Possible Russian Contribution to the ERNP

1998 ◽  
Vol 51 (2) ◽  
pp. 145-151
Author(s):  
Vladimir Denisov ◽  
Peter Kent
Keyword(s):  
Russian Federation ◽  
Significant Contribution ◽  
Barents Sea ◽  
Satellite System ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
The Barents Sea ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Baltic

This paper, and the following five papers, were presented during the NAV 97 Conference held at Church House, Westminster, London on 11th and 12th November 1997. A full listing of the Conference, and how to obtain a copy of the proceedings, is shown on Page 279.The Government of the Russian Federation has made available, subject to certain conditions, the GLONASS satellite radionavigation system for civil use. Use of the system is free and there is no intention to introduce coding or to cause any deterioration to the accuracy of the signals. Discussions are currently taking place between the European Commission and the Russian Federation on cooperation concerning the implementation of a navigation satellite system for civil purposes. Discussions are also taking place between interested European Governments and the Russian Federation into the possibility of developing joint Chayka/Loran-C chains wherever this is feasible, and in particular, to cover the Barents Sea, the Baltic Sea and the Black Sea. The development of a concept on integration of radionavigation systems would probably be a significant contribution to the European Radionavigation Plan.

scholarly journals Aspects of the Transition Period in Russia and Cyprus (1991-2004)

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (4) ◽  
pp. 28-38
Author(s):  
T. Malkidis
Keyword(s):  
Black Sea ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Transition Period ◽  
The Black Sea ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Saint Petersburg ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Administrative Units ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Two Bodies

The Russian Federation covers 17.045.000 square kilometres, has a population of 147.000.000 individuals and a national composition of 81,5% Russians, Ukrainians, Tatarians, etc. It shares borders with Finland, Estonia, Latvia, Belarus, Ukraine, Georgia, Azerbaijan, Kazakhstan, China, and Mongolia and it has shores in the Northern Arctic Ocean, the Baltic Sea and the Black Sea. The regime of the Russian Federation is presidential democracy and the president is elected every six years by the citizens1. The Federal Assembly is constituted by two bodies, Duma with 450 members, who are elected for a five-year tenure, half of whom in uninominal regions and the rest with proportional representation of parties. The capital of the Russian Federation is Moscow and other important cities are Saint Petersburg, Novosibirsk, Krasnodar, Vladivostok, and Nizhny Novgorod. Administratively, Russia is divided into 85 administrative units.

Results of measuring the aerosol characteristics in 80th cruise of RV “Akademik Mstislav Keldysh” on the route from the Baltic Sea to the Barents Sea

2021 ◽  
Vol 34 (7) ◽  
pp. 515-523
Author(s):  
S.M. Sakerin ◽  
D.M. Kabanov ◽  
D.A. Kalashnikova ◽  
I.A. Kruglinsky ◽  
V.I. Makarov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Barents Sea ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
The Barents Sea ◽  
The Baltic

scholarly journals Boulder pits of the White Sea Region

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (4-2021) ◽  
pp. 104-125
Author(s):  
M. M. Shakhnovitch ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Coastal Zone ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Barents Sea ◽  
White Sea ◽  
The White Sea ◽  
Field Surveys ◽  
Finnish Lapland ◽  
The Barents Sea ◽  
The Russian Federation

The purpose of the article is to introduce into scientific circulation little-known and controversial objects made of stones discovered during our field surveys in 2019 on the Tersk Coast of the White Sea near the Khlebnaya River. The monument consists of 27 boulder structures of four types: ring-shaped layouts with a recess in the center –– boulder pits (24), “seid”, “pile”, a flat boulder with stones laid on it. Boulder pits within the borders of the Russian Federation are found in the coastal zone of the Western and Northern White Sea regions and the Barents Sea. The distribution of such objects is noted in Finnmark and Finnish Lapland and correlates with the area of historical settlement of local Sami groups. We tend to interpret the “boulder pits” as objects associated with non-Christian cult practices, possibly of a funerary nature.

