Effects of underfeeding during the second gestation of Holstein-Friesian heifers. 2. Residual effects on second lactation performance

1997 ◽  
Vol 1997 ◽  
pp. 93-93
Author(s):  
J.M. Moorby ◽  
R.J. Dewhurst ◽  
W.J. Fisher ◽  
D.W.R. Davies
Keyword(s):  
Live Weight ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Lactation Performance ◽  
Dry Period ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Lactational Performance ◽  
Protein Feeding ◽  
Quality Diet ◽  
Ad Libitum

Previous work has shown that dry period protein feeding can have important residual effects on the subsequent lactational performance in dairy cows (Moorby et al., 1996), although the results have been variable. This variability may be due to an animals nutrient requirements during late lactation and its ability to compensate during the dry period for previously inadequate supplies. This experiment was designed to investigate the effects of heifer age and level of concentrate offered during the second half of the first lactation on the second lactation performance. The size of the Longissimus dorsi was monitored as a marker of skeletal muscle use for lactation.Thirty-eight Holstein-Friesian heifers were treated as described by Dewhurst et al. (1997). Briefly, animals were divided into 4 treatment groups differing in age at first calving (2 or 3 years old) and level of concentrate feeding for the last 18-20 weeks of their first lactation (2 kg/d, ‘L’, or 7 kg/d, ‘H’; n=11, 11, 9 and 7 for treatments 2L, 2H, 3L and 3H respectively). Six weeks before predicted calving date, animals were dried off and offered a relatively low quality diet of ad libitum access to a grass silage:straw mix (40:60 on a DM basis), designed to offer them little chance to compensate for previous differences in diet. After calving, animals were offered a diet of ad libitum access to grass silage plus 8 kg/d concentrate to day 120 of lactation, and 5 kg/d thereafter. Live weight was recorded weekly. After calving, milk yields were recorded daily, and milk samples taken weekly, to week 20 of lactation.

Milk production from diets of silage and dried forage. 1. Effects of methods of processing dried grass and of including barley in the supplementation of grass silage given ad libitum

1976 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. C. Tayler ◽  
K. Aston
Keyword(s):  
Energy Content ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Experimental Period ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Weight Changes ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Digestible Organic Matter ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Female Cattle

SUMMARY1. Young adult and adult British Friesian female cattle (heifers and cows) which were lactating were individually fed on diets of grass silage ad libitum with supplements of dried grass, dried grass/barley or barley/groundnut in two randomized block experiments.2. In Experiment I, equal quantities of dry matter (DM) as dried grass in the form of a wafer (W), cob (C) or pellet (P) were given with the silage during weeks 8 to 18 of lactation, to three groups of 12 heifers. Silage DM intakes were respectively 14·2, 14·3 and 15·8 ± 0·43 g/kg live weight per day (P<0·05). Milk yields were 14·0, 15·6, 16·7 ± 0·35 kg/day (P< 0·001). Milk composition and live-weight change did not differ significantly.3. In Experiment II, five treatment groups of heifers and cows were offered silage with equal amounts of a supplement of either dried grass pellets (treatment 1) or dried grass/barley in the ratios of 2: 1 (treatment 2), 1: 2 (treatment 3), or a barley/groundnut supplement (treatment 4). In treatment 5 the cattle received the same supplement as in treatment 4, but at a 10% higher level. Silage DM intakes for treatments 1 to 5 during lactation weeks 6 to 22 were 8·64, 8·94, 7·96, 6·96, 7·63 kg/day (1, 2>4, P<0·01; 2>5, P<0·05). The intake of digestible organic matter, milk yields and live-weight changes over the whole experimental period were not influenced significantly by treatments 1 to 4, but in treatment 5 the milk was significantly higher in fat, protein and energy content than in treatments 1 to 4. Blood composition was normal and did not differ markedly between treatments.

