Effects of forage type and protein supplementation on voluntary intakes and particle breakdown of forages by dry dairy cows

1998 ◽  
Vol 1998 ◽  
pp. 207-207
Author(s):  
R.J. Dewhurst ◽  
D.W.R. Davies ◽  
W.J. Fisher ◽  
I.J. Thomas ◽  
A.T. Adesogan
Keyword(s):  
Close Association ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Dry Period ◽  
Particle Size Reduction ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Forage Intake ◽  
Forage Type ◽  
Protein Supply

There is now considerable evidence of residual effects of both energy and protein supply during the dry period on performance in the next lactation. Changes in forage intake and eating/rumination behaviour in the dry period have been implicated in predisposition to metabolic disorders in the subsequent lactation. In particular, there is a close association between intake either side of calving (Grummer, 1995). The primary objective of this experiment was to identify the effects, and interactions, of pre-partum energy and protein supply on forage intake and particle size reduction (as an index of rumination behaviour) of cows in the dry period.Fifty-two Holstein-Friesian cows, calving from September to November 1996, were used in a continuous design experiment The cows were dried off 8 weeks before their anticipated calving date and grazed on bare pasture for one week before training to use Calan gates (using grass silage only).

Effects of forage type and protein supplementation on voluntary intakes and particle breakdown of forages by dry dairy cows

1998 ◽  
Vol 1998 ◽  
pp. 207-207
Author(s):  
R.J. Dewhurst ◽  
D.W.R. Davies ◽  
W.J. Fisher ◽  
I.J. Thomas ◽  
A.T. Adesogan
Keyword(s):  
Close Association ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Dry Period ◽  
Particle Size Reduction ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Forage Intake ◽  
Forage Type ◽  
Protein Supply

There is now considerable evidence of residual effects of both energy and protein supply during the dry period on performance in the next lactation. Changes in forage intake and eating/rumination behaviour in the dry period have been implicated in predisposition to metabolic disorders in the subsequent lactation. In particular, there is a close association between intake either side of calving (Grummer, 1995). The primary objective of this experiment was to identify the effects, and interactions, of pre-partum energy and protein supply on forage intake and particle size reduction (as an index of rumination behaviour) of cows in the dry period.Fifty-two Holstein-Friesian cows, calving from September to November 1996, were used in a continuous design experiment The cows were dried off 8 weeks before their anticipated calving date and grazed on bare pasture for one week before training to use Calan gates (using grass silage only).

Effects of underfeeding during the second gestation of Holstein-Friesian heifers. 2. Residual effects on second lactation performance

1997 ◽  
Vol 1997 ◽  
pp. 93-93
Author(s):  
J.M. Moorby ◽  
R.J. Dewhurst ◽  
W.J. Fisher ◽  
D.W.R. Davies
Keyword(s):  
Live Weight ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Lactation Performance ◽  
Dry Period ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Lactational Performance ◽  
Protein Feeding ◽  
Quality Diet ◽  
Ad Libitum

Previous work has shown that dry period protein feeding can have important residual effects on the subsequent lactational performance in dairy cows (Moorby et al., 1996), although the results have been variable. This variability may be due to an animals nutrient requirements during late lactation and its ability to compensate during the dry period for previously inadequate supplies. This experiment was designed to investigate the effects of heifer age and level of concentrate offered during the second half of the first lactation on the second lactation performance. The size of the Longissimus dorsi was monitored as a marker of skeletal muscle use for lactation.Thirty-eight Holstein-Friesian heifers were treated as described by Dewhurst et al. (1997). Briefly, animals were divided into 4 treatment groups differing in age at first calving (2 or 3 years old) and level of concentrate feeding for the last 18-20 weeks of their first lactation (2 kg/d, ‘L’, or 7 kg/d, ‘H’; n=11, 11, 9 and 7 for treatments 2L, 2H, 3L and 3H respectively). Six weeks before predicted calving date, animals were dried off and offered a relatively low quality diet of ad libitum access to a grass silage:straw mix (40:60 on a DM basis), designed to offer them little chance to compensate for previous differences in diet. After calving, animals were offered a diet of ad libitum access to grass silage plus 8 kg/d concentrate to day 120 of lactation, and 5 kg/d thereafter. Live weight was recorded weekly. After calving, milk yields were recorded daily, and milk samples taken weekly, to week 20 of lactation.

