Cellulase-gold labelling of cellulose in forages

1989 ◽  
Vol 47 ◽  
pp. 1012-1013
Author(s):  
Janet H. Woodward
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Acetate ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata ◽  
Sodium Acetate Buffer ◽  
Total Dietary Fiber ◽  
Coastal Bermudagrass ◽  
Cell Wall Constituent ◽  
Structural Differences ◽  
Gold Labelling ◽  
Insight Into

Current fiber analyses provide information on the chemical and structural composition of the fiber as a whole. However, these techniques do not offer insight into the compositional and structural differences between specific fiber tissues which may affect digestibility. The purpose of this study was to: (1) ultrastructurally localize one cell wall constituent, cellulose, in four forages; and (2) apply this technique as a tool for the evaluation of biodegradation in forages.Insoluble fibers were prepared using a modified AOAC Total Dietary Fiber Technique. Two millimeter sections cut from leaflets of alfalfa (Medicago sativa L.) and 1-76 1espedeza [Sericea cuneata (Dumont)] and leaves of coastal bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon L. Pers.) and orchardgrass (Dactylis glomerata L.) were incubated stepwise with: (1) α-amylase, pH 6.0 for ½ h at 100°C; (2) protease, pH 7.5 for ½ h at 60°C; (3) amyloglucosidase, pH 4.5 for ½ h at 60°C, and (4) 1% (w/v) cellulase in 0.05 M sodium acetate buffer, pH 5.0 for 24 h at 37°C.

scholarly journals Acid phosphatases and ribonucleases from Dactylis glomerata seeds. I. Chromatographic and electrophoretic heterogeneity of the enzymes

2015 ◽  
Vol 47 (4) ◽  
pp. 441-453 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eleonora Wieczorek ◽  
Janina Wiśniewska ◽  
Bronisława Morawiecka
Keyword(s):  
Acid Phosphatase ◽  
Sodium Acetate ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Deae Cellulose ◽  
Dactylis Glomerata ◽  
Molecular Forms ◽  
Acid Phosphatases ◽  
Sodium Acetate Buffer ◽  
Optimal Activity ◽  
Optimum Ph

Acid phosphatase and ribonuclease extracted with 0.1 M sodium acetate buffer, pH 5.1 from Dactylis glomerata seeds, and partially purified by means of 70% ethanol precipitation showed electrophoretic and Chromatographic heterogeneity. After chromatography on DEAE-cellulose acid phosphatase and ribonuclease were separated into four peaks. Nonadsorbing acid phosphatase on DEAE-cellulose (peak I) was separated into four peaks on CM-cellulose. The highest activity (11 units/mg) was found in fraction b (acid phosphatase Ib). The enzyme was activated by Mg<sup>2+</sup>, Ca<sup>2+</sup>, Li<sup>+</sup>, Cs<sup>+</sup>, K<sup>+</sup> ions and inhibited by Cu<sup>2+</sup>, Zu<sup>2+</sup>, F<sup>-</sup> and Mo<sup>-6</sup> at optimum pH 5.0. Strong absorbing ribonuclease on DEAE-cellulose (peak IV) was further separated on G-200 Sephadex into two molecular forms: RN-asa1 and RN-ase2. Ribonuclease l, a thermolabile enzyme with specific activity 807 units/mg, showed an optimal activity at pH 4.8-5.1.

The role of silicon in forages: A quantitative X-Ray study

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 416-417
Author(s):  
Janet H. Woodward ◽  
D. E. Akin
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Acetate ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Acetate Buffer ◽  
Plant Tissues ◽  
Sodium Acetate Buffer ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Dry Matter Digestibility ◽  
Percent Composition

Silicon (Si) is distributed throughout plant tissues, but its role in forages has not been clarified. Although Si has been suggested as an antiquality factor which limits the digestibility of structural carbohydrates, other research indicates that its presence in plants does not affect digestibility. We employed x-ray microanalysis to evaluate Si as an antiquality factor at specific sites of two cultivars of bermuda grass (Cynodon dactvlon (L.) Pers.). “Coastal” and “Tifton-78” were chosen for this study because previous work in our lab has shown that, although these two grasses are similar ultrastructurally, they differ in in vitro dry matter digestibility and in percent composition of Si.Two millimeter leaf sections of Tifton-7 8 (Tift-7 8) and Coastal (CBG) were incubated for 72 hr in 2.5% (w/v) cellulase in 0.05 M sodium acetate buffer, pH 5.0. For controls, sections were incubated in the sodium acetate buffer or were not treated.

