The Work of the North Atlantic System Planning Group

1970 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 20-22
Author(s):  
D. A. Blake
Keyword(s):  
North Atlantic ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Operating Costs ◽  
The North ◽  
Systems Planning ◽  
Tidal Flows ◽  
The North Atlantic ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Separation Standards ◽  
Planning Group

I propose to discuss the problem of long-range navigation from the point of view of the A.T.C. system planner and to describe in outline the work that has been done in the North Atlantic Systems Planning Group (N.A.T.S.P.G.). In this area there are tidal flows of traffic of relatively high density and there is inevitably a need to reduce separations as much as possible, consistent with safety, to ensure operating costs are reduced, or at least kept in bounds with anticipated increases in traffic. This requires a much more precise definition of an acceptable separation standard, and for future planning the establishment of a relationship between separation standards and navigational capability.

I.—On the Eastern Margin of the North Atlantic Basin

1899 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 97-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wilfrid H. Hudleston
Keyword(s):  
North Atlantic ◽  
Physical Geography ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Atlantic Basin ◽  
Eastern Margin ◽  
North Atlantic Basin ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Atlantic

In offering a few remarks on a subject which belongs, in the first instance, to the province of physical geography, it will be necessary forme to point out certain hydrographical details, whilst, endeavouring to deduce from these details conclusions having a geological bearing. Oceanography is almost a science in itself, especially if we regard it from a geological point of view, as something more than a mere description of water-spaces and soundings. Ever since the days when the deep oceans were first explored for the purpose of laying the telegraph cables some of the leading facts were made known, and have since become familiar to all students of physical geography.

Commercial Navigation Systems for Long-range Subsonic Transports in the 1970's

1969 ◽  
Vol 22 (04) ◽  
pp. 479-511
Author(s):  
R. H. Waldman
Keyword(s):  
New York ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Guidance System ◽  
Navigation Systems ◽  
The Past ◽  
The North ◽  
Separation Standards ◽  
Economic Requirement

The economic requirement for reductions in horizontal separation standards on high density oceanic routes such as the North Atlantic has motivated the search for a navigation and guidance system combining compatibility with foreseeable separation criteria while at the same time remaining cost effective. In this paper, by the Executive Vice-Chairman of the International Air Navigators' Council, an attempt is made from that point of view, to suggest various systems which are envisaged as meeting the most stringent requirements foreseen. Consideration is given to accuracy requirements, avionic hardware, and optimization of crew responsibilities based on airline experience derived over the past decade. Mr. Waldman is a navigator with Air Canada, but the views expressed are not necessarily those of the Air Canada Management.1. Introduction. In the spring of 1965, an I.C.A.O. Special North Atlantic Regional Air Navigation Meeting (NAT/ RAN) approved by a margin often to two a reduction in nominal lateral separation from 120 n.m. to 90 n.m. in the ‘principal area’. (The ‘principal area’ of the NAT Region is the area delineated by Gander Oceanic, Lisboa Oceanic, New York Oceanic, Reykjavik, Shanwick Oceanic, and Sondrestrom, South of 700 North.)

scholarly journals Dead Reckoning Error over the North Atlantic

1956 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 348-354
Keyword(s):  
North Atlantic ◽  
Dead Reckoning ◽  
Air Traffic ◽  
The Other ◽  
Optimum Time ◽  
The North ◽  
Air Traffic Controllers ◽  
Direct Bearing ◽  
The North Atlantic ◽  
Separation Standards

Air traffic controllers separate aircraft on the North Atlantic with reference to dead reckoning (D.R.) positions of aircraft. Two such D.R. positions are transmitted to a.t.c. regularly from each aircraft, one usually 10 to 30 minutes following a fix, the other one hour's run farther ahead. The accuracy of these positions is important, since it has a direct bearing on horizontal separation standards and optimum time between position reports.

View from the Norse: applying island theory to the Northern and Western Isles of Scotland

2011 ◽  
Vol 33 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 55-65
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Pierce
Keyword(s):  
North Atlantic ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Theoretical Point ◽  
British Isles ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Atlantic

The study of islands in archaeology was originally biased toward the view that island societies were isolated, a stereotype that continues to be perpetuated in books and television. However, recent research has acknowledged that island societies are generally part of a network and exposed to outside influences. This paper applies island theory to the Northern and Western Isles of Scotland, specifically during the Norse settlement from the 9th century AD onward. Although today these areas are considered on the periphery of Britain, these islands were once at the heart of the Norse settlement of the North Atlantic. The settlement remains of the period in the Northern and Western Isles indicate the inhabitants kept their focus towards the sea, and their success as a central stop-over point within the North Atlantic zone is due partly to the fact that they are islands. This paper will examine to what extent the Northern and Western Isles fit into modern island theory and whether the Norse considered them islands. The paper finishes with a discussion of whether the British Isles and Ireland are, from a theoretical point of view, islands.

