Carbon Storage and Land-use in Extractive Reserves, Acre, Brazil

1992 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 307-315 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Foster Brown ◽  
Daniel C. Nepstad ◽  
Ivan de O. Pires ◽  
Leda M. Luz ◽  
Andréa S. Alechandre
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Carbon Storage ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Forest Biomass ◽  
Forest Products ◽  
Primary Forest ◽  
Forest Conversion ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Rubber Tappers ◽  
Extractive Reserves

Large-scale forest conversion in Brazil, primarily to cattle pasture, contributes significantly to the global anthropogenic emission of CO2 into the atmosphere. An alternative land-use, namely extractive reserves for forest residents, may serve as one means of using Amazonian forests sustainably and of maintaining carbon in living matter rather than adding it to that in the atmosphere.In the Seringal (former rubber estate) Porongaba (6,800 ha) of the Chico Mendes Extractive Reserve, Acre, Brazil, primary forest still covers more than 90% of the area. Total biomass in primary forest is estimated at 426 tons per ha, equivalent to 213 t C per ha. Rubber tappers effectively maintain about 60,000 tons of carbon per household (family unit) in forest biomass and thus out of the atmosphere. Deforestation of primary forest was less than 0.6% per yr — much less than rates of natural disturbances for other neotropical forests.Slash-and-burn agriculture in the Seringal Porongaba releases carbon at a gross rate of some 200 t C per yr per household. Net releases are much less, as regrowth forests absorb carbon at rates of about 9 t C per ha per yr. The net areal flux of carbon to the atmosphere from land-use in Seringal is much less than one ton of carbon per ha per yr, which is equivalent to less than 0.3% per yr of the carbon stock in forest biomass. If Seringal Porongaba is typical of the three million hectares in extractive reserves in Brazilian Amazonia, then these reserves are calculated to retain 0.6 Gigatons of carbon in the terrestrial biota.Adverse changes in income patterns for rubber tappers could lead to abandonment of extractive reserves or increased deforestation within them. Diversification and improvement of income from non-timber forest products are needed to maintain rubber tappers in extractive reserves. Most beneficiaries of carbon storage in these and other reserves live outside Brazil; devising means of recompensation for these benefits is a challenge for the global society.

scholarly journals Tree height integrated into pantropical forest biomass estimates

2012 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 3381-3403 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. R. Feldpausch ◽  
J. Lloyd ◽  
S. L. Lewis ◽  
R. J. W. Brienen ◽  
M. Gloor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
East Africa ◽  
Carbon Storage ◽  
Stand Structure ◽  
Forest Biomass ◽  
Small Diameter ◽  
Tree Height ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Guiana Shield ◽  
Tree Biomass ◽  
Continental Scale

Abstract. Aboveground tropical tree biomass and carbon storage estimates commonly ignore tree height (H). We estimate the effect of incorporating H on tropics-wide forest biomass estimates in 327 plots across four continents using 42 656 H and diameter measurements and harvested trees from 20 sites to answer the following questions: 1. What is the best H-model form and geographic unit to include in biomass models to minimise site-level uncertainty in estimates of destructive biomass? 2. To what extent does including H estimates derived in (1) reduce uncertainty in biomass estimates across all 327 plots? 3. What effect does accounting for H have on plot- and continental-scale forest biomass estimates? The mean relative error in biomass estimates of destructively harvested trees when including H (mean 0.06), was half that when excluding H (mean 0.13). Power- and Weibull-H models provided the greatest reduction in uncertainty, with regional Weibull-H models preferred because they reduce uncertainty in smaller-diameter classes (≤40 cm D) that store about one-third of biomass per hectare in most forests. Propagating the relationships from destructively harvested tree biomass to each of the 327 plots from across the tropics shows that including H reduces errors from 41.8 Mg ha−1 (range 6.6 to 112.4) to 8.0 Mg ha−1 (−2.5 to 23.0). For all plots, aboveground live biomass was −52.2 Mg ha−1 (−82.0 to −20.3 bootstrapped 95% CI), or 13%, lower when including H estimates, with the greatest relative reductions in estimated biomass in forests of the Brazilian Shield, east Africa, and Australia, and relatively little change in the Guiana Shield, central Africa and southeast Asia. Appreciably different stand structure was observed among regions across the tropical continents, with some storing significantly more biomass in small diameter stems, which affects selection of the best height models to reduce uncertainty and biomass reductions due to H. After accounting for variation in H, total biomass per hectare is greatest in Australia, the Guiana Shield, Asia, central and east Africa, and lowest in east-central Amazonia, W. Africa, W. Amazonia, and the Brazilian Shield (descending order). Thus, if tropical forests span 1668 million km2 and store 285 Pg C (estimate including H), then applying our regional relationships implies that carbon storage is overestimated by 35 Pg C (31–39 bootstrapped 95% CI) if H is ignored, assuming that the sampled plots are an unbiased statistical representation of all tropical forest in terms of biomass and height factors. Our results show that tree H is an important allometric factor that needs to be included in future forest biomass estimates to reduce error in estimates of tropical carbon stocks and emissions due to deforestation.

