Treatment of barley straw with mixtures of calcium hydroxide and urea : Effect on intake and digestibility in sheep

1987 ◽  
Vol 1987 ◽  
pp. 68-68
Author(s):  
Md. Shahiduzzaman ◽  
E. Owen
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Hydroxide ◽  
Third World ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Ewe Lambs ◽  
Plastic Bags ◽  
Concrete Mixer ◽  
Chemical Solutions ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Block Experiment

Calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) is widely available in Third World countries because of extensive limestone deposits. Previous studies (reviewed by Owen et al 1984) have shown Ca(OH)2-treated straw to be prone to mouldiness and low intakes. Urea was added to Ca(OH)2 in the present study to inhibit mould and supply nitrogen. Two experiments are reported which investigated the amounts of Ca(OH)2 and urea required for improving intake and digestibility of barley straw in sheep.Forty Suffolk x Mule store lambs (20 castrates, 20 ewe lambs) aged 8 months were used to measure intake and digestibility of 5 straws (Table 1) in a randomized block experiment, with blocking according to weight and sex. Animals were fed restricted concentrates (Table 1) and ad libitum straw (allowing refusals of 25% of intake) over a period of 35 days, with collection of faeces over the last 8 days. For treatment, straw was chopped, mixed with chemical solutions (Table 1) in a concrete mixer, and “ensiled” for 60 days (September & October) at 500 g dry matter (DM) per kg, in plastic bags contained in 45-gallon oil drums. Straw was aerated for 3 days before feeding. Untreated straw was simply chopped before feeding.

Intake and Digestibility of Barley Straw by Goats : Effect of Ammonia Treatment of Straw and Straw-Previously-Refused by Goats

1987 ◽  
Vol 1987 ◽  
pp. 67-67
Author(s):  
R.A. Wahed ◽  
E. Owen
Keyword(s):  
Third World ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Crop Residues ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Ammonia Treatment ◽  
Plastic Bags ◽  
By Products ◽  
Feeding Systems

Wahed and Owen (1986) reported a 0.33 increase in barley straw dry matter (DM) intake when stall-fed goats were allowed to refuse 0.5 of the amount offered rather than the 0.2, or less, allowed in conventional ad lib feeding. This approach offers a possible strategy for maximising intake and improving utilization of straw in Third World countries developing stall feeding systems for goats based on crop residues and other by-products. Generous feeding of straw (say allowing refusal-rates of 0.5 of amounts offered) could be followed by the refeeding of refusals after treating them with ammonia.The experiment was undertaken to investigate refeeding straw previously refused by goats and to measure the effect of ammonia-treating such refusals on Intake and digestibility. Barley straw and refusals (0.5 of amount offered) of the same straw were chopped and half of each material treated with ammonia (0.11 of 330 g NH3/kg solution per kg straw in sealed plastic bags for 30 days).

Rumen degradation of straw 4. Selection and degradation of morphological components of barley straw by sheep

1988 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 105-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. K. Bhargava ◽  
E. R. Ørskov ◽  
T. K. Walli
Keyword(s):  
Leaf Blade ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Leaf Sheath ◽  
Practical Significance ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Rumen Degradation ◽  
Whole Plant ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
The Mathematical Model ◽  
Selection Of

AbstractExperiments were made to study the proportion, chemical composition, and rumen degradability of the morphological components of barley straw (Corgi variety) and to study the selection of these components by sheep. The proportions in the harvested straw dry matter (DM) as leaf blade, leaf sheath, stem and chaff were 128, 314, 500 and 58 g/kg DM, respectively. The different components of straw on analysis proved to have very different concentrations of nitrogen and neutral-detergent cellulase digestibility. The leaf blades had the highest and the stems the lowest values. The degradabilities of DM in the components and in the whole straw were determined by measuring DM loss from samples incubated in nylon bags for various periods in the rumen of sheep. Responses were measured using the mathematical model p = a+b (1–e−ct) where p is DM loss, (a+b) potential degradability, c the rate constant of DM loss and t is the time of incubation. DM losses decreased in the order leaf blades > leaf sheath > whole plant > chaff > stems. Leaf blades also had the highest potential degradability and rate of degradation.In another trial, five sheep were offered unchopped barley straw ad libitum. There were five treatment periods in which sheep were allowed to leave uneaten proportionately 0·2, 0·3, 0·4, 0·5 and 0·7 of the straw on offer for assessing the animal's selection of the morphological components of that straw. The amount of leaf blade in the material consumed increased in largely a linear (P < 0·01) fashion with the amount of excess allowance. The proportion of stem eaten varied conversely. The selection of leaf sheath was less apparent. Little stem was consumed until the proportion of leaf blade in the food available decreased below proportionately 0·4. The practical significance of the study is discussed.

