Semiquantitative XRD analysis with the aid of reference intensity ratio estimates

1998 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 185-187 ◽  
Author(s):  
Briant L. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Intensity Ratio ◽  
Weight Fraction ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
Weight Percent ◽  
Regression Equations ◽  
Scattering Function ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Multicomponent Sample ◽  
Atomic Scattering ◽  
The Difference

Estimation of reference intensity ratios (ki or RIR) can be made on the basis of an atomic scattering function. Tests of regression equations for 50 compounds that predict an approximate reference intensity ratio from the easily computed scattering function have shown usefulness in multicomponent semiquantitative X-ray diffraction analysis. The method is best applied whenever only one or two minor components of a multicomponent sample have no readily measurable or calculable ki values and must be estimated. Where the difference between observed and predicted constants is large, these tests show that the ratios of true- to test-weight fractions are proportional to the corresponding ki ratios. The largest absolute errors occur whenever the ki must be predicted for components with medium weight fraction values. Estimation of ki for components of less than 10 weight percent results in only small errors in both predicted component and the other components of the sample. Where more than two components require predicted ki in a given sample, unacceptable errors for all components may result.

Antiphase Boundaries in Ordered Ni3FE Crystals

1969 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 62-63
Author(s):  
Y. H. Liu
Keyword(s):  
Domain Size ◽  
Antiphase Domain ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Hardening Mechanism ◽  
Superlattice Structure ◽  
Disordered Phase ◽  
Domain Boundaries ◽  
Atomic Scattering ◽  
The Difference

Ordered Ni3Fe crystals possess a LI2 type superlattice similar to the Cu3Au structure. The difference in slip behavior of the superlattice as compared with that of a disordered phase has been well established. Cottrell first postulated that the increase in resistance for slip in the superlattice structure is attributed to the presence of antiphase domain boundaries. Following Cottrell's domain hardening mechanism, numerous workers have proposed other refined models also involving the presence of domain boundaries. Using the anomalous X-ray diffraction technique, Davies and Stoloff have shown that the hardness of the Ni3Fe superlattice varies with the domain size. So far, no direct observation of antiphase domain boundaries in Ni3Fe has been reported. Because the atomic scattering factors of the elements in NijFe are so close, the superlattice reflections are not easily detected. Furthermore, the domain configurations in NioFe are thought to be independent of the crystallographic orientations.

Synthesis and Characterization of TiO2Nanoparticles with Polycarbonate and Investigation of its Mechanical Properties

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (05n06) ◽  
pp. 1750012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Farhad Jahantigh ◽  
Mehdi Nazirzadeh
Keyword(s):  
Mechanical Properties ◽  
Weight Fraction ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
Tensile Tests ◽  
Nanocomposite Films ◽  
Micro Hardness ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Thermal Stability Of

In this project, nanocomposite films were prepared with different Titanium dioxide (TiO2) percentages. Properties of polycarbonate (PC) and PC–TiO2nanocomposite films were studied by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. The structure of samples was studied by XRD. The mechanical properties of PC–TiO2nanocomposite films were investigated by conducting tensile tests and hardness measurements. Thermal stability of the nanocomposites was studied by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) method. The elastic modulus of the composite increased with increasing weight fraction of nanoparticles. The microhardness value increases with increasing TiO2nanoparticles. The results of tensile testing were in agreement with those of micro-hardness measurements. In addition, TGA curves showed that nanocomposite films have higher resistance to thermal degradation compared to polycarbonate. There are many reports related to the modification of polycarbonate films, but still a systematic study of them is required.

Magnetoelectric Coupling Phenomena Based on the Changes of Magnetic Properties in Multiferroic Nanocomposite BaTiO3-BaFe12O19

2014 ◽  
Vol 896 ◽  
pp. 385-390 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dwita Suastiyanti ◽  
Bambang Soegijono ◽  
M. Hikam
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Properties ◽  
Composite System ◽  
Weight Fraction ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
Coupling Coefficients ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Magnetization Saturation ◽  
Nanocomposite System ◽  
Coupling Phenomena

Magnetoelectric (ME) coupling effects in multiferroic materials have attracted much attention in recent times because of the intriguing science underpinning this phenomena and being currently intense interest in the implementation of this coupling in an electronic devices. A new multiferroic system comprising of BaTiO3 (BTO) and BaFe12O19 (BHF) has been synthesized as a bulk nanocomposite system in variation of weight fraction of BTO : BHF =1:1, 1:2 and 1:3 and the second sinter temperature was 925°C for 5, 10 and 15 hours. The presence of both phases were confirmed by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) studies and MPS Magnet Physik EP3 Permagraph L was used to characterize magnetic properties.The morphology and particle size of nanocomposite was characterized by using Transmission Electron Microscope (TEM). No residual phases were identified in the XRD analysis for all parameters confirming the formation of a BTO-BHF composite system. The TEM images show that all samples have particle in nanosize.For weight fraction of BHF until 2 parts there is an increase of intrinsic coersive and magnetization saturation value. If the weight fraction of BHF exceeds from 2 parts, the coersivity and saturation values decrease. Meanwhile in compound of polyvinyl acetate (PVA) and BHF as a compare material, the magnetic properties increase with increasing the content of BHF until 3 parts. From the above results, it presumes that the nanocomposites with weight fraction of BTO : BHF = 1:3 for all time of sintering have ME coupling interaction showing a multiferroic nature. To give evidence of this phenomena, it needs a measurement of ME coupling coefficients for all parameters.