The ratio of total to merchantable forest biomass and its application to the global carbon budget

1983 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 372-383 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. Carter Johnson ◽  
David M. Sharpe
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Carbon Storage ◽  
Woody Debris ◽  
Forest Biomass ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Global Carbon Budget ◽  
The Mean ◽  
Carbon Losses ◽  
Global Carbon ◽  
Level Analysis

Records of merchantable forest volumes can be used to estimate rates of carbon storage or depletion using a ratio to convert merchantable weights to total forest biomass (T/M ratio). We present evidence that the T/M ratio used to estimate carbon storage in midlatitude forests has been seriously underestimated by neglecting carbon in trees of unmerchantable size and quality and in coarse and fine litter. Ratios for forest types and size classes in Virginia based on detailed plot-level analysis ranged from 2.1 to 5.0; the mean weighted ratio of 2.7 was 55% greater than a ratio currently in use. More general analysis indicated that the T/M ratio for Virginia was representative of forests of the East; forests of the western United States were comparable to those of the East when woody debris was included in the estimate of total biomass. Application of the weighted ratio to growth of United States forests during 1952–1977 yielded a per-annum accretion of carbon in biomass (excluding soil carbon) of 0.15 Gt C•year−1, about 10% of the 1.6–1.9 Gt C•year−1 computed for midlatitude forests. More complete studies of counterbalancing carbon losses from forests, particularly losses in litter and soils after forest harvest and conversion to agriculture, are needed before the source or sink nature of midlatitude forests can be determined with confidence.

scholarly journals Determinants of livelihood strategy variation in two extractive reserves in Amazonian flooded and unflooded forests

2011 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 97-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
PETER NEWTON ◽  
WHALDENER ENDO ◽  
CARLOS A. PERES
Keyword(s):  
Forest Type ◽  
Significant Proportion ◽  
Forest Products ◽  
Local Variation ◽  
Physical Geography ◽  
Livelihood Strategies ◽  
Terra Firme ◽  
Rubber Tappers ◽  
Extractive Reserves ◽  
Seasonally Flooded

SUMMARYExtractive reserves account for a significant proportion of the remaining intact forest within Brazilian Amazonia. Managers of extractive reserves need to understand the livelihood strategies adopted by rural Amazonians in order to implement projects that benefit the livelihoods of local residents whilst maintaining forest integrity. Whilst resident populations are often descended from immigrant rubber-tappers, dynamic economic and social conditions have led to a recent diversification of land-use practices. This two-year study in two large contiguous extractive reserves encompassing both unflooded (terra firme) and seasonally flooded (várzea) forest, shows the degree to which local livelihood strategies of different settlements are heterogeneous. Extractive offtake of forest products and fish catches and agricultural activities, together with income from sales, for 82 households in 10 communities were quantified in detail by means of weekly surveys. The survey data were combined with interviews to examine the demographic and wealth profile, and engagement in alternative activities, in 181 households across 27 communities. All households and communities were engaged in all three subsistence activity types, but there was large variation in engagement with income-generating activities. Households within a community showed considerable congruence in their income-generating activity profiles, but there was significant variation between communities. Yields from agriculture and fishing were more temporally stable than extraction of highly-seasonal forest products. Generalized linear mixed models showed that forest type was consistently important in explaining yields of both agrarian and extractive products. Communities with greater access to terra firme forest were inherently more agricultural, and strongly committed to manioc production. Communities with greater access to flooded forest, however, showed a greater dependence on fishing. Conservation should be more attuned to the diversity and dynamism of livelihood strategies in protected areas; in particular, reserve managers and policy makers should account for the effect of local variation in physical geography when designing sustainable development projects.