scholarly journals The northern European shelf as increasing net sink for CO<sub>2</sub>

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meike Becker ◽  
Are Olsen ◽  
Peter Landschützer ◽  
Abdirhaman Omar ◽  
Gregor Rehder ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Baltic Sea ◽  
North Sea ◽  
Barents Sea ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Surface Ocean ◽  
The North ◽  
Northern European ◽  
The Barents Sea ◽  
The North Sea ◽  
The Baltic

Abstract. We developed a simple method to refine existing open ocean maps towards different coastal seas. Using a multi linear regression we produced monthly maps of surface ocean fCO2 in the northern European coastal seas (North Sea, Baltic Sea, Norwegian Coast and in the Barents Sea) covering a time period from 1998 to 2016. A comparison with gridded SOCAT v5 data revealed standard deviations of the residuals 0 ± 26 μatm in the North Sea, 0 ± 16 μatm along the Norwegian Coast, 0 ± 19 μatm in the Barents Sea, and 2 ± 42 μatm in the Baltic Sea.We used these maps as basis to investigate trends in fCO2, pH and air-sea CO2 flux. The surface ocean fCO2 trends are smaller than the atmospheric trend in most of the studied region. Only the western part of the North Sea is showing an increase in fCO2 close to 2 μatm yr−1, which is similar to the atmospheric trend. The Baltic Sea does not show a significant trend. Here, the variability was much larger than possibly observable trends. Consistently, the pH trends were smaller than expected for an increase of fCO2 in pace with the rise of atmospheric CO2 levels. The calculated air-sea CO2 fluxes revealed that most regions were net sinks for CO2. Only the southern North Sea and the Baltic Sea emitted CO2 to the atmosphere. Especially in the northern regions the sink strength increased during the studied period.

scholarly journals The northern European shelf as an increasing net sink for CO<sub>2</sub>

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (3) ◽  
pp. 1127-1147
Author(s):  
Meike Becker ◽  
Are Olsen ◽  
Peter Landschützer ◽  
Abdirhaman Omar ◽  
Gregor Rehder ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Baltic Sea ◽  
North Sea ◽  
Barents Sea ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Surface Ocean ◽  
The North ◽  
Northern European ◽  
The Barents Sea ◽  
The North Sea ◽  
The Baltic

Abstract. We developed a simple method to refine existing open-ocean maps and extend them towards different coastal seas. Using a multi-linear regression we produced monthly maps of surface ocean fCO2 in the northern European coastal seas (the North Sea, the Baltic Sea, the Norwegian Coast and the Barents Sea) covering a time period from 1998 to 2016. A comparison with gridded Surface Ocean CO2 Atlas (SOCAT) v5 data revealed mean biases and standard deviations of 0 ± 26 µatm in the North Sea, 0 ± 16 µatm along the Norwegian Coast, 0 ± 19 µatm in the Barents Sea and 2 ± 42 µatm in the Baltic Sea. We used these maps to investigate trends in fCO2, pH and air–sea CO2 flux. The surface ocean fCO2 trends are smaller than the atmospheric trend in most of the studied regions. The only exception to this is the western part of the North Sea, where sea surface fCO2 increases by 2 µatm yr−1, which is similar to the atmospheric trend. The Baltic Sea does not show a significant trend. Here, the variability was much larger than the expected trends. Consistently, the pH trends were smaller than expected for an increase in fCO2 in pace with the rise of atmospheric CO2 levels. The calculated air–sea CO2 fluxes revealed that most regions were net sinks for CO2. Only the southern North Sea and the Baltic Sea emitted CO2 to the atmosphere. Especially in the northern regions the sink strength increased during the studied period.

scholarly journals MANAGEMENT OF THE UNDERWATER CULTURAL HERITAGE AND INCLUSION OF UCH IN MARITIME SPATIAL PLANNING ON THE EXAMPLE OF THE EASTERN GULF OF FINLAND OF THE BALTIC SEA