Blazing the Trail

1966 ◽  
Vol 70 (661) ◽  
pp. 268-269
Author(s):  
Alan Cobham
Keyword(s):  
Northern Ireland ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
First World War ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
World War ◽  
Design Point ◽  
The North ◽  
The First World War ◽  
The North Atlantic ◽  
First World

At the end of the First World War, from a design point of view, aviation seemed to slow down compared with the tempo of progress during the war years. From the practical flying angle, there were brave efforts by a few to create flying records, such as the first crossing of the North Atlantic by air. Hawker and Grieve took off from Newfoundland and accomplished a remarkable feat of landing in mid-Atlantic and being picked up by a steamer. Alcock and Brown, in a war-time Vickers Vimy made a successful crossing, but unfortunately ended up in a bog in Northern Ireland.

scholarly journals Classification and Synoptic Analysis of Subtropical Cyclones within the Northeastern Atlantic Ocean*

2015 ◽  
Vol 28 (8) ◽  
pp. 3331-3352 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juan J. González-Alemán ◽  
Francisco Valero ◽  
Francisco Martín-León ◽  
Jenni L. Evans
Keyword(s):  
North Atlantic ◽  
Conceptual Models ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Synoptic Pattern ◽  
Eastern Basin ◽  
Meridional Component ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Atlantic ◽  
Northeastern Atlantic Ocean ◽  
Northeastern Atlantic

Abstract Since more research is needed on subtropical cyclones (STCs) formed within the North Atlantic eastern basin, this survey analyzes them from a synoptic point of view, on a climatological basis, with the main aims of studying their common features, complementing other studies of these storms in the North Atlantic, and aiding the forecasting community. Fifteen cases of STCs were identified during the period 1979–2011 by applying a set of criteria from two databases. Composite analysis reveals that an extratropical depression acts as a precursor when it is isolated from the westerlies and then suffers a deepening when becoming subtropical instead of decaying through occlusion. This process is accompanied by an atmospheric circulation, within the North Atlantic, whose main feature is characterized by notable departures from the climatological pattern with a statistically significant anomalous high pressure to the north of the STCs. Three conceptual models of synoptic pattern of subtropical cyclogenesis are derived and show that these departures appeared because the westerly circulation moves poleward and/or the flow has a great meridional component, with the possibility of a blocked flow pattern occurring. Moreover, the identified STCs predominantly formed in a highly sheared (>10 m s−1) environment with low sea surface temperature values (<25°C), which differs from the dominant features of STCs in the North Atlantic, especially within its western region. Finally, a recent (2010) STC, identified by the authors, is synoptically discussed in order to achieve a better interpretation of the general results.

The Development of Programs for Minimum-time Tracks

1982 ◽  
Vol 35 (3) ◽  
pp. 499-501
Author(s):  
L. Bennett
Keyword(s):  
Mach Number ◽  
North Atlantic ◽  
Minimum Time ◽  
Flight Planning ◽  
The North ◽  
Track System ◽  
The North Atlantic ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Constant Mach Number

This paper outlines the phase of the flight planning operation in which airlines calculate minimum-time tracks for the purpose of advising oceanic control centres of their needs prior to the definition of the Organised Track System (OTS). The results are based on 12- and 24-hour forecasts for a level of 250 mb and aircraft assumed to fly at a constant Mach number of 0·82. The problem is defined in terms of a network in which the domestic route structure on each side of the North Atlantic is represented.

scholarly journals Trends of anthropogenic CO<sub>2</sub> storage in North Atlantic water masses

2010 ◽  
Vol 7 (5) ◽  
pp. 1789-1807 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. F. Pérez ◽  
M. Vázquez-Rodríguez ◽  
H. Mercier ◽  
A. Velo ◽  
P. Lherminier ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North Atlantic ◽  
Deep Water ◽  
Atlantic Water ◽  
Average Concentration ◽  
Rate Of Change ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Water Masses ◽  
Meridional Overturning Circulation ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Atlantic