Secondary forest structure and biomass following short and extended land-use in central and southern Amazonia

2000 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 689-708 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marc K. Steininger
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Secondary Forest ◽  
Forest Biomass ◽  
Biomass Accumulation ◽  
Stand Age ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Forest Regrowth ◽  
Age Sequence ◽  
Southern Amazonia ◽  
Made In

A study was conducted on the effect of extended land-use on secondary forest biomass accumulation in the Amazon. Structural measurements were made in a series of secondary forest stands, from 4–30 y old, in Brazil and Bolivia. Half of the stands were forest regrowth following clearance and only 1 y of cultivation; the other half were regrowth following 4 y or more of continuous pasture in Brazil and three or more rotations of medium-fallow agriculture in Bolivia. Above-ground live biomass was estimated using published allometric equations. Total biomass ranged from 17 to 207 Mg ha−1. Biomass of pioneer trees was poorly related to stand age, while that of later-successional trees increased linearly with age. Total biomass accumulation in Bolivia averaged 5.4 Mg ha−1 y−1 over the entire age sequence. Biomass accumulation for regrowth following short-term use was not greater than that for regrowth following medium-fallow agriculture. In Brazil, biomass accumulation averaged 9.1 Mg ha−1 y−1 over the first 12 y of regrowth and 5.9 Mg ha−1 y−1 over the entire age sequence. Biomass accumulation was significantly slower, around 5.0 Mg ha−1 y−1, for regrowth following continuous pasture than for regrowth following 1 y of cultivation.

scholarly journals Forest biomass carbon pool dynamics in Tibet Autonomous Region of China: Inventory data 1999-2019

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. e0250073
Author(s):  
Liu Shu-Qin ◽  
Bian Zhen ◽  
Xia Chao-Zong ◽  
Bilal Ahmad ◽  
Zhang Ming ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Storage ◽  
Forest Biomass ◽  
Forest Area ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Biomass Carbon ◽  
Inventory Data ◽  
Autonomous Region ◽  
Pinus Densata ◽  
Tibet Autonomous Region ◽  
Picea Asperata

According to the forest resources inventory data for different periods and the latest estimation parameters of forest carbon reserves in China, the carbon reserves and carbon density of forest biomass in the Tibet Autonomous Region from 1999 to 2019 were estimated using the IPCC international carbon reserves estimation model. The results showed that, during the past 20 years, the forest area, forest stock, and biomass carbon storage in Tibet have been steadily increasing, with an average annual increase of 1.85×104 hm2, 0.033×107 m3, and 0.22×107 t, respectively. Influenced by geographical conditions and the natural environment, the forest area and biomass carbon storage gradually increased from the northwest to the southeast, particularly in Linzhi and Changdu, where there are many primitive forests, which serve as important carbon sinks in Tibet. In terms of the composition of tree species, coniferous forests are dominant in Tibet, particularly those containing Abies fabri, Picea asperata, and Pinus densata, which comprise approximately 45% of the total forest area in Tibet. The ecological location of Tibet has resulted in the area being dominated by shelter forest, comprising 68.76% of the total area, 64.72% of the total forest stock, and 66.34% of the total biomass carbon reserves. The biomass carbon storage was observed to first increase and then decrease with increasing forest age, which is primarily caused by tree growth characteristics. In over-mature forests, trees’ photosynthesis decreases along with their accumulation of organic matter, and the trees can die. In addition, this study also observed that the proportion of mature and over-mature forest in Tibet is excessively large, which is not conducive to the sustainable development of forestry in the region. This problem should be addressed in future management and utilization activities.