scholarly journals XRD analysis for hydration products of different lime-pozzolan systems

2018 ◽  
Vol 162 ◽  
pp. 02007 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nahida Kadum ◽  
Zeyad Al-Azzawi ◽  
Tareq al-Attar
Keyword(s):  
Silica Fume ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
Experimental Program ◽  
Hydration Products ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Forecast Performance ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Powder Samples ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Curing Age

This study represents a part of an extensive experimental program devoted to study the properties of different Lime-Pozzolan systems as a sustainable binder to replace Portland cement in concrete. These systems were Lime-Silica fume, Lime-Silica fume-Fly ash and Lime-Metakaolin. Four powder samples for X-ray diffraction, XRD, analysis was prepared from the studied systems. These samples were chosen to monitor the effect of curing age on the hydration process and to study the difference in hydration products when using different binder systems. According to the defined minerals by XRD analysis, the hydration products of all investigated Lime-Pozzolan mixtures are closely similar to those of Portland cements. The current XRD analyses have been employed to build recommendations for the forecast performance for each system.

Quantitative X-Ray Diffraction Analysis of Smectites: II -- Reference Intensity Ratio Calculations for Smectite Analysis

1995 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
pp. 599-606
Author(s):  
Hong Chen ◽  
Briant L. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Diffraction Analysis ◽  
Attenuation Coefficient ◽  
Intensity Ratio ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
Mass Attenuation Coefficient ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Intensity Ratios ◽  
Mass Attenuation

In quantitative x-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, the reference intensity ratio (ki or RIR) is one of the most important parameters of the reference intensity method (RIM). The ki is a function of the intensity of x-ray reflection and the mass attenuation coefficient of the sample for the “Lki” method (Davis, 1992). The intensities for 00l reflections have been calculated, and also the reference intensity ratios corresponding to the 001 reflection have been estimated in this part of the work, which is very important for investigating the iron influence on the XRD analysis of smectites. The Reynolds’ proposed glycol-expanded montmorillonite structure was used as a basis for the calculations.

scholarly journals Sphalerite and Pyrite on Kuroko-Type Ore Deposit: A Case Study of Phase Ambiguity and Its Prediction Technique by Means of X-Ray Diffraction Analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 85
Author(s):  
Ibrahim Purwariadi
Keyword(s):  
Weight Fraction ◽  
Massive Sulfide ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
Lattice Parameter ◽  
Sulfide Minerals ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Ore Deposit ◽  
Overlapping Peaks ◽  
Diffraction Peaks

Kuroko-type VMS (volcanogenic massive sulfide) ore deposit is a deposit that has some abundant sulfide minerals such as pyrite, chalcopyrite, galena and sphalerite. Besides them, other common sulfide minerals also occur, such as bornite, acanthite (argentite) and some of tennantite-tetrahedrite series. In some cases, we can find sphalerite and pyrite on these deposits. These cases often make the difficulty of XRD analysis. It is caused by some overlapping diffraction peaks between pyrite and sphalerite, which are difficult to be distinguished. This problem can cause miscalculation of weight fraction between them. Therefore, this study was done in order to make sure the true phase between pyrite and sphalerite of the overlapping diffraction peaks. Cubic structure analysis and precise lattice parameter calculation were used as the method in this study in order to determine the true phase of sphalerite-pyrite overlapping peaks. An XRD analysis on the case study sample shows that there are five cubic planes, i.e. (111), (200), (220), (113), and (222) on some overlap diffraction peaks. By utilizing this method, these cubic planes can be distinguished where (111) and (113) are pyrite phases while (200), (220) and (222) are sphalerite phases.Keywords: Kuroko, sphalerite, pyrite, XRD, precise lattice parameter.

scholarly journals Studies of the absorbance peak on the N719 dye influence by combination between Cadmium Selenide (CdSe)QDs and Zinc Sulfide(ZnS)QDs