Validation of new systems for protein evaluation in ruminants by testing the effect of urea supplementation on intake and digestibility of straw with or without sodium hydroxide treatment

1978 ◽  
Vol 91 (2) ◽  
pp. 483-486 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. R. Ørskov ◽  
D. A. Grubb
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Research Council ◽  
Agricultural Research ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Protein Requirements ◽  
Agricultural Research Council ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Sodium Hydroxide Treatment

SUMMARYMilled barley straw, either untreated or treated with 70 g of NaOH/kg straw was supplemented with four levels of urea, namely 0, 6, 12 or 18 g/kg and fed ad libitum to young sheep. For the untreated straw, dry-matter intakes were (g/day) 423, 451, 441 and 463, while the digestibility of organic matter was 458, 467, 490 and 483 g/kg, respectively. For the treated straw, the intakes of dry matter were 355, 402, 531 and 567 g/day and the digestibility of organic matter was 423, 480, 589 and 628 g/kg respectively.The different responses to urea supplementation of treated and untreated straw are discussed in relation to a new system of estimating protein requirements for ruminants put forward by the Agricultural Research Council.

Effects of amount offered on the intake and selection of barley straw by growing cattle

1999 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
pp. 211-215 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. E. Velasquez ◽  
E. Owen ◽  
F. L. Mould
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Feeding Strategy ◽  
Organic Content ◽  
Growth Potential ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Genotype Effect ◽  
Growing Cattle ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Selection Of

AbstractA 28-day experiment with 12 9-month-old cattle (275 kg initial weight, M1), used a 2 × 2 arrangement of treatments to compare the effect of doubling the ad-libitum quantity of long barley straw offered daily (25 or 50 g dry matter (DM) per kg M1) and sex/genotype (Limousin × Friesian steers or Friesian heifers) on intake and selection. All animals received a protein concentrate at 20 g DM per kg M10·75 per day. Prior to the experiment the cattle had grazed for 6 months and were given no pre-experimental change-over period. On day 1 animals were weighed (M1), allocated to treatment and penned individually. Animals were weighed on day 28 (M2). Doubling the amount offered did not affect straw intake (g DM per kg M3 per day; M3 = mean of M1 and M2) during days 22 to 28 (steers: 17·9, 17·2; heifers 14·3, 13·3; s.e. 0·50) but increased the proportion (g DM per kg DM offered) refused (steers: 258, 635; heifers: 412, 721; s.e. 22). During days 22 to 28, at each level of offer (25, 50), refused straw contained (g DM per kg DM) less leaf-plus-sheath than offered straw (25 g steers: 251, 430, s.e. 16·7; 50 g steers: 393, 450, s.e. 19·7; 25 g heifers: 304, 420, s.e. 7·2; 50 g heifers: 405, 446, s.e. 9·6). The sex/genotype effect on intake was attributed to differences in growth potential. Straw intakes increased significantly over the first 14 days, but there were no differences between days 15 to 21 and days 22 to 28. It is concluded that an excess-feeding strategy, involving a doubling of the ad libitum amount of barley straw offered did not result in growing cattle consuming more straw, in contrast to published results with sheep and goats. However, the cattle did show a limited ability to selectively consume leaf-plus-sheath in preference to stem but the improvement in diet digestible organic content (estimated in vitro) was presumably insufficient to stimulate intake.

Effect of reproductive state and concentrate supplementation on liquid and particulate turnover in the rumen of ewes given ammonia treated straw

1995 ◽  
Vol 46 (8) ◽  
pp. 1579 ◽  
Author(s):  
JF Perez ◽  
J Gasa ◽  
C Castrillo ◽  
JA Guada
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Late Pregnancy ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Energy Status ◽  
Reproductive State ◽  
Concentrate Supplementation ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Voluntary Intake ◽  
Breeding Status