scholarly journals Potential Economic Impacts of Allocating More Land for Bioenergy Biomass Production in Virginia

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 159 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Ochuodho ◽  
Janaki Alavalapati ◽  
Pankaj Lal ◽  
Domena Agyeman ◽  
Bernabas Wolde ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
General Equilibrium ◽  
Biomass Production ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Forest Biomass ◽  
Forest Products ◽  
Forest Growth ◽  
Biomass Feedstock ◽  
Bioenergy Production ◽  
Land Use Competition

The growing attention to renewable energy and rural development has created greater demand for production of biomass feedstock for bioenergy. However, forest growth rates and the amount of land in most existing forests may not be sufficient to sustainably supply the forest biomass required to support existing forest products industries and the expanding bioenergy industry. Additionally, concerns about agricultural land use competition have dampened expansion of biomass production on agricultural land base. One of the ways to meet the growing forest biomass feedstock demand for bioenergy production is by allocating currently marginal non-forested land for growing bioenergy feedstocks. In Virginia, about 80% of forestland is under nonindustrial private forest ownership. The land use allocation decisions of these private owners are critical for the supply of the forest biomass feedstock to support bioenergy production. We apply a computable general equilibrium model to assess the economy-wide impacts of forestland owners’ willingness to plant pine on non-forested land for woody bioenergy in Virginia. We consider three counterfactual scenarios of biomass feedstock supply increase as intermediate demand for bioenergy production based on forestland owners’ willingness to accept biomass bid prices to set aside more non-forested land for biomass production in Virginia under general equilibrium conditions. Overall, the results show an increase in social welfare and household utility but a marginal decline in GDP. However, increased demand of biomass from logging sector depressed the manufacturing sector (the wood manufacturing sub-sector particularly), which also relies on the logging sector for its intermediate inputs. Results from this study provide insights into the bioenergy land use competition debate, and pathways towards sustainable bioenergy feedstock supply.

scholarly journals Soil nitrogen oxide fluxes from lowland forests converted smallholder rubber and oil palm plantations in Sumatra, Indonesia

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Evelyn Hassler ◽  
Marife D. Corre ◽  
Syahrul Kurniawan ◽  
Edzo Veldkamp
Keyword(s):  
Land Use ◽  
Oil Palm ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Fertilizer Application ◽  
Forest Conversion ◽  
Land Uses ◽  
Soil N ◽  
Land Use Conversion ◽  
Rubber Plantations ◽  
No Fluxes

