Relationship between dietary methionine and cysteine on the performance of high lean gain female pigs during the growing phase (33 to 57 kg live weight)

1998 ◽  
Vol 1998 ◽  
pp. 31-31
Author(s):  
P.H. Simmins ◽  
H. Mongé
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Protein Profile ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Agricultural Research Council ◽  
Superior Genotype ◽  
Ideal Protein ◽  
Sulphur Amino Acids ◽  
The Ideal

The ideal protein profile was developed by Agricultural Research council (1981) and was originally based on the lean tissue component of the pig. Maintenance requirement was then introduced by Fuller et al(1989) but ideal protein profile was still considered to have a constant ratio between all essential amino acids through the life cycle of the pig. However, the maintenance proportion for certain amino acids, such as the sulphur amino acids (SAA), may change as the pig grows. Hence, methionine and cysteine requirements are dependent on the relative balance of maintenance to protein accretion which is based on the protein deposition rate. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the relationship between true ileal digestible methionine and cysteine levels in feed and the ideal protein profile during the growing phase of superior genotype pigs.

Relationship between dietary methionine and cysteine on the performance of high lean gain female pigs during the growing phase (33 to 57 kg live weight)

1998 ◽  
Vol 1998 ◽  
pp. 31-31
Author(s):  
P.H. Simmins ◽  
H. Mongé
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Protein Profile ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Agricultural Research Council ◽  
Superior Genotype ◽  
Ideal Protein ◽  
Sulphur Amino Acids ◽  
The Ideal

The ideal protein profile was developed by Agricultural Research council (1981) and was originally based on the lean tissue component of the pig. Maintenance requirement was then introduced by Fuller et al(1989) but ideal protein profile was still considered to have a constant ratio between all essential amino acids through the life cycle of the pig. However, the maintenance proportion for certain amino acids, such as the sulphur amino acids (SAA), may change as the pig grows. Hence, methionine and cysteine requirements are dependent on the relative balance of maintenance to protein accretion which is based on the protein deposition rate. Therefore, the objective of this study was to determine the relationship between true ileal digestible methionine and cysteine levels in feed and the ideal protein profile during the growing phase of superior genotype pigs.

The effect of altering dietary cystine and methionine levels at similar ratios to lysine on the requirements for sulphur amino acids in weaner pigs

1995 ◽  
Vol 1995 ◽  
pp. 38-38
Author(s):  
P.H. Simmins ◽  
J.C. Bodin ◽  
A. Kies ◽  
P.E.V. Williams
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Protein Profile ◽  
Efficient Production ◽  
Sulphur Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Requirements ◽  
Ideal Protein ◽  
Sulphur Amino Acids ◽  
The Ideal

The efficient production of the weaner pig requires accurate knowledge of its amino acid requirements. This is particularly relevant today as it is increasingly important to reduce nitrogenous waste from pigs. During the past decade formulations for feeds were based on the ideal protein profile of the lean tissue of pigs in which the sulphur amino acid requirements were assessed as the combination of total sulphur amino acids rather than through their individual amino acids, methionine and cystine (Agricultural Research Council, 1981). Today, this concept is challenged. The effect of the changing cystine demand in the weaner pig on the total ileal digestible sulphur amino acid (IDSAA) requirements and hence methionine levels requires study. The objective of this experiment was to understand the requirements and relationship between true ileal digestible cystine and methionine to lysine ratio in the ideal protein content of food to achieve efficient production in the young pig.

