scholarly journals Spillover from marine reserves and the replenishment of fished stocks

2009 ◽  
Vol 36 (4) ◽  
pp. 268-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
BENJAMIN S. HALPERN ◽  
SARAH E. LESTER ◽  
JULIE B. KELLNER
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Empirical Data ◽  
Marine Reserves ◽  
Marine Reserve ◽  
Population Models ◽  
The Other ◽  
Marine Resources ◽  
Common Phenomenon ◽  
Small Scales ◽  
Effective Conservation

SUMMARYNo-take marine reserves are widely recognized as an effective conservation tool for protecting marine resources. Despite considerable empirical evidence that abundance and biomass of fished species increase within marine reserve boundaries, the potential for reserves to provide fisheries and conservation benefits to adjacent waters remains heavily debated. This paper uses statistical and population models to evaluate published empirical data on adult spillover from marine reserves and shows that spillover is a common phenomenon for species that respond positively to reserve protection, but at relatively small scales, detectable on average up to 800 m from reserve boundaries. At these small scales, local fisheries around reserves were likely unsustainable in 12 of 14 cases without the reserve, and spillover partially or fully offsets losses in catch due to reserve closure in the other two cases. For reserves to play a role in sustaining and replenishing larger-scale fished stocks, networks of reserves may be necessary, but as few exist this is difficult to evaluate. The results suggest reserves can simultaneously meet conservation objectives and benefit local fisheries adjacent to their boundaries.

scholarly journals On the Anthropocene formalization and the proposal by the Anthropocene Working Group

2020 ◽  
Vol 18 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
C. Soriano
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Empirical Data ◽  
Time Scale ◽  
Working Group ◽  
The Other ◽  
Comprehensive Understanding ◽  
Geologic Time ◽  
Earth History ◽  
The Earth ◽  
Geologic Time Scale

In the coming years the Anthropocene will be likely submitted to formalization by the Anthropocene Working Group as a chronostratigraphic unit of the Geologic Time Scale. This has generated an increasing debate among detractors and defenders of its formalization in general, and of the proposal by the Anthropocene Working Group in particular. Here, the main issues regarding the Geologic Time Scale and the rules to formalize units, the empirical data supporting the Anthropocene formalization and the critiques to formalize it are critically reviewed. The procedure to formalize the Anthropocene is not dissimilar from those of the other units of the Geologic Time Scale and has been essentially based on stratigraphic and geologic criteria. Following the recommendation of the Anthropocene Working Group and based on the empirical evidence on the Anthropocene as it is expressed in strata and, more important, on the immanent and structural link between the Anthropocene and the reproduction of capital, it is proposed to define Capitalian as a Stage of the Anthropocene Epoch. In this way, a truly comprehensive understanding of the Earth history is obtained, which comprises the ultimate causes of the ongoing planetary transformation and its stratatigraphic expression.

scholarly journals Public health decisions in the COVID-19 pandemic require more than ‘follow the science’

2021 ◽  
pp. medethics-2020-107134
Author(s):  
Thana Cristina de Campos-Rudinsky ◽  
Eduardo Undurraga
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Decision Making ◽  
Health Policy ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Empirical Data ◽  
Public Health Policy ◽  
Scientific Evidence ◽  
Ethical Reasoning ◽  
Reliable Data ◽  
Good Decision

Although empirical evidence may provide a much desired sense of certainty amidst a pandemic characterised by uncertainty, the vast gamut of available COVID-19 data, including misinformation, has instead increased confusion and distrust in authorities’ decisions. One key lesson we have been gradually learning from the COVID-19 pandemic is that the availability of empirical data and scientific evidence alone do not automatically lead to good decisions. Good decision-making in public health policy, this paper argues, does depend on the availability of reliable data and rigorous analyses, but depends above all on sound ethical reasoning that ascribes value and normative judgement to empirical facts.