Abstract. Oil palm and rubber plantations cover large areas of former rainforest in Sumatra, Indonesia, supplying the global demand for these crops. Although forest conversion is known to influence soil nitrous oxide (N2O) and nitric oxide (NO) fluxes, measurements from oil palm and rubber plantations are scarce (for N2O) or nonexistent (for NO). Our study aimed to (1) quantify changes in soil-atmosphere fluxes of N oxides with forest conversion to rubber and oil palm plantations, and (2) determine their controlling factors. In Jambi, Sumatra, we selected two landscapes that mainly differed in texture but both on heavily weathered soils: loam and clay Acrisol soils. Within each landscape, we investigated lowland forest, rubber trees interspersed in secondary forest (termed as jungle rubber), both as reference land uses, and smallholder rubber and oil palm plantations, as converted land uses. Each land use had four replicate plots within each landscape. Soil N2O fluxes were measured monthly from December 2012 to December 2013, and soil NO fluxes were measured four times between March and September 2013. In the loam Acrisol landscape, we also conducted weekly to bi-weekly soil N2O flux measurements from July 2014 to July 2015 in a large-scale oil palm plantation with four replicate plots for comparison with smallholder oil palm plantations. Land-use conversion to smallholder plantations had no effect on soil N-oxide fluxes (P = 0.58 to 0.76) due to the generally low soil N availability in the reference land uses that further decreased with land-use conversion. Over one-year measurements, the temporal patterns of soil N-oxide fluxes were influenced by soil mineral N and water contents. Across landscapes, annual soil N2O emissions were controlled by gross nitrification and sand content, which also suggest the influence of soil N and water availability. Soil N2O fluxes (µg N m−2 h−1) were: 7 ± 2 to 14 ± 7 (reference land uses), 6 ± 3 to 9 ± 2 (rubber), 12 ± 3 to 12 ± 6 (smallholder oil palm), and 42 ± 24 (large-scale oil palm). Soil NO fluxes (µg N m−2 h−1) were: −0.6 ± 0.7 to 5.7 ± 5.8 (reference land uses), −1.2 ± 0.5 to −1.0 ± 0.2 (rubber) and −0.2 ± 1.2 to 0.7 ± 0.7 (smallholder oil palm). The low N fertilizer application in smallholder oil palm plantations (commonly 48 to 88 kg N ha−1 yr−1) resulted in N-oxide losses of only 0.2–0.7 % of the applied N. To improve estimate of soil N-oxide fluxes from oil palm plantations in this region, studies should focus on large-scale plantations (which usually have two to four times higher N fertilization rates than smallholders) with frequent measurements following fertilizer application.

scholarly journals ANALISIS KANDUNGAN BIOMASSA DAN KARBON TERSIMPAN (Carbon Stock) PADA PSP (Plot Sampling Parmanent) HUTAN NEGERI SOYA KOTA AMBON.

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yulianus D Komul ◽  
Gun Mardiatmoko ◽  
Rohny S. Maail
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Stock ◽  
Secondary Forest ◽  
Forest Biomass ◽  
Carbon Stocks ◽  
Primary Forest ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Secondary Forests ◽  
Plot Sampling ◽  
Primary Forests ◽  
Sampling Plot

Carbon stocks while amount of carbon stored on vegetation, other biomass and soil. Effort to reduce greenhouse gas concentrations at atmosphere (emissions) ito reduce CO2 into air. Amount of CO2 on air must be controlled by increasing of CO2 by plants as much as possible and reducing release of emissions as low as possible. Carbon stored reserves should be measured as attempt to carbon stocks in forest to decrease carbon emissions and adverse effects. Research do in September 2015 at parmanent sampling plot on 2012 at Soya included Mount Sirimau . Method of biomass and carbon stocks on Measurement and Calculation of Carbon Stock overall primary forests and secondary forests consist of 409. Total biomass content for For strata of primary forest biomass is 510 with 3590 tons / ha - 786.6950 tons / ha with average content of biomass at 640.4733 tons/ ha. .At secondary forest is 210.1608 tons / ha to 436.6976 tons / ha with 289.4509 tons / ha. Carbon-stored at primary forest is 239.9190 tons / ha to 369.0228 tons / ha with 301.1112 tons / ha. On secondary forest amount of carbon stored is 88.9805 tons / ha to 139.7868 tons / ha and 110.1785 tons / ha.

Root biomass and carbon in a tropical evergreen forest of Mexico: changes with secondary succession and forest conversion to pasture

2003 ◽  
Vol 19 (4) ◽  
pp. 457-464 ◽  
Author(s):  
Víctor J. Jaramillo ◽  
Raúl Ahedo-Hernández ◽  
J. Boone Kauffman
Keyword(s):  
Root Biomass ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Evergreen Forest ◽  
Primary Forest ◽  
Forest Conversion ◽  
Total Biomass ◽  
Secondary Forests ◽  
C Pools ◽  
Tropical Evergreen Forest ◽  
Primary Forests