Causes and prediction of changes in extractable phosphorus during flooding

Soil Research ◽  
1989 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 45 ◽  
Author(s):  
IR Willett
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Sodium Acetate ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Sodium Acetate Buffer ◽  
P Release ◽  
Reduction Of Iron ◽  
No Release ◽  
Extractable Phosphorus ◽  
A Minor

In a laboratory experiment, samples of 18 soils, which are known to be flooded in the field, were flooded for up to 32 days. Both untreated and phosphate-treated (50 mg P kg-1) soils were studied. It was attempted to identify which chemical properties measured on the dry untreated soils, and the changes in pH, Eh and extractable Fe and Mn over the flooding periods, controlled the changes in sodium acetate buffer (pH 3.0) extractable phosphorus during flooding. It was shown that the reduction of iron(III) oxides was the dominant source of the P released during flooding. However, the amount of P released was strongly inhibited by re-sorption. Direct measurement of the amount of iron(III) reduced during flooding and measurement of phosphate sorption were required to predict the amount of P released during flooding. Organic matter contributed toward the P released during flooding. Its contribution appeared to be by mineralization, rather than by accelerating FeIII reduction. The reduction of MnIII and MnIII was a minor source of P in the untreated soils. Changes in soil pH during flooding were responsible for desorption of freshly applied P, but did not appear to affect P release in the untreated soils. The Vertisols and some of the Alfisols showed very little, or no release of P during flooding.

scholarly journals Deciphering the Enigma of the Histone H2A.Z-1/H2A.Z-2 Isoforms: Novel Insights and Remaining Questions

Cells ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (5) ◽  
pp. 1167
Author(s):  
Manjinder S. Cheema ◽  
Katrina V. Good ◽  
Bohyun Kim ◽  
Heddy Soufari ◽  
Connor O’Sullivan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Expression ◽  
Amino Acids ◽  
Dna Damage ◽  
Chromosome Segregation ◽  
Multiple Roles ◽  
Histone H2a ◽  
The Core ◽  
Structural Differences ◽  
Functional Involvement ◽  
Insight Into

The replication independent (RI) histone H2A.Z is one of the more extensively studied variant members of the core histone H2A family, which consists of many replication dependent (RD) members. The protein has been shown to be indispensable for survival, and involved in multiple roles from DNA damage to chromosome segregation, replication, and transcription. However, its functional involvement in gene expression is controversial. Moreover, the variant in several groups of metazoan organisms consists of two main isoforms (H2A.Z-1 and H2A.Z-2) that differ in a few (3–6) amino acids. They comprise the main topic of this review, starting from the events that led to their identification, what is currently known about them, followed by further experimental, structural, and functional insight into their roles. Despite their structural differences, a direct correlation to their functional variability remains enigmatic. As all of this is being elucidated, it appears that a strong functional involvement of isoform variability may be connected to development.

scholarly journals Insight into the structural differences in transmembrane segment 1 between NBCe1‐A and AE1

2012 ◽  
Vol 26 (S1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Quansheng Zhu ◽  
Debra Newman ◽  
Liyo Kao ◽  
Weixin Liu ◽  
Rustam Azimov ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transmembrane Segment ◽  
Structural Differences ◽  
Insight Into

STARCH GEL ELECTROPHORESIS OF COBRA AND RATTLESNAKE VENOMS

1963 ◽  
Vol 41 (4) ◽  
pp. 1073-1078 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. Neelin
Keyword(s):  
Ionic Strength ◽  
Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Sodium Acetate ◽  
Acetate Buffer ◽  
Starch Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Sodium Acetate Buffer ◽  
Cacodylate Buffer ◽  
Starch Gel ◽  
Acidic Proteins

The effect of pH on gradient starch gel electrophoresis of the venoms of Crotalus adamanteus and Naja flava has been examined. Sodium acetate buffer, pH 4.1, ionic strength 0.020, appeared most effective for resolution of the former venom, and acetate buffer, pH 4.7, or cacodylate buffer, pH 6.0, for the latter. Two-dimensional starch gel electrophoresis resolved at least 20 zones from the crotaline venom and 11 from the colubrid. Two zones of hemolytic activity were separated from each venom: in C. adamanteus the less cationic zone included possibly two or more acidic proteins; the corresponding zone of N. flava was more basic, more homogeneous, and more active under the conditions of assay.

scholarly journals XRD Identification of Ore Minerals during Cruises: Refinement of Extraction Procedure with Sodium Acetate Buffer

Minerals ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (2) ◽  
pp. 160
Author(s):  
Jelena Milinovic ◽  
Ágata Alveirinho Dias ◽  
Ana I. Janeiro ◽  
Manuel F. C. Pereira ◽  
Sofia Martins ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Acetate ◽  
Extraction Procedure ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
Acetate Buffer ◽  
Sodium Acetate Buffer ◽  
Sediment Samples ◽  
New Information ◽  
Ore Minerals ◽  
Mid Atlantic Ridge ◽  
Seafloor Sediments