2018 ◽  
Vol 154 ◽  
pp. 01040 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Azren Saad ◽  
Noor Syafiqah Samsi ◽  
Oskar Hasdinor Hassan ◽  
Muhd Zu Azhan Yahya ◽  
Mohamad Fariz Mohamad Taib ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cadmium Selenide ◽  
Absorption Rate ◽  
Weight Percent ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Cdse Qds ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Semiconductor Quantum Dot ◽  
Suitable Combination ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Absorbance Peak

The absorption rate of the photoanode can be influenced by the combination between the difference semiconductor quantum dot sensitizer. Six samples were prepared with difference weight percent (wt%) of ZnS from 0% to 50% and constant wt% of CdSe which then will be called as semiconductor QDs were immersed in 0.5mM of N719 dye. The purity of ZnS powder and CdSe powder was determined using x-ray diffraction (XRD).The ultraviolet-visible spectrophotometry (Uv-Vis) use to investigate the absorption spectrum and absorbance peak of this sample. 50 wt% of ZnS is the best composition to increase the absorbance peak of the photoanode. The Cyclic voltammetry (CV) of varying wt% of ZnS, found that the 40 wt% of ZnS is suitable combination for a DSSC’s photoanode and produced the higher current.

Pc Software for Rim Quantitative X-Ray Diffraction Analysis

1995 ◽  
Vol 39 ◽  
pp. 589-597 ◽  
Author(s):  
BriantL. Davis
Keyword(s):  
Quantitative Analysis ◽  
Diffraction Data ◽  
Intensity Ratio ◽  
Spectroscopic Method ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
New Methods ◽  
Transformation Methods

Quantitative multicomponent analysis of phases by x-ray diffraction still remains one of the most difficult applications of any element or phase spectroscopic method. The level of quality of XRD quantitative analysis is largely in the hands of the operator, but several relatively new methods for processing basic diffraction data are becoming known and more frequently used, including fulltrace (observed and calculated) subtraction methods (Smith et al, 1988), Rietveld procedures (Bish and Howard, 1988; Taylor and Aldridge, 1993), and chemical “apportionment” target-transformation methods (Starks, et al, 1984). In spite of these new advances, the single or multiple peak reference intensity ratio (RIR, or kj) procedure remains a simple and attractive technique for routine quantitative XRD analysis (Schreiner, 1995; Snyder, 1992; Davis, 1992).

scholarly journals Synthesis and Characterization of Calcium Oxide Nanoparticles from Duck Eggshells using Ball Milling Methods

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 231-135
Author(s):  
Ade Yeti Nuryantini ◽  
Citra Deliana Dewi Sundari ◽  
Halimahtussa’diah Halimahtussa’diah ◽  
Bebeh Wahid Nuryadin
Keyword(s):  
Ball Milling ◽  
Calcium Oxide ◽  
Particle Diameter ◽  
Average Diameter ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
Average Particle ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Sem Images ◽  
Milling Method ◽  
The Difference

Calcium oxide (CaO) nanoparticles have been successfully synthesized from duck eggshells using ball milling method followed by simple calcination at 700°C for 7 hours. The observation on the morphology, size and shape of the particles of the eggshells powder was conducted through scanning electron microscope (SEM). The milling time was varied, i.e. 2, 6, 10, and 20 hours to observe the difference on the size of the produced particle. SEM images shows that the smallest average particle diameter was 520 nm, achieved by 20 hours of milling. When the particles were calcined, the average diameter was further reduced to 394 nm. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis shows that the resulting particles contain calcium oxide, calcium hydroxide, and calcium carbonate. 

Production of Magnesium Titanate-Based Nanocomposites via Mechanochemical Method

2011 ◽  
Vol 478 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Abbas Fahami ◽  
Reza Ebrahimi-Kahrizsangi ◽  
Bahman Nasiri-Tabrizi
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Phase Evolution ◽  
Xrd Analysis ◽  
Dielectric Materials ◽  
Weight Percent ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Increasing Temperature

The mechanical activation was employed to study the phase evolution of the Mg–TiO2–CaHPO4–CaO nanocrystalline system. The powders mixture with certain weight percent was grinded. Thermal annealing process at 650°C, 900°C and 1100°C temperatures resulted in generation of different compounds like MgTiO3/MgO/Hydroxyapatite (HAp) and MgTiO3/MgO/β-TCP and MgTiO3/Mg2TiO4/MgO/β-TCP, respectively. The compounds were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX). The consequences of XRD analysis revealed that by increasing temperature, some composites with different morphological and structural features were detected. Beside, due to decomposing of HAp around 800°C, HAp converted to whitlockite (β-TCP) with growth of temperature. According to SEM and TEM observations, it was found that the synthesized powder contained large agglomerates which significant content of finer particles and agglomerates with spherical morphology. Because magnesium titanates based dielectric materials are useful for electrical applications, the electrical property of HAp has been proved, and the incorporation of these materials could result in new nanocrystalline dielectric materials.

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