An optimal dietary amino acid pattern for growing pigs

1997 ◽  
Vol 1987 ◽  
pp. 91-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. C. Wang ◽  
M. F. Fuller
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Growing Pigs ◽  
Amino Acid Pattern ◽  
Dietary Amino Acid ◽  
Ideal Protein ◽  
Limiting Amino Acid ◽  
The Ideal

An animal's rate of protein accretion (or nitrogen retention) is determined by the most deficient (or first limiting) amino acid in the diet, in a perfectly balanced (or ideal) protein all essential amino acids and the sum of the non-essential amino acids are equally limiting. If a dietary protein had any amino acids in excess of the ideal pattern, then the removal of any of the excess should not affect nitrogen retention. This principle was used to determine the ideal dietary amino acid pattern for growing pigs.Three nitrogen balance trials were carried out with a total of 64 gilts of weight from 30 to 55 kg. Casein and a mixture of amino acids were used in the semi-purified diets. The animals were given the diets at the rate of 93 g/kg BW0.75/d in three equal meals mixed with 0.3 L water. The feeding times were 08.30, 12.30 and 17.30. All pigs received their experimental diets for 7 days, made up of 3 days preliminary and a 4-day collection, except that the preliminary period before the first collection in the first period was 7 days. Before the first collection bladder catheters were introduced.

scholarly journals Comparative evaluation of russian black pied and holstein cattle breeds of foreign breeding

2021 ◽  
Vol 282 ◽  
pp. 03009
Author(s):  
O.V. Gorelik ◽  
А.S. Gorelik ◽  
M.A. Tokoreva ◽  
N.I. Sorokina ◽  
G.V. Mkrtchyan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Mass Fraction ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Comparative Assessment ◽  
Holstein Cows ◽  
Holstein Breed ◽  
Ideal Protein ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Ideal

A related Holstein breed has recently been used to improve domestic dairy cattle and create highly productive herds by purchasing semen from breeding bulls, as well as a large number of heifers and calves of foreign breeding. The purpose of the work is a comparative assessment of the productive qualities of Black Pied and Holstein cows of foreign breeding. Purebred Holstein cows differ from animals of Black Pied breed in milk yield per lactation by 1064 kg or 15.2% (P≤0.01, in favor of Holstein cows). In terms of quality indicators of milk, that are the content of fat and protein in milk, the superiority remained with Black Pied cows. The difference was significant at P≤0.05 for fat content in milk and at P≤0.001 for protein content. Both groups of cows exceeded the breed standard for milk yield per lactation, mass fraction of fat and mass fraction of protein in milk. The milk of the Russian Black Pied cattle contains more essential amino acids. The milk of cows of both breeds can be considered complete, since the amount of limited amino acids in the milk of purebred Holstein cows of foreign breeding is over 95% of their content in the ideal protein.

scholarly journals Optimization of food compositions according to the ideal protein profile

Food systems ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 4-11
Author(s):  
S. V. Zverev ◽  
V. I. Karpov ◽  
M. A. Nikitina
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Essential Amino Acid ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Protein Profile ◽  
Protein A ◽  
Sum Of Squares ◽  
Reference Protein ◽  
Ideal Protein ◽  
Amino Acid Score

The paper emphasizes the importance of not only the quantitative but also qualitative composition of protein in nutrition. The authors propose protein classification into three main groups according to the concept of reference (ideal) protein. A mathematical model is examined to solve the task of rational mixture production upon the given profile of reference protein. Two variants of the criterion for formation of optimal composition are described. One of them presents the classical sum of squares of the residual for essential amino acid scores and 1. The second also presents the sum of squares of the residual for essential amino acid scores and 1 but with regard to only those amino acids, which scores are less than 1. The minima of these criteria at the set of variants for the content of ingredients are taken as targeted functions. The algorithm and the program of calculation were realized in the program environment Builder C++ 6.0. The macro flowchart of the algorithm is presented and detailed description of each block is given. The program interface before and after the start of the calculation module is shown. The main windows and interpretation of the presented data are described. An example of realization of the proposed mathematical apparatus when calculating a food model composition is given. Plant components (white kidney beans, flax, peanut, grit “Poltavskaya», dry red carrot) were used as an object of the research. Most plant proteins were incomplete. It is possible to regulate the chemical composition including correction of a protein profile by combination of plant raw materials. Analysis of alternative variants demonstrated that minimum essential amino acid score in the first composition was 0.79 (by the first criterion), in the second 1.0 (by the second criterion); the reference protein proportion in the mixture was 10.8 and 13.5, respectively, according to the first and second criterion. The comparative results by other quality indicators for protein in the mixture are also presented: the coefficient of amino acid score difference (CAASD), biological value (BV), coefficient of utility, essential amino acids index (IEAA).