The on-board identification of ore minerals during a cruise is often postponed until long after the cruise is over. During the M127 cruise, 21 cores with deep-seafloor sediments were recovered in the Trans-Atlantic Geotraverse (TAG) field along the Mid Atlantic Ridge (MAR). Sediments were analyzed on-board for physicochemical properties such as lightness (L*), pH and Eh. Selected samples were studied for mineral composition by X-ray powder diffraction (XRD). Based on XRD data, sediment samples were separated into high-, low- and non-carbonated. Removal of carbonates is a common technique in mineralogical studies in which HCl is used as the extraction agent. In the present study, sequential extraction was performed with sodium acetate buffer (pH 5.0) to remove carbonates. The ratio between the highest calcite XRD reflection in the original samples (Iorig) vs its XRD-reflection in samples after their treatment with the buffer (Itreat) was used as a quantitative parameter of calcite removal, as well as to identify minor minerals in carbonated samples (when Iorig/Itreat > 24). It was found that the lightness parameter (L*) showed a positive correlation with calcite XRD reflection in selected TAG samples, and this could be applied to the preliminary on-board determination of extraction steps with acetate buffer (pH 5.0) in carbonated sediment samples. The most abundant minerals detected in carbonated samples were quartz and Al- and Fe-rich clays. Other silicates were also detected (e.g., calcic plagioclase, montmorillonite, nontronite). In non-carbonated samples, Fe oxides and hydroxides (goethite and hematite, respectively) were detected. Pyrite was the dominant hydrothermal mineral and Cu sulfides (chalcopyrite, covellite) and hydrothermal Mn oxides (birnessite and todorokite) were mineral phases identified in few samples, whereas paratacamite was detected in the top 20 cm of the core. The present study demonstrates that portable XRD analysis makes it possible to characterize mineralogy at cored sites, in particular in both low- and high-carbonated samples, before the end of most cruises, thus enabling the quick modification of exploration strategies in light of new information as it becomes available in near-real time.

scholarly journals Influence of housing type on the cecal environment of horses

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 877-884
Author(s):  
Ashley N Wolford ◽  
Josie A Coverdale ◽  
Jessica L Leatherwood ◽  
William E Pinchak ◽  
Robin C Anderson ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Lactic Acid ◽  
Lactic Acid Bacteria ◽  
Dry Matter ◽  
Cynodon Dactylon ◽  
Housing Type ◽  
Ph Values ◽  
Coastal Bermudagrass ◽  
Quarter Horse ◽  
Voluntary Intake ◽  
Internal Marker

Abstract Eight previously cecally cannulated Quarter Horse geldings were utilized in a crossover design with two 28-d periods with a 21-d washout period between to evaluate the influence of housing on the cecal environment and dry matter intake (DMI). Horses were adapted to diet and housing from day 1 to 19, DMI was determined from day 20 to 24, and cecal fluid was collected on day 28. Horses were paired by age and body weight (BW) and randomly assigned to treatment. Treatments consisted of housing horses individually in stalls or group housed in a pen. Regardless of treatment, all horses were individually fed a pelleted concentrate at 1% BW (as fed) offered twice daily 12 h apart. All horses had ad libitum access to coastal bermudagrass hay (Cynodon dactylon). Hay was offered to stalled horses initially at 2% BW (as fed) and then adjusted based on 120% of a previous 3-d average of voluntary intake. A dual marker system was used to estimate forage consumption in all horses, using titanium dioxide (TiO2) as the external marker and acid detergent insoluble ash (ADIA) as the internal marker. TiO2 was offered at 10 g/d for 10 d with fecal samples collected on the final 4 d at 12-h intervals advancing by 3 h each day to account for diurnal variation. Cecal samples were collected on day 28, 4 h after the morning meal and immediately analyzed for pH, total anaerobic and lactic acid bacteria populations, methane and ammonia concentrations, as well as volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentrations. Data were analyzed using the PROC GLM procedure of SAS with the model containing effects for horse, period, and treatment. Cecal pH was affected by housing (P = 0.02) with group-housed horses having lower cecal pH values compared with stalled horses (6.52 vs. 6.69, respectively). There was no influence of housing on populations of total anaerobic or lactic acid bacteria. Furthermore, housing did not influence cecal concentrations of VFA or methane and ammonia concentrations. Estimates of voluntary forage DMI were greater for group-housed horses (P = 0.04) than stalled (8.47 and 5.17 ± 0.89 kg DM/d, respectively). In conclusion, confinement housing did not, with the exception of pH, alter cecal environment of a horse when similar diets were offered but did affect forage consumption.

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