A Comparison of the Hennessy Lamb Probe, Ruler Probe and Visual Fat Scores for Use in Sheep Carcass Classification

1986 ◽  
Vol 1986 ◽  
pp. 39-39
Author(s):  
J P Chadwick ◽  
A J Kempster ◽  
D L M Homer
Keyword(s):  
Classification Scheme ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Objective Measures ◽  
List Type ◽  
Type Number ◽  
Meat Yield ◽  
Visual Assessments ◽  
Probe Measurements ◽  
Better Than

1Visual assessments of subcutaneous fat cover are used in the Meat and Livestock Commission's Sheep Carcass Classification Scheme to estimate meat yield. (Details of the scheme have been given by Meat and Livestock Commission, 1980.) The scheme is operated in over 100 abattoirs and covers approximately 0.25 of the GB kill. Objective measures of fatness may improve the precision of predicting carcass composition, aid standardisation and stimulate the uptake of the scheme by creating greater confidence.2Previous MLC trials with either a simple Ruler Probe or equipment developed for use in pig carcass classification such as optical or automatic-recording probes have indicated only moderate success with sheep carcasses. The precision achieved with probe measurements was no better than visual scores, but additional precision resulted from combining both techniques (Kempster, Chadwick, Cue, Grantley-Smith, 1986).

Estimation of the carcass composition of different cattle breeds and crosses from fatness measurements and visual assessments

1986 ◽  
Vol 106 (2) ◽  
pp. 223-237 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Kempster ◽  
J. P. Chadwick ◽  
D. D. Charles
Keyword(s):  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Visual Assessment ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Beef Breed ◽  
Percentage Unit ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Fat Thickness ◽  
Substantial Bias ◽  
Visual Assessments ◽  
Thickness Measurements

SUMMARYCarcass data for 1053 steers from the Meat and Livestock Commission's beef breed evaluation programme were used to examine the relative precision of alternative fatness assessments for predicting carcass lean percentage. The data were from four trials and comprised both dairy-bred and suckler-bred cattle by a wide range of sire breeds.A visual assessment of carcass subcutaneous fat content to the nearest percentage unit (SFe) was the single most precise predictor both overall (residual S.d. = 2·28) and within breed (residual S.d. = 2·05). Precision was improved by the addition in multiple regression of the percentage perinephric and retroperitoneal fat (KKCF) in carcass, a visual score of the degree of marbling in the m. longissimus and selected fat thickness measurements taken by calipers on cut surfaces (residual S.d. = 2·11 (overall) and 1·90 (within breed)).When the best overall equation was applied to the breed means, there was substantial bias (predicted – actual carcass lean percentage). Biases ranged from +2·5 (purebred Canadian Holstein and Luing) to – 1·3 (Limousin crosses).Breeds differed significantly in carcass lean content when compared at equal levels of fatness measurements. The differences depended both on the precision with which the measurements predicted carcass lean content and the observed differences in carcass composition that existed before adjustments to equal fatness were made.The robustness of prediction equations was examined by applying them to independent sets of data (a total of 334 carcasses) from four other trials involving steers, heifers, cows and young bulls. Equations were stable for cattle of the same breed, sex and similar levels of fatness but important bias was found between more extreme types of cattle.

scholarly journals Genetic relationships between visual and objective measures of carcass composition in crossbred lambs

1999 ◽  
Vol 69 (3) ◽  
pp. 553-561 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. E. Jones ◽  
G. Simm ◽  
W. S. Dingwall ◽  
R. M. Lewis
Keyword(s):  
No Value ◽  
Genetic Relationships ◽  
Genetic Correlations ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Objective Measures ◽  
Lean Growth ◽  
Combining Data ◽  
Heritability Estimates ◽  
Using Data

AbstractThe aim of this study was to estimate genetic and phenotypic (co)variances between objective measures and carcass visual scores, as a test of the potential value of visual scores in selection programmes to improve carcass composition in crossbred lambs. In each of 1986, 1987 and 1988, 22 Suffolk rams were chosen with either high or low scores on an index designed to increase lean growth rate. These rams were joined with 18 to 20 crossbred ewes each and their lambs were grown on grass to one of three target live weights (35·5, 41·5 and 47·0 kg) for slaughter. The carcasses of 1881 lambs were visually scored for overall conformation and fatness using the standard Meat and Livestock Commission methods. Additionally, a more detailed 15-point scale assessment of conformation and a direct visual score of subcutaneous fat on the carcass were taken on 1252 lambs during the latter 2 years of the study. Carcass composition was estimated by dissection of a shoulder joint into lean, fat and bone. The possibility of combining data collected on lambs slaughtered at each of the three target live weights, for the estimation of genetic parameters was investigated. Results indicated that heritability estimates for a trait using data collected within each of the slaughter groups were homogeneous. Genetic correlations between records collected for a trait within each of the slaughter groups were not significantly different from one. These results indicated that data collected at each of the target slaughter weights could justifiably be combined. Heritability estimates were generally higher for shoulder tissue proportions (0·3) than for visual scores (0-2). Genetic correlations between all conformation scores and tissue proportions were not significantly different from 0 and therefore of little or no value in predicting carcass composition. Genetic correlations between visual scores of fat and both tissue proportions and ratios were generally high (around 0·65). These results suggest that fat scores collected on crossbred animals could be valuable in purebred selection programmes where improving carcass composition of the crossbred generation is the underlying objective.