Least cost diets to reduce nitrogen excretion by growing and finishing pigs

1995 ◽  
Vol 1995 ◽  
pp. 36-36
Author(s):  
R.M. Kay ◽  
P.A. Lee
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Protein Quality ◽  
Water System ◽  
Nitrogen Retention ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Finishing Pigs ◽  
Ideal Protein ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Feeding Diets

In the UK, pollution of the water system with nitrate nitrogen leaching from the soil is seen as a major problem and farm animal effluents have been identified as a major source of nitrate pollution. It would, therefore, be beneficial to the livestock producer and to the environment if the nitrogen excretion from animals could be kept to a minimum. To limit the excretion of nitrogen by the pig, it is necessary to supply amino acids in the diet in better agreement with its dietary requirements. This could be achieved either by feeding diets according to the pig's requirements based on age and/or weight (phase feeding) or by improving protein quality. The best protein quality would be that which has the same balance of essential amino acids (EAA) with respect to lysine as that required by the pig, i.e. ideal protein. Diets formulated on the basis of total dietary EAA on an ideal protein basis, using crystalline EAA, could enable lower crude protein (CP) diets to be offered whilst maintaining nitrogen retention (NR). An alternative approach to formulating diets would be to base the formulations on either: 1) currently available, commercial database values for ileal digestible EAA values of ingredients to achieve diets as close to ideal protein as possible but within least cost formulation constraints; or 2) ingredients limited simply to cereals and pulses and supplemented with crystalline EAA to formulate as close to ideal protein as possible. The object of the present experiment was to evaluate diets, formulated on this basis, in terms of nitrogen intake (NI), excretion (NE) and retention (NR) in pigs using balance studies.

scholarly journals Amino acid composition of pig meat in relation to live weight and sex

2011 ◽  
Vol 51 (No. 12) ◽  
pp. 529-534 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Okrouhlá ◽  
R. Stupka ◽  
J. Čítek ◽  
M. Šprysl ◽  
E. Kluzáková ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Amino Acid ◽  
Amino Acid Composition ◽  
Water Content ◽  
Acid Composition ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Essential Amino Acids ◽  
Probability Level ◽  
Large White ◽  
Pig Meat

The objective of this study was to find out the amino acid composition of pig meat in relation to live weight and sex. In total 80 (40 barrows/40 gilts) finishing pigs of the final hybrid kept in the Czech Republic [(CL × CLW) × (D × PN)] = [(Czech Landrace × Czech Large White) × (Duroc × Pietrain)] were used in this experiment. The pigs were slaughtered at the average age of 168–171 days after birth, at the average live weight of 112.2 kg. The samples of meat were taken from the musculus longissimus lumborum et thoracis (MLLT) 24 hours post mortem and subsequently subjected to the chemical analysis. As for the essential and semi-essential amino acids (EAA/SEAA), the highest content was found out in lysine, leucine and arginine. Among the nonessential amino acids (NEAA) glutamic and aspartic acid were present. The highest values of threonine (6.81%), isoleucine (6.13%), leucine (9.21%), lysine (10.54%), arginine (7.88%), serine (6.13%), glutamic acid (15.65%), glycine (6.04%) and alanine (6.25%) were found out in gilts, of valine (6.36%) and proline (5.56%) in the group of barrows with the highest live weight, i.e. 115.1 kg and more. The highest value of phenylalanine (1.34%) was measured in the group with the lowest live weight. The indirect dependence between the content of amino acids and live weight was determined only for valine in gilts. The influence of live weight was found in proline and the influence of sex as statistically significant on the probability level P  0.05 was found in lysine. The highest/lowest values of water content in barrows as well as in gilts were measured in the group of 115.1 kg and more/105.1–115 kg live weight. A decreasing tendency of the content of intramuscular fat (IMF) was recorded with the increasing live weight. The values of water content, IMF and ash content were found to be significant on the probability level P  0.05 and P  0.01. In barrows with the growth of live weight the content of crude proteins also increased. In gilts the content of crude proteins reached the point of inflexion already in the group of 105.1–115 kg live weight. In the values of crude protein content the influence of live weight was not significant. With the growth of live weight the content of ash also slightly increased.  