Abstract. A high-quality inorganic carbon system database, spanning over three decades (1981–2006) and comprising of 13 cruises, has allowed the applying of the φC°T method and coming up with estimates of the anthropogenic CO2 (Cant) stored in the main water masses of the North Atlantic. In the studied region, strong convective processes convey surface properties, like Cant, into deeper ocean layers and grants this region an added oceanographic interest from the point of view of air-sea CO2 exchanges. Generally, a tendency for decreasing Cant storage rates towards the deep layers has been observed. In the Iberian Basin, the North Atlantic Deep Water has low Cant concentrations and negligible storage rates, while the North Atlantic Central Water in the upper layers shows the largest Cant values and the largest annual increase of its average concentration (1.13 ± 0.14 μmol kg−1 yr−1). This unmatched rate of change in the Cant concentration of the warm upper limb of the Meridional Overturning Circulation decreases towards the Irminger basin (0.68 ± 0.06 μmol kg−1 yr−1) due to the lowering of the buffering capacity. The mid and deep waters in the Irminger Sea show rather similar Cant concentration rates of increase (between 0.33 and 0.45 μmol kg−1 yr−1), whereas in the Iceland basin these layers seem to have been less affected by Cant. Overall, the Cant storage rates in the North Atlantic subpolar gyre during the first half of the 1990s, when a high North Atlantic Oscillation (NAO) phase was dominant, are ~48% higher than during the 1997–2006 low NAO phase that followed. This result suggests that a net decrease in the strength of the North Atlantic sink of atmospheric CO2 has taken place during the present decade. The changes in deep-water ventilation are the main driving processes causing this weakening of the North Atlantic CO2 sink.

The Meteorological Problem of the North Atlantic

1939 ◽  
Vol 43 (338) ◽  
pp. 69-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. Entwistle
Keyword(s):  
North Atlantic ◽  
Ancillary Services ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Civil Aviation ◽  
Successful Operation ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Atlantic ◽  
And Performance

The development in recent years of trans-oceanic flying has raised new problems, both in regard to the design of aircraft of increased range and performance and the operational and technical questions involved, and also from the point of view of the ancillary services—radio and meteorology—on which the successful operation of an air route must, ultimately, depend.The importance of an organised meteorological service as an adjunct to the safe, regular and economical operation of an air route has been recognised from the earliest days of civil aviation. Meteorology, however, must play an even greater part in the operation of long trans-oceanic routes than in the case of the shorter routes such as those which form a network over Europe.

scholarly journals Analysis of Aircraft Routing Strategies for North Atlantic Flights by Using AirTraf 2.0

Aerospace ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 33
Author(s):  
Hiroshi Yamashita ◽  
Feijia Yin ◽  
Volker Grewe ◽  
Patrick Jöckel ◽  
Sigrun Matthes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
North Atlantic ◽  
General Circulation ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Climate Impact ◽  
Weather Type ◽  
Operating Costs ◽  
Weather Types ◽  
Aircraft Routing ◽  
The North ◽  
The North Atlantic

Climate-optimized routing is an operational measure to effectively reduce the climate impact of aviation with a slight increase in aircraft operating costs. This study examined variations in the flight characteristics among five aircraft routing strategies and discusses several characteristics of those routing strategies concerning typical weather conditions over the North Atlantic. The daily variability in the North Atlantic weather patterns was analyzed by using the European Center Hamburg general circulation model (ECHAM) and the Modular Earth Submodel System (MESSy) Atmospheric Chemistry (EMAC) model in the specified dynamics mode from December 2008 to August 2018. All days of the ten complete winters and summers in the simulations were classified into five weather types for winter and into three types for summer. The obtained frequency for each of the weather types was in good agreement with the literature data; and then representative days for each weather type were selected. Moreover, a total of 103 North Atlantic flights of an Airbus A330 aircraft were simulated with five aircraft routing strategies for each representative day by using the EMAC model with the air traffic simulation submodel AirTraf. For every weather type, climate-optimized routing shows the lowest climate impact, at which a trade-off exists between the operating costs and the climate impact. Cost-optimized routing lies between the time- and fuel-optimized routings and achieves the lowest operating costs by taking the best compromise between flight time and fuel use. The aircraft routing for contrail avoidance shows the second lowest climate impact; however, this routing causes extra operating costs. Our methodology could be extended to statistical analysis based on long-term simulations to clarify the relationship between the aircraft routing characteristics and weather conditions.

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