Rates of passage of liquid and particulate markers (Co-EDTA, Cr mordanted fibres and Yb) were measured in ewes at late pregnancy, lactation and non-breeding status. Animals were given ammonia treated barley straw ad libitum supplemented daily with 250 and 550 (pregnancy), 550 and 850 (lactation) and 250, 550 and 850 (non-breeding) g of concentrate. The effect of the reproductive state was analysed only on ewes fed on 550 g of concentrate. Lactating ewes showed a higher voluntary straw intake (970 g/day) than pregnant or non-breeding ewes (720 and 790 g/day respectively), but there were not significant differences in the OM digestibility (OMD) among reproductive states. Increasing concentrate supplementation promoted significant decreases in the voluntary intake of straw, associated with an enhanced OMD ( P < 0.05). Fractional outflow rates (FOR/h) were higher in pregnant and non-breeding than in lactating ewes, although differences were only significant ( P < 0.01) for Chromium derived values. Ewes given 250 g of concentrate showed lower ( P < 0.05) FOR than those given 550 and 850 g/day. Results support the idea that in ruminants fed on low quality roughages, voluntary dry matter intake is mainly restricted by rumen capacity, although the energy status of the animals might influence the extent of this restriction.

The Effect of Amount Offered on Selection and Intake of Barley Straw by Goats

1986 ◽  
Vol 1986 ◽  
pp. 137-137
Author(s):  
R.A. Waned ◽  
E. Owen
Keyword(s):  
Conventional Method ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Nutritive Value ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Feeding Period ◽  
Selective Feeding ◽  
Refusal Rate ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Grazing Sheep ◽  
Ad Libitum Intake

The conventional method of measuring ad libitum intake of roughages involves offering sufficient (usually in chopped form) to ensure that 15 to 20% is left at the end of the feeding period (Blaxter et al 1961). Earlier experiments (Waned and Owen, 1986) with goats and sheep fed long roughages ad libitum (allowing 20% of feed offered to be refused) showed both species to be capable of selective feeding, in that refusals had a lower nutritive value than feed offered. The latter study and that of Glbb and Treacher (1976) with grazing sheep, suggested that selection and hence intake of roughage would increase if the amount offered (and hence refusal rate) was increased.To test this hypothesis two experiments were conducted with housed (16 hours light, 8 hours dark), individually penned Saanen castrate goats ranging in weight (15 to 65 kg) and age (6 to 30 months). Animals were fed restricted amounts of concentrates (15 g dry matter (DM) per kg M0.7S daily) and long barley straw ad libitum.

Effect of straw quality and ammonia treatment on voluntary intake, milk yield and degradation characteristics of faecal fibre

1988 ◽  
Vol 46 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. R. Ørskov ◽  
C. A. G. Tait ◽  
G. W. Reid ◽  
G. Flachowski
Keyword(s):  
Milk Yield ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Early Lactation ◽  
Ammonia Treatment ◽  
Anhydrous Ammonia ◽  
Straw Quality ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Voluntary Intake ◽  
Friesian Cows

ABSTRACTThirty-two Friesian cows in early lactation were given one of tour completely mixed diets based on equal proportions of barley straw and concentrate. Two varieties of barley straws had been identified as varying in degradation characteristics (Corgi and Gerbel) and the straws were either given untreated or treated with anhydrous ammonia. The ad libitum intake for 10 weeks closely reflected degradation characteristics. For Corgi, treated and untreated and Gerbel, treated and untreated the 48·h degradabilities were 71·9, 66·8, 61·9 and 52·2 (g/100 g) respectively. The voluntary intakes of dry matter were 17·1, 14·8, 15·0 and 13·1 (s.e. 0·51) kg/day and average yields of fat-corrected milk for 10 weeks were 26·7, 21·5, 22·6 and 22·4 (s.e. 1·0) kg/day respectively.It was calculated that the differences between actual digestibility and potential degradability were greatest for ammonia-treated straws. Also it was observed that the degradability of faecal dry matter was greater from animals given ammonia-treated straws.

Turnips with chemically-treated straw for beef production 2. Effect of turnips on the degradability of straw in the rumen

1983 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 189-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. E. V. Williams ◽  
A. Macdearmid ◽  
G. M. Innes ◽  
A. Brewer
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Hydroxide ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Rumen Fluid ◽  
Basal Diet ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Cellulolytic Bacteria ◽  
Once Daily ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Acid Detergent Fibre ◽  
Ad Libitum

