Reforming China's Coal Industry

1996 ◽  
Vol 147 ◽  
pp. 726-750 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elspeth Thomson
Keyword(s):  
Economic System ◽  
Economic Reform ◽  
Consumer Goods ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
Coal Industry ◽  
The State ◽  
Market Forces ◽  
Reform Programme ◽  
The Government ◽  
State Enterprises

In 1949 the Chinese adopted, almost in total, the former Soviet Union's system of central or command planning. Thirty years later, in 1979, the country embarked on a major economic reform programme aimed largely at correcting problems caused by central planning. The government now sought to create an economic system which would combine the best characteristics of socialist and market economies. Most analysts would agree that the non-grain agricultural and consumer goods sectors have been fully marketized, and quite successfully so, but that the economic reform of the state industrial sector has lagged far behind. Raising the profits and output and productivity levels of the state enterprises has proved extremely difficult, and the government has been reluctant to allow the unrestricted operation of market forces.

Deng Xiaoping: The Economist

1993 ◽  
Vol 135 ◽  
pp. 491-514 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barry Naughton
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Economic System ◽  
Economic Reform ◽  
World Economy ◽  
Economic Change ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Economic Problems ◽  
Large Numbers ◽  
Modem World ◽  
The Government

Deng Xiaoping's economic legacy is overwhelmingly positive and quite secure-in this, it stands in contrast to his troubled and ambiguous political legacy. Of all of Deng's achievements, the transformation of China's economic system is the only one that is currently judged to have succeeded, and to have benefited large numbers of people. Deng presided over the Chinese government during a period of enormous economic change. Under his leadership, the government extricated itself from a legacy of massive economic problems and began a sustained programme of economic reform. Reforms transformed the economic system and initiated a period of explosive economic growth, bringing the country out of isolation and into the modem world economy.

scholarly journals Allocation under Dictatorship: Research in Stalin's Archives

2005 ◽  
Vol 43 (3) ◽  
pp. 721-761 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul Gregory ◽  
Mark Harrison
Keyword(s):  
Economic Policy ◽  
Economic System ◽  
Economic Reform ◽  
Soviet Economy ◽  
The State ◽  
Information Flows ◽  
State Party ◽  
Stalin Era ◽  
New Evidence

We survey recent research on the Soviet economy in the state, party, and military archives of the Stalin era. The archives have provided rich new evidence on the economic arrangements of a command system under a powerful dictator including Stalin's role in the making of the economic system and economic policy, Stalin's accumulation objectives and the constraints that limited his power to achieve them, the limits to administrative allocation, the information flows and incentives that governed the behavior of economic managers, the scope and significance of corruption and market-oriented behavior, and the prospects for economic reform.

Industrial Decision-making under China's Reform, 1985-1988

1990 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 321-351 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Child ◽  
Yuan Lu
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Economic Reform ◽  
Government Policy ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Reform Programme ◽  
Dependency Relations ◽  
State Enterprises

The intention of China's economic reform programme has been to shift the governance of economic relations from bureaucratic towards market co-ordina tion. The decentralization of decision-making from administrative bodies to enterprises and, by extension, the delegation within enterprises of specific deci sions to a trained body of managers, have been key elements in this programme. This paper examines the changes in levels of decision-making experienced by six State enterprises between 1985 and 1988, a period during which the reform was being introduced nationwide. It concludes that the managers of these enterprises did secure additional autonomy to make decisions of strategic significance, but that this autonomy is uncertain and bounded. It is liable to be rescinded as the result of sudden changes in government policy and it is bounded by local rela tional obligations. These constraints upon management expose the dynamics of negotiated dependency relations in a context characterized by underdevelopment in both bureaucratic and market modes of economic co-ordination.