Effects of body condition and dry cow feeding on disease incidences in the first 100 days of lactation in Holstein-Friesian cows

2002 ◽  
Vol 2002 ◽  
pp. 201-201
Author(s):  
R. J. Dewhurst ◽  
J. M. Moorby ◽  
D. W. R. Davies ◽  
W. J. Fisher ◽  
N. C. Friggens ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Body Condition ◽  
Body Condition Score ◽  
Disease Incidence ◽  
Lactation Performance ◽  
Dry Period ◽  
Body Reserves ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Condition Score ◽  
As Effects

Genetic potential for milk production has increased rapidly in the Holstein-Friesian breed and there is concern that this might be causing an increased incidence of health problems. We have recently (Ingvartsen et al., 2002) reviewed the inter-relationships between lactation performance and health, demonstrating the importance of considering effects on/of body reserves as well as effects on/of milk production. Whilst we identified mechanisms whereby body reserves can have a direct effect on susceptibility to disease, disease also affects body reserves making it difficult to study their inter-relationships. The dry period is a particularly interesting period in this regard, because additional nutrients are directed towards reserves, whilst it is followed by a period (early lactation) of high disease incidence. The objective of this study was to investigate the effects of body condition score (BCS) at calving, as well as the effects of dry period diets designed to alter BCS, on disease incidences in the first 100 days of lactation.

The direct and residual effects of the plane of nutrition of calves in early life on physical performance and gains in chemical composition

1990 ◽  
Vol 1990 ◽  
pp. 110-110
Author(s):  
D C Patterson ◽  
R H J Steen
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Composition ◽  
Early Life ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Period 2 ◽  
Milk Substitute ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Representative Samples

The direct, residual and overall effects of the plane of nutrition of calves in early life were investigated with a factorial arrangement of high, medium and low planes of nutrition (H, M and L respectively) imposed from 2 to 14 weeks of age (Period 1) and high and low planes of nutrition (H and L respectively) from 14 to 26 weeks (Period 2). A common high plane of nutrition was offered from 26 weeks of age until the mean slaughter live weight of 527 kg. The planes of nutrition were based on appropriate fixed allowances of concentrates and good quality silage offered ad libitum apart from the first half of Period 1 where appropriate allowances of milk substitute were offered and the roughage was hay. In addition to the final slaughter point, representative samples of three calves per treatment were also slaughtered at the start of the experiment and at the end of Periods 1 and 2 and crude protein, total lipid and ash were determined. Energy contents of the tissues were also estimated from protein and lipid analyses.

Effects of forage type and protein supplementation on voluntary intakes and particle breakdown of forages by dry dairy cows

1998 ◽  
Vol 1998 ◽  
pp. 207-207
Author(s):  
R.J. Dewhurst ◽  
D.W.R. Davies ◽  
W.J. Fisher ◽  
I.J. Thomas ◽  
A.T. Adesogan
Keyword(s):  
Close Association ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Protein Supplementation ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Dry Period ◽  
Particle Size Reduction ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Forage Intake ◽  
Forage Type ◽  
Protein Supply

There is now considerable evidence of residual effects of both energy and protein supply during the dry period on performance in the next lactation. Changes in forage intake and eating/rumination behaviour in the dry period have been implicated in predisposition to metabolic disorders in the subsequent lactation. In particular, there is a close association between intake either side of calving (Grummer, 1995). The primary objective of this experiment was to identify the effects, and interactions, of pre-partum energy and protein supply on forage intake and particle size reduction (as an index of rumination behaviour) of cows in the dry period.Fifty-two Holstein-Friesian cows, calving from September to November 1996, were used in a continuous design experiment The cows were dried off 8 weeks before their anticipated calving date and grazed on bare pasture for one week before training to use Calan gates (using grass silage only).

Change of skeletal dimensions during growth in sheep: the effect of nutrition

1989 ◽  
Vol 112 (3) ◽  
pp. 321-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. W. Searle ◽  
N. McC. Graham ◽  
J. B. Donnelly
Keyword(s):  
Live Weight ◽  
Leg Length ◽  
Average Amount ◽  
Castrate Male ◽  
Skeletal Size ◽  
Mitscherlich Equation ◽  
Quality Diet ◽  
Body Component ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
The Relationship

SummaryMeasurements of skeletal size were made at 2–3-month intervals on 30 Border Leicester × Merino castrate male (wether) sheep between 2 and 27 months of age. Fifteen sheep were fed ad libitum on a high-quality diet and the other 15 half the average amount consumed by the first group, age for age. The ad libitum group grew faster and were larger in all body dimensions on each occasion, except for leg length at 27 months which showed no statistical difference between groups. When the groups were compared over the live-weight range common to both (16–44 kg) the unrationed animals were consistently wider at the shoulders but smaller in leg and chest dimensions.The relationship between each body component and age is described by a Mitscherlich equation and the relationship with live weight by a linear equation in which both variables are log transformed. Separate relationships were determined for each sheep and tested for differences within and between groups.

