digital health tasks of varying complexity are needed to investigate the contexts in which use of speech recognition is most appropriate. The effects of cognitive load on task performance and its significance also need to be investigated.

Foot preference across the lifespan: Effects of target location and task complexity

2019 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 238-244
Author(s):  
Sana Ghamgui ◽  
Riadh Dahmen ◽  
Nizar Souissi
Keyword(s):  
Young Children ◽  
Target Location ◽  
Task Complexity ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Biological Factor ◽  
Environmental Constraints ◽  
Complex Task ◽  
Spatial Locations ◽  
Different Levels ◽  
And Task

This study was designed to determine the factor(s) that influence the choice of the foot throughout the lifespan. To achieve this purpose, 86 right-footed participants (young children (5– 8), adolescents (10–14), young adults (18–25) and older adults (over 50) were tested on two tasks of different levels of difficulty, performed in three spatial locations (left, right, and midline) according to two levels of body posture: sitting and standing. Results revealed that the participants favored their preferred foot when the object was located in the ipsilateral hemispace and at the midline. They selected their non-preferred foot when the object was located in the contralateral hemispace. The participants used their preferred foot to a greater extent during the most complex task than during the easiest one and more often while standing rather than sitting. Finally, we have found a significant age effect. Young children often used the preferred foot more frequently than the other age groups. In conclusion, the findings of this study suggest that foot selection depends on task demand, environmental constraints, and a biological factor associated with motor dominance.

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