Self-Structuring in Artificial "Chimps" Offers New Hypotheses for Male Grouping in Chimpanzees

Behaviour ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 130 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 229-252 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irenaeus J.A. Te Boekhorst ◽  
Paulien Hogeweg
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Data ◽  
The Other ◽  
Territorial Defense ◽  
Party Membership ◽  
Party Size ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Competition For Food ◽  
Self Organisation ◽  
The One ◽  
Artificial World

AbstractChimpanzees live in societies that are characterised both by disorder and order. On the one hand, party size fluctuates in a randomlike fashion and party membership is unpredictable ; on the other hand, fundamental party structures are apparent; males are often in all-male parties whereas females remain mostly solitary. The customary sociobiological explanation is based on the assumptions that 1) competition for food favors solitariness (especially in females); 2) chimpanzee males share the costs of territorial defense against rivals from neighbouring communities and 3) genetical relatedness among males within a community compensates for fitness losses due to their competition for food and females. We point to some theoretical flaws in the reasoning that forms the basis of the current neo-Darwinistic model and to the lack of empirical data concerning male relatedness. Most importantly, chimpanzee-like party structures emerge by self-organisation in an artificial "world" in which "CHIMPs" do nothing more than searching for food and mates, without requiring any of the assumptions of the sociobiological model.

scholarly journals Cross-cultural data shows musical scales evolved to maximise imperfect fifths

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
John Mcbride ◽  
Tsvi Tlusty
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Empirical Data ◽  
Cross Cultural ◽  
Harmonic Series ◽  
Selection Pressures ◽  
Empirical Distributions ◽  
Efficient Communication ◽  
The World ◽  
Cultural Data ◽  
Musical Scales

Musical scales are used throughout the world, but the question of how they evolved remains open. Some suggest that scales based on the harmonic series are inherently pleasant, while others propose that scales are chosen that are easy to communicate.However, testing these theories has been hindered by the sparseness of empirical evidence. Here, we assimilate data from diverse ethnomusicological sources into a cross-cultural database of scales. We generate populations of scales based on multiple theories and assess their similarity to empirical distributions from the database. Most scales tend to include intervals which are close in size to perfect fifths (“imperfect fifths”), and packing arguments explain the salient features of the distributions. Scales are also preferred if their intervals are compressible, which may facilitate efficient communication and memory of melodies. While scales appear to evolve according to various selection pressures, the simplest, imperfect-fifths packing model best fits the empirical data.

scholarly journals Perceraian (Kajian Sosiologis terhadap Kasus-kasus pada Pengadilan Agama Banda Aceh)

2019 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 63
Author(s):  
Mukhlis Azis
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
Common Phenomenon ◽  
Banda Aceh

Divorce, which is a lawful (halal) but detested (makruh) act in Islam, is a common phenomenon in society. Usually, it is the husband who takes initiative to the case, not the other way around. Yet, with the recently growing number of divorce cases, the percentage of divorce initiated by the wife has significantly increased. This phenomenon is no doubt an urgent topic to be studied.

scholarly journals Pædagogisk ekspertise og kvalitet i fritidsinstitutionerne

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 15
Author(s):  
Mette Høgh Stæhr ◽  
Lisbeth Madsen
Keyword(s):  
Young People ◽  
Continuing Education ◽  
Empirical Data ◽  
The Other ◽  
After School ◽  
Project Development ◽  
Professional Expertise ◽  
Children And Young People ◽  
Pedagogical Expertise ◽  
The One

ResumeDet pædagogiske arbejde med børn og unge i fritidsinstitutionerne har de senere år politisk, økonomisk, kompetenceudviklingsmæssigt og forskningsmæssigt været nedprioriteret til trods for institutionernes samfundsmæssige rolle og betydning for børn og unge. Denne artikel diskuterer, hvilken betydning dette har for den faglige ekspertise på området. Gennem analyse af empiri indsamlet i forbindelse med et projekt vedrørende kompetenceudvikling på det fritidspædagogiske område, beskriver artiklen den faglige udvikling i praksis, hvilken viden henholdsvis pædagoger, ledere og organisationer fremhæver som essentiel, hvad dette kan være et udtryk for, og hvorfor netop denne viden sættes i tæt relation til drøftelser vedrørende pædagogisk ekspertise samt kvalitet i fritidsinstitutionerne. Med afsæt i analyser fra en gennemført undersøgelse er artiklens pointe, at pædagogisk kvalitet i fritidsinstitutionerne tager udgangspunkt i pædagogfaglig viden og situationsbunden kundskab om børne- og ungegruppers divergerende hverdagsliv, institutionsliv og interessefællesskaber. Abstract Pedagogical expertise and quality in leisure institutionsWithin the last few years social pedagogical work among children and young people in after school clubs and -centers have not been prioritized politically and economically, with regard to continuing education and when it comes to research despite the societal role and importance these institutions have for the development of children and young people. The article discusses the possible consequences this has had for professional expertise in the field through an analysis of empirical data collected in relation to the project: ‘development of professional courses to professionals working within the field of after school clubs and centres.’ The article takes the reader through a description of the field within the last few years to an analysis of the knowledge that pedagogues, leaders and various organizations evaluate as needed. We will point out that good quality must be found in the relation between knowledge on the one side and capable professionals on the other.