The effect of slaughter weight and sexual status on performance characteristics of male Holstein-Friesian cattle offered a cereal-based diet

2006 ◽  
Vol 82 (3) ◽  
pp. 397-404 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. M. Kirkland ◽  
T. W. J. Keady ◽  
D. C. Patterson ◽  
D. J. Kilpatrick ◽  
R. W. J. Steen
Keyword(s):  
Live Weight ◽  
Conversion Ratio ◽  
Food Conversion ◽  
Mean Values ◽  
Slaughter Weight ◽  
Fat Depots ◽  
Food Conversion Ratio ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Friesian Cattle

AbstractA total of 180 Holstein-Friesian male calves, mean age and live weight (LW) at start of the study 112 (s.d. 26·0) days and 134 (s.d. 37·6) kg, respectively, were used to evaluate the effect of slaughter weight on food efficiency and animal performance. Animals were offered concentrates ad libitum and a restricted quantity of straw and slaughtered at one of six LWs as bulls: 300, 350, 400, 450, 500 or 550 kg. A further group of cattle were slaughtered as steers at 450 kg LW. Mean age at slaughter was 247 and 434 days for bulls slaughtered at 300 and 550 kg LW respectively. Neither rate of LW or carcass gain was influenced by weight at slaughter ( P>0·05), with mean values of 1·31 and 0·70 kg/day, respectively. Food conversion ratio, killing-out proportion, carcass conformation, fat classification and weight of internal fat depots increased ( P<0·001) as slaughter weight of the bulls increased. In the comparison of steers and bulls slaughtered at 450 kg, steers had lower ( P<0·001) rates of LW and carcass gains and had a higher ( P<0·001) food conversion ratio than comparable bulls. Steers had lower ( P<0·001) estimated carcass lean, and higher ( P<0·01) estimated carcass fat concentrations than bulls slaughtered at the same LW.

scholarly journals Yaz Koşullarında Gece-Gündüz Yemlemesi ve Aydınlatmanın Etlik Piliçlerin Performansı Üzerine Etkileri

2018 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mesut Karaman ◽  
Mehmet Öcal
Keyword(s):  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Summer Season ◽  
Performance Criteria ◽  
Feed Consumption ◽  
Feed Conversion ◽  
Treatment Groups ◽  
Light Regimen ◽  
Night Feeding ◽  
Ad Libitum

This study, aimed to determine the effects of different light regimen and day/night feeding on some performance criteria of 1104 broiler chickens during summer season. At the beginning of second week they were separated according to their sexes, and experiment had 2 × 6 replications. The 1st group, as control, received continuous lighting (daylight + lightening during night) and fed ad-libitum. The 2nd group was treated with continuous lighting too, but they had no access to feed between10:00 and 16:00 o’clock during the last three weeks. The 3rd group was also exposed to continuous lighting but had no access to feed between10:00 am and 16:00 pm. Fourth group received continuous lighting but had no access to feed between 24:00 pm and 06:00 am. Fifth group received continuous lighting, but they were not fed between 24:00 pm and 06:00 am during the last three weeks of experimental process. Sixth group had no access to feed box during 24:00 pm and 06:00 am, when they had not been exposed to light as well. There were no notable differences in live weight gain of male and female birds for all treatment groups, and similarly differences among feed consumption and feed conversion ratios were not remarkable statistically regardless of the sexes of chickens. There were significant differences in hot-cold carcass yields of the 3rd and 6th treatment groups for male birds and 6th treatment group for female birds. The differences for carcass weights of male birds were statistically significant and 3rd and 6th treatments groups were tend to be relatively higher than the other treatment groups. The differences among treatment groups for carcass weights of female birds, however, were not significant and similarly the effects of the treatments on the mortality rate was found to be in significant for same birds. Lightning (24h) and feeding ad - libitum affected the performance of the birds adversely, whilst restricted feeding and lightning process reduced the yield-loss the animals during the summer season.

