scholarly journals Legionella Pneumophilain a hospital in Torino, Italy A retrospective one-year study.

1989 ◽  
Vol 102 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-30 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Moiraghi Ruggenini ◽  
M. Castellani Pastoris ◽  
P. J. Dennis ◽  
C. Barral ◽  
A. Sciacovelli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Legionella Pneumophila ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Hospital Environment ◽  
Post Mortem ◽  
Plumbing System ◽  
Water Control ◽  
One Year ◽  
Respiratory Devices

SUMMARYLegionella pneumophilaserogroup 1 was isolated from post mortem specimens from 13 out of 58 patients with pneumonia diagnosed at autopsy. The results of a study undertaken in the hospital environment showed that the water plumbing system was colonized withL. pneumophilaserogroup 1 which could also be isolated from respiratory devices filled with tap water. Control measures instituted are described.

scholarly journals Biodiversity of Amoebae and Amoeba-Resisting Bacteria in a Hospital Water Network

2006 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 2428-2438 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincent Thomas ◽  
Katia Herrera-Rimann ◽  
Dominique S. Blanc ◽  
Gilbert Greub
Keyword(s):  
Legionella Pneumophila ◽  
Strong Association ◽  
Acanthamoeba Castellanii ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Water Network ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Domestic Water ◽  
Mycobacterium Xenopi ◽  
Hartmannella Vermiformis ◽  
Human Infections

ABSTRACT Free-living amoebae (FLA) are ubiquitous organisms that have been isolated from various domestic water systems, such as cooling towers and hospital water networks. In addition to their own pathogenicity, FLA can also act as Trojan horses and be naturally infected with amoeba-resisting bacteria (ARB) that may be involved in human infections, such as pneumonia. We investigated the biodiversity of bacteria and their amoebal hosts in a hospital water network. Using amoebal enrichment on nonnutrient agar, we isolated 15 protist strains from 200 (7.5%) samples. One thermotolerant Hartmannella vermiformis isolate harbored both Legionella pneumophila and Bradyrhizobium japonicum. By using amoebal coculture with axenic Acanthamoeba castellanii as the cellular background, we recovered at least one ARB from 45.5% of the samples. Four new ARB isolates were recovered by culture, and one of these isolates was widely present in the water network. Alphaproteobacteria (such as Rhodoplanes, Methylobacterium, Bradyrhizobium, Afipia, and Bosea) were recovered from 30.5% of the samples, mycobacteria (Mycobacterium gordonae, Mycobacterium kansasii, and Mycobacterium xenopi) were recovered from 20.5% of the samples, and Gammaproteobacteria (Legionella) were recovered from 5.5% of the samples. No Chlamydia or Chlamydia-like organisms were recovered by amoebal coculture or detected by PCR. The observed strong association between the presence of amoebae and the presence of Legionella (P < 0.001) and mycobacteria (P = 0.009) further suggests that FLA are a reservoir for these ARB and underlines the importance of considering amoebae when water control measures are designed.

scholarly journals Humidifier-associated paediatric Legionnaires' disease, Israel, February 2012

2012 ◽  
Vol 17 (41) ◽  
Author(s):  
J Moran-Gilad ◽  
T Lazarovitch ◽  
M Mentasti ◽  
T Harrison ◽  
M Weinberger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Legionella Pneumophila ◽  
Cold Water ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Fatal Case ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Free Standing ◽  
Legionnaires Disease

We report a fatal case of community-acquired Legionnaires' disease in an infant aged under six months. Epidemiological and microbiological investigations suggested that a free-standing cold water humidifier using domestic tap water contaminated with Legionella pneumophila serogroup 1 served as a vehicle for infection. These findings were corroborated by sequence-based typing (SBT). Humidifier-associated Legionnaires' disease can be prevented by appropriate control measures. This case also illustrates the emerging role of SBT in the investigation of legionellosis.

scholarly journals Multiple Types of Legionella pneumophilaSerogroup 6 in a Hospital Heated-Water System Associated with Sporadic Infections

1999 ◽  
Vol 37 (7) ◽  
pp. 2189-2196 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paolo Visca ◽  
Paola Goldoni ◽  
P. Christian Lück ◽  
Jürgen H. Helbig ◽  
Lorena Cattani ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Legionella Pneumophila ◽  
Water Samples ◽  
Water System ◽  
Hot Water ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Hospital Environment ◽  
Modes Of Transmission ◽  
Sequence Of Events ◽  
Single Clone ◽  
Arbitrarily Primed Pcr