The Israel Ombudsman: An Appraisal

1975 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 293-323 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Elman
Keyword(s):  
The State ◽  
The Other ◽  
Local Authorities ◽  
Government Department ◽  
The Law ◽  
The Government ◽  
State Enterprises ◽  
Made In ◽  
A Share

Very soon after the establishment of the State (and as an important part of its constitutional structure) the office of State Comptroller, responsible to the Knesset alone and independent of the Government, was established under statute—the State Comptroller Law of 1949. After undergoing a number of amendments, the Law was eventually replaced in 1958 by a Consolidated Version but without any substantive change being made in the functions and powers of the Comptroller, a fact which goes far to demonstrate the proven worth of the office.Briefly, the functions of the Comptroller are to carry out “inspection of the finances and the management of the finances and the property and administration of the State and of the bodies subject to the inspection of the Comptroller, and to perform the other functions assigned to the Comptroller by this Law”.The bodies subject to inspection include, in addition to every government department, state enterprises and institutions and local authorities, persons or bodies holding, otherwise than under contract, or managing or controlling any state property or funds in the management of which the Government has a share or which are made subject to inspection by the Knesset or by agreement with the Government.

The Autocratic Middle Class

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bryn Rosenfeld
Keyword(s):  
Middle Class ◽  
The State ◽  
Government Budget ◽  
Middle Classes ◽  
Basic Tenet ◽  
State Administration ◽  
Societal Actors ◽  
The Government ◽  
Economic Engagement ◽  
State Enterprises

Conventional wisdom holds that the rising middle-classes are a force for democracy. Yet in post-Soviet countries like Russia, where the middle-class has grown rapidly, authoritarianism is deepening. Challenging a basic tenet of democratization theory, this book shows how the middle-classes can actually be a source of support for autocracy and authoritarian resilience, and reveals why development and economic growth do not necessarily lead to greater democracy. In pursuit of development, authoritarian states often employ large swaths of the middle-class in state administration, the government budget sector, and state enterprises. Drawing on attitudinal surveys, unique data on protest behavior, and extensive fieldwork in the post-Soviet region, the book documents how the failure of the middle-class to gain economic autonomy from the state stymies support for political change, and how state economic engagement reduces middle-class demands for democracy and weakens prodemocratic coalitions. This book makes a vital contribution to the study of democratization, showing how dependence on the state weakens the incentives of key societal actors to prefer and pursue democracy.

scholarly journals Analysis of Financial Distress with Springate and Method of Grover in Coal In BEI 2012 - 2016

2018 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 52
Author(s):  
Agnes Gracia Devina Hungan ◽  
Ni Nyoman Sawitri
Keyword(s):  
Coal Mining ◽  
Financial Distress ◽  
Coal Industry ◽  
The State ◽  
State Budget ◽  
Mining Companies ◽  
The Government

The coal industry is one of the largest contributors to the state budget of more than 40 billion annually, so the declining coal industry and the condition of every coal company in Indonesia are of particular concern to the government. This study examines how the level of financial distress of coal mining companies IDX 2012 - 2016 when analyst with Springate method and Grover method, and which method is most appropriate in predicting financial distress in coal companies. From the results of the calculation with the both methods are Obtained results there are some coal companies are declared to have financial distress with both methods and obtained the result that the Grover method is the most appropriate methods in predicting financial distress.

scholarly journals Reforms, Restructuring, and Infrastructure Sector: A Study of Initiatives in Orissa Power Sector

2000 ◽  
Vol 25 (4) ◽  
pp. 11-26 ◽  
Author(s):  
A Thillai Rajan
Keyword(s):  
Business Processes ◽  
Electric Utility ◽  
The State ◽  
Power Sector ◽  
Sector Reform ◽  
Reform Programme ◽  
Key Features ◽  
The Government ◽  
Regulatory Commission ◽  
And Function

In 1994, the Government of Orissa initiated power sector reforms and restructuring. The reform programme resulted in vertical unbundling of the state-owned integrated electric utility, corporatization of the resultant entities, and constitution of an autonomous regulatory commission for power sector regulation in the state. One of the key features of the reform programme was the privatization of distribution activity. To make the process successful and obtain more revenues, there was a need for the distribution entities to change the existing culture and approach to management. The Government of Orissa undertook a process of organizational strengthening to develop appropriate organizational structure, systems, and business processes suitable to the new environment. This study describes the various strengthening measures implemented by Grid Corporation of Orissa to make it commercially viable and function effectively in the new environment following power sector reform.