US-Taliban Peace Agreement: A Study of Economic and Strategic Implications for Pakistan

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 158-168
Author(s):  
Asif Salim ◽  
Raid Khan ◽  
Zikriya
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Data ◽  
Popular Literature ◽  
The Other ◽  
Policy Recommendations ◽  
Peace Agreement ◽  
Economic Implications ◽  
Internal Politics ◽  
The Us ◽  
Different Dimensions ◽  
External Actors

The competition among the regional stake-holders cannot be neglected because they can sabotage the peace process by delaying the focused intra-afghan dialogue. It is, therefore, argued that only Afghans can dilute the influence of external actors and keep them away from interfering in the internal politics of Afghanistan. Without the active participation of Pakistan objectives for durable and long-standing peace cannot be achieved. Pakistan not only provided its good-offices for the negotiation between the parties at different forums but also influenced and persuaded the Taliban factions for negotiations. The question arises that what will be the implications of this deal on Pakistan and how it can play plank the fruitful outcomes from this deal. The results shows that the deal between the US and Taliban has deep-down strategic and economic implications on Pakistan and with better strategy Pakistan can create win-win situation for the other regional stakeholders.  Furthermore, the current research is qualitative in nature in which the empirical data and popular literature have critically analyzed to understand the peace agreement in Afghanistan with its different dimensions and perspectives. Policy recommendations are the part of discussion, however paper focuses fundamentally on possible ramifications of Doha peace deal.

Survey of Parents’ Disposition to Co-creation with Their Children

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Reni Hristova-Kotseva
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Data ◽  
Target Group ◽  
The Other

This article presents an analysis of the results of a survey conducted with parents of 3-to-7-year-old children. The objective of the survey was to study the attitudes of the parents to inclusion in the Happy and Successful Together Project under the Innovation and Competitiveness Operational Programme. Two questionnaires were developed: one for finding out about the parents’ expectations for their children’s talents, their discovery and development, and the other – for establishing the parents’ need for communication and interaction with their children in an atmosphere of cooperation and collaboration. Based on the processing, systematization, and analysis of the primary empirical data, a pilot target group of 34 children was formed to work with on the main objectives of the project.

Transfer Pricing and Location of Intangibles - Spillover and Tax Avoidance through Profit Shifting

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebecca Reineke ◽  
Katrin Weiskirchner-Merten
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Transfer Pricing ◽  
Home Bias ◽  
Tax Avoidance ◽  
Optimal Location ◽  
The Other ◽  
Profit Shifting ◽  
Tax Rate ◽  
Length Range ◽  
A Company

This study examines how spillovers affect a multinational company's choice of an intangible's location and the corresponding transfer price for using this intangible. Our model uses a company with a domestic division in a high-tax country and a foreign division in a low-tax country, where each division's activities generate spillovers on the other division's income. In contrast to previous studies, our analysis incorporates an intangible's optimal location when the company trades off tax minimization and efficient activities. By locating the intangible abroad, the company reduces its tax liability, whereas locating the intangible domestically yields more efficient domestic division activities. For a high spillover of the domestic division, the company locates the intangible domestically. Our model supports empirical evidence regarding intangibles' location that is interpreted as "home bias". Additionally, we show how variations in regulatory parameters-arm's length range and tax rate differential-affect the divisions' activities and the intangible's location.

Impact of Risk Assessment Models on Risk Factors

2018 ◽  
pp. 134-153
Author(s):  
K. Madhu Kishore Raghunath ◽  
S. L. Tulasi Devi ◽  
Chandra Sekhar Patro
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Risk Assessment ◽  
Risk Management ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
The Other ◽  
Risk Models ◽  
Public And Private ◽  
Risk Assessment Models ◽  
General Business ◽  
The Given

World is vicinity full of opportunities given the amount of economic and non-economic transactions taking place every moment. With ubiquitous opportunities all around, businesses can assume inherent risk everywhere in one or the other way. In this chapter, the authors have deliberated the general business scenario to prove the given inferences. The readers will come across why the risk management is gaining so much gravity and across risk strategy of top business players. The chapter will bring into light the various risk factors in business and study the various risk assessment models present to fortify the negativity of these risk factors. Simultaneously, the authors will draw empirical evidence on the effectiveness, qualitative and quantitative risk models have on risk factors in public and private business organisations.

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