Effects of underfeeding during the second gestation of Holstein-Friesian heifers. 1. Direct effect on lactation performance over the final 5 months of lactation

1997 ◽  
Vol 1997 ◽  
pp. 92-92
Author(s):  
R.J. Dewhurst ◽  
J.M. Moorby ◽  
D.W.R. Davies ◽  
W.J. Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Residual Effect ◽  
Lactation Performance ◽  
Dry Period ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Complete Diet ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Competing Demands ◽  
Protein Supply ◽  
Monitoring Performance

Manipulation of energy- and protein supply during the dry period can affect milk production and composition in the next lactation (Moorby et al, 1996). These studies also demonstrated considerable between-animal variation in responses which may relate to previous nutritional history. This problem was addressed in the current experiment by (i) developing enhanced assessments of animal condition; and (ii) monitoring performance over successive lactations. The second half of the first lactation is a critical phase, particularly for young heifers, since they have to balance the competing demands of pregnancy, growth and a persistent lactation. Berg and Ekern (1993) showed that underfeeding heifers had a residual effect on milk production and composition in their second lactation.Forty-five Holstein Friesian heifers, which calved from September to December 1994, were selected for this work; 23 of the animals calved at approximately 3 years of age (‘3’), 22 at approximately 2 years of age (‘2’). Thirty-eight animals completed the experiment (to the end of their second lactation) and data from these animals are used here. The animals were maintained on a complete diet until April 1995 when they were offered 8 kg/day of concentrate with ad libitum grass silage for 3 weeks of covariance recording.

PSX-B-3 Effect of infrequent nitrogen supplementation on forage utilization

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 459-460
Author(s):  
Ciana Bowhay ◽  
Tryon Wickersham
Keyword(s):  
Latin Square ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
Effective Strategy ◽  
Nitrogen Recycling ◽  
Nitrogen Supplementation ◽  
N Utilization ◽  
Forage Intake ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Forage Utilization ◽  
Protein Supply

Abstract Our objective was to determine the effects of differing levels of supplemental nitrogen offered daily, or every 3 d on nitrogen balance, forage intake, and digestibility in cattle consuming low-quality forage. Five ruminally cannulated Angus × Hereford steers (BW = 350 ± 71 kg) were used in a 5 × 5 Latin square design. Steers consumed low-quality bluestem hay (67.7% NDF, 4.7% CP; DM basis) ad libitum. Treatments were no supplement (CON), or cottonseed meal offered at levels providing 120 mg N/kg BW each day (L/1D) or every 3 d (L/3D), 240 mg N/kg BW every 3 d (M/3D), or 360 mg N/kg BW every 3 d (H/3D). Hay, ort, urine, and fecal samples were collected during the last 6 d of each period and ruminal fluid during the last 3 d. Total digestible OM intake was greater in L/1D (6660 g/d; P < 0.01) compared to CON (4498 g/d) and increased linearly in steers supplemented intermittently (5145, 6170, and 6698 g/d for L/3D, M/3D, and H3/D, respectfully; P < 0.01). Total tract OM digestibility was similar between CON and L/1D, L/3D, and H/3D (58.21, 61.21, 60.82, and 60.91%, respectively; P ≥ 0.10) but was greater in M/3D steers (63.30%; P ≤ 0.02). Reducing frequency of protein supplementation to every 3-d improved forage intake and utilization similar to daily supplementation when provided at medium (240 mg N/kg BW) or high (360 mg N/kg BW) levels. Improved efficiency of nitrogen recycling likely buffered disruptions in protein supply, maintaining intake and digestibility of low-quality forage without daily supplementation. Supplementation of protein every 3 d at 240 g N/kg BW appears to the most biologically effective strategy, increasing intake of LQF and maximizing OM digestibility and N utilization.

scholarly journals Feed intake and production in dairy breeds dependent on the ration.