Elliotdale and crossbred lambs: growth rate, wool production, fat depth, saleable meat yield, carcass composition and muscle content of selected cuts

1992 ◽  
Vol 32 (4) ◽  
pp. 429 ◽  
Author(s):  
DL Hopkins ◽  
KD Gilbert ◽  
KL Pirlot ◽  
AHK Roberts
Keyword(s):  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Subjective Assessment ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Width Ratio ◽  
Muscle Area ◽  
Eye Muscle ◽  
Meat Yield ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Carcass Parameters

Growth and carcass parameters were studied for 62 second-cross lambs (Poll Dorset rams over Border Leicester x Merino ewes) and 55 purebred Elliottdale lambs. Second cross lambs grew faster (P<0.001) from weaning to the first slaughter time than Elliottdale lambs and consequently weighed more and had heavier carcasses. Elliottdale lambs produced significantly (P<0.001) more wool between birth and weaning. The slope of the relationship between GR (tissue depth over the 12th rib 110 mm from the midline) and carcass weight was 1.24 � 0.23 mm/kg for second cross lambs and 0.82 � 0.17 mm/kg for Elliottdale lambs, indicating the latter lambs were leaner at heavier weights. Measures of subcutaneous fat depth at the 5th/6th and 12th/13th ribs were similar when carcass weight differences were considered for a subsample of 21 second cross and 26 purebred Elliottdale lambs. Subjective assessment of fat distribution and carcass conformation by 2 assessors revealed a significant (P<0.001) difference between breeds; second cross lambs having a better conformation. Saleable meat yield, carcass composition, and muscle content of several cuts were determined for a subsample of lambs. At a common side weight of 8 kg there was no significant difference in saleable meat yield. At this weight, crossbred lambs had a significantly (P<0.05) higher muscle content (505 g/kg) than Elliottdale lambs (480 g/kg). Fat content was similar at 300 g/kg with crossbred lambs having significantly (P<0.05) less bone (190 g/kg) than Elliottdale lambs (2 10 g/kg). The legs of carcasses from crossbred lambs were shown to contain significantly more muscle than those of Elliottdales (206 v. 195 g/kg). Carcass weight explained some of the variation in weight of leg and forequarter muscle (r2 = 0.63 and 0.61). This was improved by including an assessment for conformation from 1 assessor (r2 = 0.69 and 0.64). Eye muscle area at the 12th rib did not add significantly to the prediction; it was not different between breeds, nor was its depth to width ratio different between breeds. The pH measurements of the M. longissimus thoracis et lumborum were similar between breeds.

A comparison of different breeds and crosses from the suckler herd 2. Carcass characteristics

1982 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-111 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Kempster ◽  
G. L. Cook ◽  
J. R. Southgate
Keyword(s):  
Classification Scheme ◽  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Carcass Characteristics ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Carcass Weight ◽  
Meat Yield ◽  
Ultrasonic Machine ◽  
Sire Breed ◽  
Winter Fattening

ABSTRACTA comparison was made of the carcass characteristics of purebred Galloway, Luing and Welsh Black steers, and crossbred steers out of Blue-Grey and Hereford × Friesian dams by Aberdeen-Angus, Charolais, Devon, Hereford, Limousin, Lincoln Red, Simmental, South Devon and Sussex sires, in winter and summer fattening systems. A total of 1430 cattle were involved and the trial extended over 6 years.The cattle were slaughtered when their fatness was estimated, using the Scanogram ultrasonic machine, to be in fat class 3L of the Meat and Livestock Commission Beef Carcase Classification Scheme. Carcasses were evaluated using a standardized commercial cutting technique.The data for crossbred and purebred cattle were analysed separately within the fattening system using leastsquares models, which included effects for year, sire breed and dam breed, and with regression on age at the beginning of the trial and carcass subcutaneous fat concentration estimated by visual appraisal.Limousin and Charolais crosses killed out best. Their carcass weights were, on average, 20g/kg live weight heavier than those of Aberdeen-Angus, Devon, Hereford and Lincoln Red crosses. There was a range of 20 to 30 g/kg carcass weight between sire breeds in carcass saleable meat yield: the highest values were recorded for the Limousin crosses (evaluated on winter fattening only) followed by Charolais and Aberdeen-Angus crosses; Lincoln Red crosses had the lowest values among the crossbreds and Luing cattle among the purebreds. These differences were more a reflexion of differences in fat trim than of differences in meat to bone ratio.Continental sire breeds had significantly more of their total saleable meat in the higher-priced cuts (P<0·05), although the range between sire breeds was only 15 g/kg.