Effects of dry period diet on feed intake, body composition and subsequent lactational performance of dairy cows

1996 ◽  
Vol 1996 ◽  
pp. 4-4
Author(s):  
R.J. Dewhurst ◽  
D.W.R. Davies ◽  
W.J. Fisher ◽  
K. Aston
Keyword(s):  
Body Composition ◽  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Feed Intake ◽  
Milk Protein ◽  
Access Time ◽  
Dry Period ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Lactational Performance ◽  
Forage Intake ◽  
Ad Libitum

Previous studies (Moorbyet al, 1994) have shown that supplementing grass silage with undegradable protein (UDP) during the dry period can lead to increased yields of milk protein and lactose. These studies have often involved restriction of forage intake through limitation of access time and the feeding of straw. This experiment was conducted to assess the effect of UDP supplementation withad libitumaccess to grass silage as well as the effects of restricting forage intakes by including straw in the diets of dry cows.

Effect of undegradable protein given for six weeks before calving on the performance of dairy cows in the subsequent lactation

1996 ◽  
Vol 1996 ◽  
pp. 85-85 ◽  
Author(s):  
R.J. Dewhurst ◽  
D.W.R. Davies ◽  
W.J. Fisher ◽  
K. Aston
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cows ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Crude Protein ◽  
Dry Period ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Holstein Friesian ◽  
Unrestricted Access ◽  
Metabolisable Energy ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Friesian Cows

Previous studies (Moorby et al, 1994) have shown increased yields of protein and lactose in the subsequent lactation as a consequence of feeding additional undegradable dietary protein (UDP) and restricting energy intake during the dry period. This experiment was undertaken to investigate the effect of supplementary UDP in the dry period diet of Holstein-Friesian cows given unrestricted access to grass silage and 1.5 kg of barley per day.Sixty-one cows received diets based on ad libitum access to grass silage with either (a) 1.5 kg barley / day or (b) 1.0 kg barley and 0.5 kg Maize Gluten Meal / day. After calving, cows had ad libitum access to grass silage (Metabolisable Energy (ME)=11.3 MJ/kg DM; crude protein (CP)=181 g/kg DM) and received 5 kg/day of concentrates (ME=13.0 MJ/kg DM; CP=250g/kg DM).

Effect of duration and pattern of underfeeding in early lactation on milk production and reproduction of dairy cows

1979 ◽  
Vol 19 (99) ◽  
pp. 395 ◽  
Author(s):  
C Grainger ◽  
G Wilhelms
Keyword(s):  
Milk Fat ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Residual Effects ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Lactation Performance ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Poor Understanding ◽  
Moderate Condition ◽  
Ad Libitum

Eighty cows of mixed breeds were fed so that they calved in moderate condition, and were then strip-grazed at different rates over the first ten weeks of lactation. Two levels of feeding were used factorially ; either ad libitum pasture intake (H) or an allowance of pasture which resulted in an intake of 7 kg of pasture dry matter cow-1 day-1 (L), for the first or second five-week period. After ten weeks, all cows were grazed as one group as well as seasonal conditions permitted. The effects of five-week periods of underfeeding on milk, milk fat and protein yield were equal and additive over the first ten weeks of lactation, HL and LH groups producing 11 kg and LL group 22 kg less milk fat than the HH group. Residual effects, however, from week 11 to the end of lactation differed markedly between treatments, the LH group producing the same as, but HL and LL groups producing 9 and 21 kg less than, the HH group. Residual effects of only 0.7 and 1.0 times the immediate effect were recorded for underfeeding in the first five and ten weeks of lactation, respectively. Cows underfed in early lactation gained more liveweight in later lactation at the expense of milk yield. An extra 10 kg pasture dry matter was required in early lactation to give an extra kilogram of milk fat over the lactation. The calving to conception interval in the LL group was 18 days longer than in the HH group (P < 0.05). The delay was associated with both a longer post-partum anoestrus and a higher number of services per conception. There was no effect of stage of underfeeding (HL vs LH) on reproductive performance. The poor understanding of factors affecting residual effects from underfeeding in early lactation is highlighted. As pattern of underfeeding has little effect on lactation performance, this gives the farmer considerable flexibility in allocating feed supplies in early lactation.

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