Observation of Single Magnetic-Flux Quanta Using Electron Holography
A Magnetic flux quantum (fluxon) penetrating a superconductor plays an important role in both fundamental and practical applications of superconductivity. However, the fluxon has evaded direct observation, because it is shaped like an extremely thin filament in addition to its small flux value, h/2e (=2x10−15Wb). Several methods have already been developed to indirectly observe each filament of flux. One method is Bitter's [1], in which magnetic powder is sprinkled on the superconductor surface. The powder accumulates at the fluxons, and the image is observed by electron microscopy.We have observed the magnetic field of a single fluxon using holographic electron interferometry [2], in which the phase distribution of an electron beam can be measured to a precision of 2Π/50. The schematic diagram of the experiment is shown in Fig. 1. A weak magnetic field is applied perpendicularly to a superconducting lead film. Fiuxons penetrating the film are observed as phase contour fringes through the electron holography process. The sample is prepared by evaporating lead on one side of a thin tungsten wire, which is shown in Fig. 2.