scholarly journals Discussion

1957 ◽  
Vol 3 ◽  
pp. 173-174
Keyword(s):  
Binary Systems ◽  
Classification Scheme ◽  
Eclipsing Binaries ◽  
Emission Lines ◽  
Velocity Variation ◽  
List Type ◽  
Type Number ◽  
Simple Manner ◽  
Gas Streams ◽  
Spectral Class

Following the papers on instability in binary systems, Dr S. Gaposchkin described a classification scheme that he had devised to describe the eclipsing binaries having emission lines, gas streams, or thick atmospheres. Such stars Gaposchkin calls the ‘camouflaged eclipsing variables’, and divides them into five groups: (1)Typical members are UX Mon and SX Cas: the spectral type of the brighter star is B or A, that of the fainter is G or later. The minima are of equal depth. Balmer emission is present.(2)Prototypes are β Lyr and ν Sgr: only one component can be seen distinctly, but two minima are present in the light curve. The spectroscopic behaviour is most complicated.(3)Prototypes are RT And and YY Gem: the spectral class is G or later. Ca 11 emission is present. The depths of the minima are roughly equal, and the dimensions of the components are about the same.(4)The prototype is DN Ori: both components are so well camouflaged that no definite velocity variation has been observed.(5)Prototypes are V444 Cyg or UX UMa: the bright lines are strong, and their displacements and intensities do not vary in a simple manner with phase.

Developing, evaluating, and refining an automatic generator of diagnostic multiple choice cloze questions to assess children's comprehension while reading

2016 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 245-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
JACK MOSTOW ◽  
YI-TING HUANG ◽  
HYEJU JANG ◽  
ANDERS WEINSTEIN ◽  
JOE VALERI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Study ◽  
Elementary Students ◽  
Correct Answer ◽  
Human Performance ◽  
Multiple Choice ◽  
List Type ◽  
Type Number ◽  
Pilot Testing ◽  
Diagnostic Question ◽  
Better Than

AbstractWe describe the development, pilot-testing, refinement, and four evaluations of Diagnostic Question Generator (DQGen), which automatically generates multiple choice cloze (fill-in-the-blank) questions to test children's comprehension while reading a given text. Unlike previous methods, DQGen tests comprehension not only of an individual sentence but of the context preceding it. To test different aspects of comprehension, DQGen generates three types of distractors: ungrammatical distractors test syntax; nonsensical distractors test semantics; and locally plausible distractors test inter-sentential processing.(1)A pilot study of DQGen 2012 evaluated its overall questions and individual distractors, guiding its refinement into DQGen 2014.(2)Twenty-four elementary students generated 200 responses to multiple choice cloze questions that DQGen 2014 generated from forty-eight stories. In 130 of the responses, the child chose the correct answer. We define thedistractivenessof a distractor as the frequency with which students choose it over the correct answer. The incorrect responses were consistent with expected distractiveness: twenty-seven were plausible, twenty-two were nonsensical, fourteen were ungrammatical, and seven were null.(3)To compare DQGen 2014 against DQGen 2012, five human judges categorized candidate choices without knowing their intended type or whether they were the correct answer or a distractor generated by DQGen 2012 or DQGen 2014. The percentage of distractors categorized as their intended type was significantly higher for DQGen 2014.(4)We evaluated DQGen 2014 against human performance based on 1,486 similarly blind categorizations by twenty-seven judges of sixteen correct answers, forty-eight distractors generated by DQGen 2014, and 504 distractors authored by twenty-one humans. Surprisingly, DQGen 2014 did significantly better than humans at generating ungrammatical distractors and marginally better than humans at generating nonsensical distractors, albeit slightly worse at generating plausible distractors. Moreover, vetting DQGen 2014's output and writing distractors only when necessary would halve the time to write them all, and produce higher quality distractors.