Calcium and phosphorus retention by the milk-fed lamb, with estimates of the endogenous losses

1972 ◽  
Vol 79 (2) ◽  
pp. 171-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
D. M. Walker
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Balance Method ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Agricultural Research Council ◽  
Low Calcium Diet ◽  
Calcium And Phosphorus ◽  
Comparative Slaughter ◽  
Slaughter Method ◽  
P Retention

SUMMARYThe total body content of calcium and phosphorus of twenty-seven male cross-bred lambs was determined, after the lambs had suckled ewes at pasture for between 2 and 5d. The relationships between empty body weight and Ca and P content were described by linear regression equations. The comparative slaughter method was used with thirty-seven lambs, and the balance method with twenty lambs, to determine the retention of Ca and P from cow's milk by lambs given intakes of milk ranging from maintenance (or below) toad lib. The availability of Ca, calculated as true digestibility, was 88–1 %, and for P, 98–2 %. Estimates of net availability, calculated from the slopes of the regressions relating mineral intake to mineral apparently absorbed, were somewhat higher and close to 100%. The net efficiencies of Ca and P retention, as estimated from the slopes of the regressions relating mineral intake to mineral retention, were also close to 100%. The balance method gave higher estimates of Ca and P retention than the comparative slaughter method. Multiple regression equations were used to describe the dependence of P retention on N and Ca retention. A low-calcium diet was given to two lambs for 20 d and the endogenous losses of Ca (and P) in the faeces and urine were determined. The total endogenous losses were 9–5 + 0–9 mg Ca (and 30–3 ± 1–4 mg P) per kg live weight d, of which the urinary losses were 0–5 mg Ca (and 27–9 mg P). Requirements for Ca, calculated for the milk-fed lamb at live weights of 5 and 10 kg, were somewhat lower than those recommended by the Agricultural Research Council (1965), but P requirements were in close agreement.

An evaluation of prediction equations incorporated in a computer program to ration beef cattle

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-179 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. D. St C. Neal ◽  
M. Gill ◽  
J. France ◽  
A. Spedding ◽  
S. Marsden
Keyword(s):  
Beef Cattle ◽  
Computer Program ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Mathematical Basis ◽  
Agricultural Research Council ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Protein Supply ◽  
On Farm

AbstractEquations for the prediction of forage dry-matter intake, metabolizable energy (ME), rumen degradable protein and undegraded protein, based on those in the current Agricultural Research Council system, were incorporated into a computer program designed to be used by livestock advisors for on-farm rationing of beef cattle. The predictions of silage intake and live-weight gain are compared with experimental data.Voluntary intake of grass silage was generally over-estimated by the program by proportionately at least 0·06, with a root mean square error of ±0·18 of the mean observed silage intake for the all-silage rations. The prediction of ME requirement for observed production had an error of +0·15 of average ME intake but the calculations of ME intake were themselves dependent on the predictions of the ME concentrations of the silages and supplements. Similarly the comparison of protein supply with requirement was highly dependent on the value assigned to N-degradability. However, the program can be used to assess how changes in the input values would affect ration formulation.The mathematical basis of the program is described in the Appendix.

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