1984 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-61
Author(s):  
S. Korver
Keyword(s):  
Energy Conversion ◽  
Milk Yield ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Interaction Effects ◽  
Dry Period ◽  
Carryover Effect ◽  
Holstein Friesian

In 2 lactations and the dry period, with a changeover between lactations, Dutch Black Pied (DBP), Holstein-Friesian (HF) and DBP/HF crosses with 50% and 75% HF were offered roughage to appetite and 570 or 2310 kg concentrates per lactation. Energy intakes in the 2 lactations were 21 and 27% lower and roughage intakes 22 and 17% higher for cows given low-concentrates vs. high-concentrates; there was no carryover effect from lactation into the dry period when all cows received the same amount of concentrates. HF cows had higher roughage intakes than DBP by 4-5% but differences were only significant in late lactation. HF cows gave 10.1 and 7.2% (594 and 407 kg) more milk and 7.7 and 3.7% more milk energy than DBP cows in the 2 lactations resp.; this contrasts with a yield superiority of HF cows by 15% (974 kg) in the preceding lactation when concentrates were given according to milk yield. Milk yield was 20% (1250 kg) higher with high- than with low-concentrate; a carryover effect was noted at the beginning of the 2nd lactation. Efficiency of energy conversion to milk yield was significantly affected by ration at the beginning of lactation. Breed x ration interaction effects were not significant for intake or milk yield. (Abstract retrieved from CAB Abstracts by CABI’s permission)

scholarly journals THE NUTRITIONAL BALANCE OF EARLY LACTATION DAIRY COWS GRAZING IN INTENSIVE SILVOPASTORAL SYSTEMS

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Elisa Sierra Montoya ◽  
Julian David Chará ◽  
Rolando Barahona-Rosales
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Negative Energy ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Tropical Conditions ◽  
Forage Intake ◽  
Daily Milk Yield ◽  
To Receive ◽  
Daily Milk

Abstract A study was carried out to estimate the balance of metabolizable protein (MP), metabolizable energy (ME), calcium, and phosphorus in 12 recently calved (RC) and early lactation (EL, 42 - 50 days after calving) Gyr x Holstein dairy cows grazing in a Leucaena leucocephala and Cynodon plectostachyus intensive silvopastoral system (ISS) and receiving energy and protein supplementation. Dry matter (DM) availability from the grazing paddocks, nutrients offered and their balance were estimated. On average, the available forage DM per animal.day-1 was 44.7 kg for C. plectostachyus and 11.8 kg for L. leucocephala. EL cows had greater requirements of MP, ME, and minerals than RC cows. In RC cows, ME, MP, and mineral requirements were supplied by the total diet, while EL cows exhibited a negative energy balance. For both RC and EL cows, ME was the limiting dietary factor, whereas MP and P were found to be in excess. If cows were only to receive ISS forages with no supplementation, estimated daily milk yield would be 10 and 12 litters for RC and EL cows, respectively. Under tropical conditions, based on ISS forage intake, RC and EL cows can meet most of their ME, MP, calcium, and phosphorous requirements.

Daily protein supplementation attenuates immobilization-induced blunting of postabsorptive muscle mTORC1 activation in middle age men

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nina Zeng ◽  
Randall F. D'Souza ◽  
Caitlin L. Macrae ◽  
Vandre C. Figueiredo ◽  
Chantal A. Pileggi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Muscle Protein ◽  
Muscle Protein Synthesis ◽  
Mammalian Target Of Rapamycin ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
Anabolic Resistance ◽  
Pathway Activation ◽  
Mtorc1 Pathway ◽  
Mtorc1 Activation