A comparison of three ultrasonic machines (Scanogram, Danscan and AIDD (NZ)) and visual estimates for predicting carcass composition of live cattle

1982 ◽  
Vol 99 (2) ◽  
pp. 337-341 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. J. Bass ◽  
G. Winn ◽  
W. D. Paulsen
Keyword(s):  
Subcutaneous Fat ◽  
Carcass Composition ◽  
Eye Muscle ◽  
Meat Yield ◽  
Mixed Breed ◽  
Ultrasonic Devices

SUMMARYVery experienced livestock judges and three ultrasonic machines were compared for accuracy in predicting carcass composition.Sixty-four steers of mixed breed were visually scored for fatness and meat yield by seven judges. Subcutaneous fat depths over the eye muscle at the 13th rib were measured with three different ultrasonic devices prior to slaughter. There was little difference between the ultrasonic machines and the best visual estimates of fatness for predicting weight of commercial trimmed or total dissected fat. Visual estimates of meat yield were not as accurate as the judges' fat scores for predicting carcass composition.Subcutaneous fat depths measured by ultrasonics were shown to be as well related to carcass composition as the best judge's fat scores.

scholarly journals “The Geordie accent has a bit of a bad reputation”: internal and external constraints on stative possession in the Tyneside English of the 21st century

English Today ◽  
2015 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 38-50
Author(s):  
Carol Fehringer ◽  
Karen P. Corrigan
Keyword(s):  
21St Century ◽  
North American ◽  
American English ◽  
List Type ◽  
Type Number ◽  
The Past ◽  
External Constraints ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Better Than

The subject of stative possession has generated much interest over the past decade, particularly regarding the origin of the constructionhave gotand its use in different varieties of British and North American English (e.g. Tagliamonte, 2003, 2013; Jankowski 2005; Tagliamonteet al., 2010). In these varieties,have gotalternates withhaveto mark possession in sentences such as those in (1) below.(1)a.We've gota nice lounge there you know, with French doors, and wehavethese seats we can take outside and sit (0711b).1b.That's the worse type of person. Theyhavenothing and then they've gotsomething and they think they are better than anybody else (0804a).

Solar Corona Investigation by the Coronal Line Photometer at Lomnický Peak

1994 ◽  
Vol 144 ◽  
pp. 431-434
Author(s):  
M. Minarovjech ◽  
M. Rybanský
Keyword(s):  
Solar Corona ◽  
Time Resolution ◽  
Active Regions ◽  
High Time ◽  
High Time Resolution ◽  
List Type ◽  
Type Number ◽  
Coronal Line ◽  
Global Cycle

AbstractThis paper deals with a possibility to use the ground-based method of observation in order to solve basic problems connected with the solar corona research. Namely:1.heating of the solar corona2.course of the global cycle in the corona3.rotation of the solar corona and development of active regions.There is stressed a possibility of high-time resolution of the coronal line photometer at Lomnický Peak coronal station, and use of the latter to obtain crucial observations.

The LDE-Type Flare Occurrence (1969-1993)

1994 ◽  
Vol 144 ◽  
pp. 279-282
Author(s):  
A. Antalová
Keyword(s):  
Time Series ◽  
Fourier Analysis ◽  
Sunspot Cycle ◽  
List Type ◽  
Type Number ◽  
Solar Cycles ◽  
Type Iv ◽  
Long Duration ◽  
Cycle Maximum ◽  
Flare Index

AbstractThe occurrence of LDE-type flares in the last three cycles has been investigated. The Fourier analysis spectrum was calculated for the time series of the LDE-type flare occurrence during the 20-th, the 21-st and the rising part of the 22-nd cycle. LDE-type flares (Long Duration Events in SXR) are associated with the interplanetary protons (SEP and STIP as well), energized coronal archs and radio type IV emission. Generally, in all the cycles considered, LDE-type flares mainly originated during a 6-year interval of the respective cycle (2 years before and 4 years after the sunspot cycle maximum). The following significant periodicities were found:• in the 20-th cycle: 1.4, 2.1, 2.9, 4.0, 10.7 and 54.2 of month,• in the 21-st cycle: 1.2, 1.6, 2.8, 4.9, 7.8 and 44.5 of month,• in the 22-nd cycle, till March 1992: 1.4, 1.8, 2.4, 7.2, 8.7, 11.8 and 29.1 of month,• in all interval (1969-1992):a)the longer periodicities: 232.1, 121.1 (the dominant at 10.1 of year), 80.7, 61.9 and 25.6 of month,b)the shorter periodicities: 4.7, 5.0, 6.8, 7.9, 9.1, 15.8 and 20.4 of month.Fourier analysis of the LDE-type flare index (FI) yields significant peaks at 2.3 - 2.9 months and 4.2 - 4.9 months. These short periodicities correspond remarkably in the all three last solar cycles. The larger periodicities are different in respective cycles.

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