Five sporadic cases of nosocomial Legionnaires’ disease were documented from 1989 to 1997 in a hospital in northern Italy. Two of them, which occurred in a 75-year-old man suffering from ischemic cardiopathy and in an 8-year-old girl suffering from acute leukemia, had fatal outcomes. Legionella pneumophila serogroup 6 was isolated from both patients and from hot-water samples taken at different sites in the hospital. These facts led us to consider the possibility that a single clone of L. pneumophila serogroup 6 had persisted in the hospital environment for 8 years and had caused sporadic infections. Comparison of clinical and environmental strains by monoclonal subtyping, macrorestriction analysis (MRA), and arbitrarily primed PCR (AP-PCR) showed that the strains were clustered into three different epidemiological types, of which only two types caused infection. An excellent correspondence between the MRA and AP-PCR results was observed, with both techniques having high discriminatory powers. However, it was not possible to differentiate the isolates by means of ribotyping and analysis of rrnoperon polymorphism. Environmental strains that antigenically and chromosomally matched the infecting organism were present at the time of infection in hot-water samples taken from the ward where the patients had stayed. Interpretation of the temporal sequence of events on the basis of the typing results for clinical and environmental isolates enabled the identification of the ward where the patients became infected and the modes of transmission of Legionellainfection. The long-term persistence in the hot-water system of different clones of L. pneumophila serogroup 6 indicates that repeated heat-based control measures were ineffective in eradicating the organism.

Investigation of Virulence Genes and Biofilm Formation Among Legionella Pneumophila Isolated from Hospital Water Sources

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
shiva mirkalantari ◽  
Sara Hayatimehr ◽  
Noor Amirmozafari ◽  
Faramarz Masjedian
Keyword(s):  
Legionella Pneumophila ◽  
Biofilm Formation ◽  
Virulence Genes ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Severe Pneumonia ◽  
Water Sources ◽  
Hospital Environment ◽  
Contamination Rate ◽  
Elevated Concentration ◽  
Contributing Factors

Abstract Background: Legionella pneumophila as a ubiquitous bacterium is inherently resistant to chlorine in tap water. It can easily enter water piping systems and get transmitted to immunocompromised populations and cause severe pneumonia. Owing to the fact that its presence in water sources doesn’t necessarily lead to onset of disease; therefore, several factors such as inhaled bacteria dose, virulence factors and diversity of serogroups can be considered as contributing factors. The main aim of current project was to investigate the contamination rate of hospital water systems with Legionella by culture and evaluate presence of major virulence factor genes as well as the ability to form biofilms among the Legionella isolates. Results: Twelve (12%) of the 100 water samples produced positive results in culture method. Additional confirmation was performed by PCR method with specific primers for Legionella genus (16SrRNA) and pneumophila species (mip). Fifty (5%) samples of 12 with positive culture have a colony forming unit higher than 1000cfu/100 ml. Legionella were isolated with a rate of 8%, 3% and 1% from shower heads, oxygen humidifier bottle and water bath, respectively. PCR assay for the virulence genes showed that all 12 (100%) isolates were positive for mip genes, 9 (75%) were positive for dot gene, 8 (66.66%) were positive for hsp, 6(50%) were positive for lvh and 4(33.33%) for rtx. Two of the isolates displayed higher ability to form biofilm in reference to the standard strain.Conclusion: Although the presence of Legionella pneumophila in hospital environment does not necessarily confer a threat to public health; continuous monitoring of water sources should be conducted in order to avoid elevated concentration of this bacterium and visible biofilm formation.

scholarly journals Determination of Copper and Lead and Study their Poisonous Effects in Drinking Water in Baghdad

2014 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 1226-1232
Author(s):  
Baghdad Science Journal
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
Distribution System ◽  
Water Distribution ◽  
Tap Water ◽  
Food Poisoning ◽  
Plumbing System ◽  
One Year ◽  
Copper Lead

The objective of this study is to determine the concentration of copper and lead (mg/L) in drinking water by using absorption spectrophotometic and Atomic Absorption spectrophotometric method from different area in Baghdad and with different intervals , The results show that the concentration of copper and Lead ( mgL) in tap water which remains motionless in plumbing system for following periods one hours, 3 hours, 6 hours, 12 hours, 24 hours, 7 days and 14 days are (1 , 2.2 , 4 , 5.3 , 7.5 , 10 and 16 mgL copper ) & ( 0.3, 0.5 , 0.8 , 1 , 2.5 , 3 , 3.8 mg /L lead ) respectively .from these results its clear that high levels of copper & Lead occur if tap water comes in contact with copper - lead plumbing and copper lead -containing fixtures in the water distribution system. If tap water remains motionless in the plumbing system for some time. These amounts of copper and Lead are believed to give rise to the symptoms of chemical food poisoning precipitated by the ingestion of alcohol on an empty stomach ( in presence of copper ). Also children under one year of age are more sensitive to copper than adults. Long-term exposure (more than 14 days) to copper - lead in drinking water which is much higher than 1,000 ug/I has been found to cause kidney and liver damage in infants, In case of Lead it can effect a children physical development & ability to learn.