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (6) ◽  
pp. 210-219
Author(s):  
L.V. Danilova ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
Spatial Planning ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Gulf Of Finland ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Baltic Countries ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
Maritime Spatial Planning ◽  
The Baltic

The aim of the study is to analyze the UCH management system in the Russian Federation and the obstacles to the integration of UCH into the maritime spatial planning on the example of the Eastern part of the Gulf of Finland of the Baltic Sea in order to preserve UCH and include it in tourist routes. Until now, UCH is not fully integrated into the national MSPs of the Baltic countries. At the same time, MSP does not have a legal status in the Russian Federation, its toolkit and national framework are under development. Russia has a unique opportunity to include MCH in the MSP from the very beginning, defining the key priority areas of UCH based on the experience of the Baltic countries and proposed methodology. The next step will be the development of pilot MSPs for the Russian parts of the Baltic Sea, taking into account the particular value of UCH.

scholarly journals Flying Means of Attack of Ships, Possible to Be Used by a Potential Enemy—Analysis of the Threats for Ships the Polish Navy

2018 ◽  
Vol 215 (4) ◽  
pp. 117-142
Author(s):  
Paweł Dobrzyński ◽  
Stanisław Lipski ◽  
Bogdan Machowski ◽  
Rafał Miętkiewicz ◽  
Mariusz Krawczak
Keyword(s):  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Russian Federation ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Global Trends ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Potential Enemy ◽  
Self Defence

Abstract The article presents the analysis of the threats to Polish Navy ships resulting from the development by the Baltic Sea countries of missile systems or turbojet missiles. The most popular varieties and types of missiles that could be used against Polish Navy vessels were described and classified taking into account mainly the potential of the Baltic Fleet of the Russian Federation (BF FR), as well as an analysis of the latest global trends in the area of counteracting these missiles. The article presents the conclusions drawn from exemplary simulations of the attack of modern anti-ship missiles. The article also contains references to the ways of determining the probability of avoiding a rocket attack and the measure of the effectiveness of self-defence of attacked ships. The work contains conclusions regarding desirable traits from the systems of self-defence of ships on the modern battlefield with particular emphasis on the character of the Polish Navy. The article presents an analysis of the threats to ships of the Polish Navy, resulting from the development in the Baltic Sea countries, missile/turbojet anti-ship systems. Were described and classified most popular varieties and types of missiles applicable to fight Polish Navy ships and described latest global trends counteracted against these missiles. The article presents the conclusions drawn from exemplary simulations of the attack of modern anti-ship missiles. The article also contains references to the ways of determining the probability of avoiding a rocket attack and the measure of the effectiveness of self-defence of attacked ships. The work contains conclusions regarding desirable traits from the systems of self-defence of ships on the modern battlefield, with particular emphasis on the nature of the Polish Navy.

scholarly journals Ensuring environmental safety of the Baltic Sea basin

2021 ◽  
Vol 266 ◽  
pp. 08011
Author(s):  
E.E. Smirnova ◽  
L.D. Tokareva
Keyword(s):  
Baltic Sea ◽  
Environmental Safety ◽  
The Baltic Sea ◽  
Baltic Sea Region ◽  
Long Time ◽  
The Russian Federation ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Baltic Sea Basin ◽  
Northwest Region

The Baltic Sea is not only important for transport, but for a long time it has been supplying people with seafood. In 1998, the Government of the Russian Federation adopted Decree N 1202 “On approval of the 1992 Convention on the Protection of the Marine Environment of the Baltic Sea Region”, according to which Russia approved the Helsinki Convention and its obligations. However, the threat of eutrophication has become urgent for the Baltic Sea basin and Northwest region due to the increased concentration of phosphorus and nitrogen in wastewater. This article studies the methods of dephosphation of wastewater using industrial waste.

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