Conversion of tropical evergreen forests to crops or pastures results in significant depletions of terrestrial carbon (C) pools. Root biomass and root C pools were quantified in tropical evergreen primary forest, and in secondary forests and pastures of different ages, in the Los Tuxtlas Region, Veracruz, Mexico. Total root biomass to 1-m depth ranged from 19 to 27 Mg ha-1 in primary forest, from 5.5 to 22.5 Mg ha-1 in secondary forests (8-, 20- and 30-y-old), and from 3.1 to 5.4 Mg ha-1 in pastures (12-, 20- and 28-y-old). Large roots (> 20 mm in diameter) were largely absent below 40 cm depth in secondary forests and pastures. Roots in the 0–40 cm soil depth represented 60–76% of the total root biomass in primary forest, 77–93% in secondary forests, and 89–96% in pastures. Root biomass comprised 4.7–6.2% of the total biomass in primary forests and between 6.8–8.5% in secondary forests. These low values, the relatively high concentration of roots in the top 40 cm of soil, and the shallow depth at which large roots occurred in secondary forests suggest forest susceptibility to natural disturbances. Root C pools ranged from 7.9 to 11.6 Mg ha-1 in primary forests, from 2.1 to 9.6 Mg ha-1 in secondary forests and from 1.0 to 1.9 Mg ha-1 in pastures. The estimated total ecosystem C pool in primary forest was 415 Mg ha-1, it ranged from 187-246 Mg ha-1 in secondary forests, and was 179 Mg ha-1 in pastures. Tropical forest conversion to pasture decreased the root C pool by nearly 80% and represented a 94% loss of C in ecosystem biomass. Absolute losses of root C were nevertheless small when compared with the above-ground C loss. Carbon distribution among ecosystem biomass components is key to adequately understanding the consequences of land-use/cover change on C dynamics in tropical regions.

Extractive Reserves and Participatory Research as Factors in the Biogeochemistry of the Amazon Basin

2001 ◽  
Author(s):  
Foster Brown ◽  
Karen Kainer
Keyword(s):  
Participatory Research ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Amazon Basin ◽  
Average Rate ◽  
Time Frame ◽  
Indigenous Populations ◽  
Primary Forest ◽  
Secondary Forests ◽  
Brazilian Amazonia ◽  
Extractive Reserves

The word Amazonia conjures up diverse images, ranging from an exotic jungle to resources for development to a vast web of ecosystems that interact with global element cycles-the focus of this book. This chapter examines the biogeochemical role of extractive reserves, a relatively new land use type within Amazonia in which nontimber forest extraction is the defining human activity. The chapter also provides examples of how participatory research with local communities can enhance the quality of the results and improve their transmission to society. Humans have been a part of the Amazon for the past several thousand years. Amerindian activities have affected forest structure in significant manners by selective planting and clearing (Balée 1989) and by increasing fire frequency, particularly during mega-El Niño events (Meggers 1994). During the last few centuries, neo-Europeans have tragically reduced native indigenous populations by several million and made wide-scale transformations in the tropics of the Americas (Crosby 1993, Ribeiro 1996). The booms in rubber extraction in the late 1800s and during World War II brought waves of nonindigenous migrants to Brazilian Amazonia (Dean 1989). More recently, large-scale implantation of cattle ranching and colonization projects, and to a lesser degree, mining activity, have accelerated change in Amazonian landscapes (Schmink and Wood 1992). In addition, the ensuing road network and infrastructure left in the wake of these recent activities increased access to primary forest, precipitating further deforestation. By 1996, about 52 million hectares, nearly the size of France, had been deforested in Brazilian Amazonia (INPE 1998). At the average rate of deforestation from 1992 to 1996 (1.9 million hectares per year), another area equivalent to this figure will be added by the year 2025, a time frame within the career of many reading this book. Continuation of the present trends will result in an increasing savannization of the Amazonian region, with pastures, secondary forests, and crop lands expanding into areas once occupied by closed-canopy forests. This phenomenon may also be called the “Africanization” of Amazonia because most of the pastures are planted with grasses imported from Africa, such as Bracharia brisanthum, which are notably different in their response to rainfall patterns and to fire than the forests that they replace.

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