Disuse-induced muscle atrophy is accompanied by a blunted postprandial response of the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) pathway. Conflicting observations exist as to whether postabsorptive mTORC1 pathway activation is also blunted by disuse and plays a role in atrophy. It is unknown whether changes in habitual protein intake alters mTORC1 regulatory proteins and how they may contribute to the development of anabolic resistance. The primary objective of this study was to characterize the downstream responsiveness of skeletal muscle mTORC1 activation and its upstream regulatory factors, following 14 days of lower limb disuse in middle-aged men (45-60 years). The participants were further randomized to receive daily supplementation of 20g/d of protein (n=12; milk protein concentrate) or isocaloric carbohydrate placebo (n=13). Immobilization reduced postabsorptive skeletal muscle phosphorylation of the mTORC1 downstream targets, 4E-BP1, P70S6K and ribosomal protein S6 (RPS6), with phosphorylation of the latter two decreasing to a greater extent in the placebo, compared to the protein supplementation groups (37 ± 13 vs 14 ± 11% and 38 ± 20 vs 25 ± 8% respectively). Sestrin2 protein was also downregulated following immobilization irrespective of supplement group, despite a corresponding increase in its mRNA content. This decrease in Sestrin2 protein was negatively correlated with the immobilization induced change in the in-silico predicted regulator miR-23b-3p. No other measured upstream proteins were altered by immobilization or supplementation. Immobilization downregulated postabsorptive mTORC1 pathway activation and 20g/day of protein supplementation attenuated the decrease in phosphorylation of targets regulating muscle protein synthesis.

The relative importance of energy and protein in the concentrate on intake and yield of milk constituents by freisland ewes offered hay ad-libitum

1994 ◽  
Vol 1994 ◽  
pp. 207-207
Author(s):  
R.G. Wilkinson ◽  
C.M. Minter ◽  
G. Duffy ◽  
J. Celerier
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Relative Importance ◽  
Dairy Sheep ◽  
Total Response ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
Forage Intake ◽  
Fat Yield ◽  
Protein Supply ◽  
To Receive

Increasing the level of concentrate fed to lactating ruminants reduces forage intake, but increases the yield of milk and milk constituents (Aston et al. 1991). However, the proportion of the total response due to additional metabolisable energy (ME) or crude protein supply (CP) is unclear. Recent work with dairy cows (Aston et al. 1992) suggests that additional ME or CP fed as concentrate reduced and slightly increased silage intake respectively. Additional CP had twice the effect on milk and three times the effect on protein yield than additional ME. However, ME and CP were equally important in determining fat yield. The objective of the trial was to investigate whether dairy sheep respond to additional ME or CP supply as concentrate in a similar way to dairy cows.Three concentrate diets were formulated to contain 13.0 MJ/kg DM ME and either 100 (A), 200 (B) or 400 (C) g/kg DM CP. After weaning (6 weeks), 24 mature Freisland ewes were housed individually, and allocated by liveweight and initial milk yield to receive concentrate DM at daily rates of 0.8 kg, providing 10.4 MJ/day ME and 160 (B) or 320 (C) g/day CP (LLP, LHP), or 1.6 kg, providing 20.8 MJ/day ME and 160 (A) or 320 (B) g/day CP (HLP, HHP). The trial lasted 8 weeks and was analysed as a 2 X 2 factorial design.

Effects of body condition and dry cow feeding on disease incidences in the first 100 days of lactation in Holstein-Friesian cows

2002 ◽  
Vol 2002 ◽  
pp. 201-201
Author(s):  
R. J. Dewhurst ◽  
J. M. Moorby ◽  
D. W. R. Davies ◽  
W. J. Fisher ◽  
N. C. Friggens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Lactation Performance ◽  
Dry Period ◽  
Body Reserves ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
As Effects

Genetic potential for milk production has increased rapidly in the Holstein-Friesian breed and there is concern that this might be causing an increased incidence of health problems. We have recently (Ingvartsen et al., 2002) reviewed the inter-relationships between lactation performance and health, demonstrating the importance of considering effects on/of body reserves as well as effects on/of milk production. Whilst we identified mechanisms whereby body reserves can have a direct effect on susceptibility to disease, disease also affects body reserves making it difficult to study their inter-relationships. The dry period is a particularly interesting period in this regard, because additional nutrients are directed towards reserves, whilst it is followed by a period (early lactation) of high disease incidence. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of body condition score (BCS) at calving, as well as the effects of dry period diets designed to alter BCS, on disease incidences in the first 100 days of lactation.

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