Water Quality in the Priority Watercourses of Hong Kong in Respect of Various Environmental Control Measures

1991 ◽  
Vol 23 (1-3) ◽  
pp. 85-91 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ho Kin-chung
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Hong Kong ◽  
Environmental Control ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Livestock Waste ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Control Zone ◽  
Town Development ◽  
Control Scheme ◽  
Term Monitoring

The water quality in the 12 priority watercourses of Hong Kong was appraised in respect of the various environmental control measures being undertaken. It was noted that water quality in Lam Tsuen River had been significantly improved since 1983. This is attributed to recent resumption of unsewered lands for town development, training of river basin to increase flow, and declaration of the catchment as a “Water Control Zone” under the Water Pollution Control Ordinance. In contrast with the other heavily polluted watercourses to which little abatement measures were implemented, the water qualities of Shing Mun River and Tuen Mun River were slightly upgraded because of the efforts to rectify unauthorized industrial discharges back to foul sewer and provision of interceptors and sewers to villages. The 10 year Livestock Waste Control Scheme enforced on 24 June 1989 was found in parallel with BOD and suspended solids decrease in watercourses. To assess its effectiveness, however, a longer term monitoring is required to get a conclusive result.

Hydrologic Performance of Bioretention Storm-Water Control Measures

2012 ◽  
Vol 17 (5) ◽  
pp. 604-614 ◽  
Author(s):  
Allen P. Davis ◽  
Robert G. Traver ◽  
William F. Hunt ◽  
Ryan Lee ◽  
Robert A. Brown ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Control Measures ◽  
Storm Water ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Hydrologic Performance

Maternal treatment with fluoxetine promotes testicular alteration in male rat pups

2016 ◽  
Vol 28 (8) ◽  
pp. 1206 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aline C. Ramos ◽  
Alice H. dos Santos ◽  
Kennia M. Silveira ◽  
Ana Carolina I. Kiss ◽  
Suzana F. P. Mesquita ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tap Water ◽  
Post Partum ◽  
Gonadosomatic Index ◽  
Male Offspring ◽  
Male Rat ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Maternal Behaviour ◽  
Testis Weight ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Maternal Treatment

Fluoxetine (FLX) is a selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI) antidepressant commonly prescribed during pregnancy and lactation. Pre- and post-partum depression, as well as SSRI treatment during these periods, may change maternal care, interfering with offspring development. Moreover, it is known that SSRIs may alter testes structure and function in offspring. The present study investigated the effects of maternal FLX exposure on maternal behaviour and testes function in offspring. Female Wistar rats were treated with 7.5 mg kg–1 FLX or tap water (control group) by gavage from the Day 1 of pregnancy until 21 days after birth (postnatal Day (PND) 21). Maternal behaviour was evaluated and morphofunctional analyses of offspring testes were conducted on PND 21 and 50. There were no significant differences between the FLX-treated and control groups regarding maternal behaviour. Nor did maternal treatment with FLX have any effect on bodyweight gain, anogenital distance, day of preputial separation, testis weight and the gonadosomatic index in male offspring. However, there was a decreased number of Sertoli cells at both PND 21 and 50 in FLX-exposed male offspring. The findings of the present study demonstrate that maternal exposure to FLX can impair testicular function in weanling and pubertal animals.

THE UPTAKE OF TRITIATED LYSINE VASOPRESSIN BY RAT AND PIG PITUITARY NEURAL LOBES IN VITRO

1971 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 669-677 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. A. EDWARDS
Keyword(s):  
Tap Water ◽  
Exchange Chromatography ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Breakdown Product ◽  
Nacl Solution ◽  
Water Control ◽  
Neural Lobe ◽  
Lysine Vasopressin ◽  
And Control

SUMMARY Uptake of tritiated lysine vasopressin ([3H]LVP) was studied in halved neural lobes of rats (which had been given either tap water (control group) or 2% (w/v) NaCl solution as drinking water for 4 days) as well as in slices of pig neural lobe. Uptake of radioactivity into the neural lobes was shown but analysis of the extracts of incubated lobes of both species by ion exchange chromatography showed that very little of it remained in the tissue as hormone. In addition, some radioactivity was associated with trichloroacetic acid-insoluble proteins. After 90 min of incubation, and after correction for the breakdown, the uptake of unchanged [3H]LVP, expressed as a tissue: medium ratio, was 0·14 ± 0·04 and 0·09 ± 0·03 (mean ± s.e.m.) for the saline-treated and control rats respectively, while the tissue: medium ratios for the breakdown product(s) were 6·47 ± 0·45 and 5·50 ± 0·36. The results suggest uptake of [3H]LVP into the cell with almost complete intracellular breakdown of the hormone.

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