From Organized Dependence to Disorganized Despotism: Changing Labour Regimes in Chinese Factories

1999 ◽  
Vol 157 ◽  
pp. 44-71 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ching Kwan Lee
Keyword(s):  
Migrant Workers ◽  
Work Force ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
The State ◽  
Scientific Management ◽  
Social Forces ◽  
Market Socialism ◽  
Industrial Enterprises ◽  
State Enterprises ◽  
Urban State

Like opening Pandora's box, Chinese reforms have unleashed institutional and social forces which have led to a variety of production regimes co-existing under the permissive banner of “market socialism.” The industrial scene of Guangdong, which boasts of itself as one of the first, the most and the best reformed provincial economies, bears witness to the profound and wide-ranging transformation in production politics. Compared to the era of state socialism, a restructuring of industrial employment has evidently occurred. The 740 state-owned industrial enterprises in Guangzhou, for instance, now account for only 15 per cent of a total of 4,903 industrial establishments, and the 307,000 employees in the state industrial sector account for one-third of the city's 940,000-strong industrial workforce. Twenty-one per cent and 46 per cent of all industrial employees are found respectively in 2,005 collective enterprises and 2,158 private, foreign and joint ventures. As recently as 1985, the state industrial sector was still dominant, employing 65 per cent of the city's industrial workforce, and producing 68 per cent of industrial output. The composition of the work force has also significantly changed: among the 2.03 million urban (including non-industrial) employees in Guangzhou, 700,000 are “registered” migrant workers, of whom 280,000 work in state and collective enterprises. For the province as a whole, registered migrant workers numbered 3.6 million in 1996, while a generally-accepted estimate for the entire migrant labour population reached a staggering 11 million. In the pre-reform days, this massive pool of rural labour was sequestered in the countryside by the hukou system and the number of those who found employment in state factories as temporary contract workers was estimated to be only about 6 per cent of all employees in urban state enterprises by 1978. Complexity is further induced by a new round of deepening reform measures in the 1990s, targeting enterprise ownership, scientific management and labour laws.

scholarly journals A look back on the Vietnam’s economic institutional reform journey

2014 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-62
Author(s):  
Phat Tan Nguyen
Keyword(s):  
Economic Reform ◽  
Social Economic ◽  
Innovation Process ◽  
The State ◽  
Theory And Practice ◽  
Role Of The State ◽  
State Economy ◽  
Social Economic Development ◽  
State Enterprises

Looking back on the 23-year renovation of the state economic institution, between the years 1992 and 2015 (which is supposedly completed basically) will clarify some issues of theory and practice concerning the state-owned model in the condition of Vietnam’s transitional economy. This innovation process is performed through the privatisation of state enterprises, the establishment of economic corporations and state general firms, then the equitisation of all corporations, general companies and state businesses in 2015. Some arising problems should have a discussion involving the key role of the state economy in practice; which administration model is proper; and whether or not the state economic reform is regarded as the necessary measure for the efficient social-economic development.

scholarly journals PERAN PEMERINTAH DALAM PEREKONOMIAN DALAM PERSPEKTIF ISLAM

IQTISHODUNA ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Misbahul Munir, Lc., M.EI,
Keyword(s):  
Economic System ◽  
Human Life ◽  
The State ◽  
Socialist System ◽  
The People ◽  
Strategic Role ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Right

As universal religion, Islam do not only arranging human life individually. But further than these phenomena, Islam becomes as “rahmatan lil ‘alamin”, Islam arranges how to systemically the life, than the life can walk consecutively, prosperous and fair. In this case, the government, as the institution, who has getting mandate of Allah of swt, and the people at the same time have the strategic role and the responsibilities to realize the universal values.From this discussions, can be known that the governmental intervention’s applied for guarantee economics system, than this economics system can be walking on the Moslem’s law, and on the code and also on the plan of development of state. The Government in Islam has the right to intervencing the economics of the state, in order to executing him responsibilities to upholding the justice of economics and prosperity of the people.The Governmental intervention’s in Islam at the same time’s can be link the economic system of capitalist which tend to infinite free and the socialist system which tend to hijack the freedom of individual economics. As the concrete step/action, the government agreed to hold the conduct resource to cover the common’s interest, to managing and distributing it fairly, the intervence takes care of market’s stability and also to control and to observe the matching system with the justice principles and the prosperity of the society.

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