ABSTRACTThe nylon bag technique was used to determine the effects of offering to steers an allowance of turnips in a diet based on straw on the degradation of dry matter and acid-detergent fibre of the straw. Rumen-cannulated steers were offered basal diets of (a) sodium hydroxide (NaOH)-treated strawad libitum, (b) NaOH-treated straw plus turnips (50 g dry matter per kg W0·73) offered once daily or (c) turnipsad libitum. Samples of straw, treated with NaOH, anhydrous ammonia (NH3,) or untreated straw were incubated in nylon bags in the rumen along with each of the basal diets. Additionally molasses (66 g dry matter per kg W0·75) was infused into the rumen of the steers offered the NaOH-treated straw. Dry matter and fibre losses of straw from nylon bags were in the order NaOH-treated > NH3,-treated > untreated; there was no interaction (P> 0·05) between method of straw treatment and effect of basal diet on 40-h or 72-h dry matter or fibre degradability. Supplementation of the basal straw diet with either turnips or molasses depressed (P< 0·01) degradability of both dry matter and fibre of the incubated straw at 40 and 72 h, molasses infusion producing a greater depression (P< 0·05) than offering turnips. There was a fall in rumen fluid pH shortly after steers consumed their turnip allowance or molasses was infused into the rumen, minimum pH values were 6·09 ± 0·241 and 5·75 ± 0·205 respectively. The pH of rumen fluid and degradability of dry matter and fibre of barley straw were depressed by the presence of carbohydrates in turnips and molasses. A reduction in the activity of cellulolytic bacteria may have been the cause of the depression in straw degradability.

A note on the use of kale as a replacement for cereal-based concentrates for milk production

1976 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 125-128
Author(s):  
F. J. Gordon
Keyword(s):  
Milk Production ◽  
Weight Change ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Milk Composition ◽  
Dry Matter Intake ◽  
Grass Silage ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Ad Libitum ◽  
Block Experiment

SUMMARYTwenty-four lactating cows were used in a 6-week randomized block experiment to assess the effect of replacing 2·4 kg of cereal-based concentrate dry matter by either 2·6 or 3·2 kg of kale dry matter for cows with ad libitum access to grass silage. Milk yield, milk composition and live-weight change were not affected by the inclusion of kale. Silage dry-matter intake was significantly lower on the kale treatments than with concentrate, being 8·51, 7·89 and 7·95 kg per day for the concentrate, low-kale and high-kale supplements respectively. Energy digestibilities were 68·1, 74·4 and 76·4% and nitrogen digestibilities 67·1, 74·9 and 78·8% for the three treatments respectively.

Cereal straw in diets for beef cattle: effects of pattern of growth and diet formulation on growth rate and food conversion efficiency

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-36
Author(s):  
A. Macdearmid ◽  
P. E. V. Williams ◽  
A. C. Brewer
Keyword(s):  
Dry Matter ◽  
Fish Meal ◽  
Live Weight ◽  
Metabolizable Energy ◽  
Barley Straw ◽  
Continuous Growth ◽  
Slaughter Weight ◽  
Cereal Straw ◽  
Diet Formulation ◽  
Ad Libitum

AbstractFive groups of Hereford × Friesian steers (initial weight 340 kg) were given either a diet of rolled barley and ammonia-treated barley straw (AS) in the ratio 60: 40 ad libitum (ASB) to support continuous growth, or were offered over a 143-day period diets of either (i) AS alone (diet AS) (ii) untreated straw (US) plus cassava (diet USC) (iii) US plus grass silage (diet USS) or US plus fish meal (0·27 kg fish meal per day) (diet USF). Both the AS and US were offered ad libitum and allowances of cassava and silage adjusted to allow the USC and USS steers to match the growth of AS steers. Steers i n the restricted groups (AS, USC, USS and USF) were then given freshly cut grass ad libitum until they reached slaughter weight; some steers required additional hay and barley to reach slaughter weight. Steers in group ASB consumed 7·4 kg dry matter (DM), gained 1·16 kg live weight per day taking 112 days to achieve the 455 kg slaughter weight. AS, USC and USS animals maintained body weight over the restricted period, whereas the USF group tended to lose weight and daily DM intakes were 4·63 kg AS (AS steers); 3·81 kg US plus 0·95 kg cassava (USC steers); 0·86 kg US plus 3·31 kg silage (USS steers); 3·5 kg US plus 0·27 kg fish meal (USF steers). When grass or grass followed by barley plus hay was given the live-weight gains of the previously restricted cattle did not differ (mean 1·0 (s.e. 0·10) kg/day). AS provided proportionately 0·30 of the metabolizable energy used to produce growth rates in excess of 10 kg/day or if given as the sole food maintained cattle without supplementation.

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