scholarly journals Staphylococcal food poisoning from sheep milk cheese

1989 ◽  
Vol 103 (3) ◽  
pp. 449-458 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. J. Bone ◽  
D. Bogie ◽  
S. C. Morgan-Jones
Keyword(s):  
Food Poisoning ◽  
Detailed Examination ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Staph Aureus ◽  
Sheep Milk ◽  
Bulk Milk ◽  
Clinical Illness ◽  
The Uk ◽  
First Time ◽  
Cheese Production

SUMMARYCheese made from sheep milk was implicated in food-poisoning incidents in December 1984 and January 1985. Bacteriological examination of batches of cheese failed to reveal a viable pathogen but enterotoxin A produced byStaphylococcus aureuswas present. This was the first time that enterotoxin was detected in a food produced in the UK which was associated with poisoning and from which viableStaph. aureuscould not be isolated. Subsequent detailed examination of milk, yoghurt and cheese from the same producer revealed that contamination withStaph. aureuswas associated with post-infection carriage as well as clinical illness in ewes on the farm. Strains producing enterotoxin A were still intermittently present in the bulk milk used for cheese production nearly 2 years afterwards, apparently in the absence of clinical illness in the sheep. The possible effects of heat treatment are discussed. Any changes in legislation should cover all non-human mammalian milk used for human consumption.

Staphylococcus aureusreservoirs during traditional Austrian raw milk cheese production

2014 ◽  
Vol 81 (4) ◽  
pp. 462-470 ◽  
Author(s):  
Georg Walcher ◽  
Monika Gonano ◽  
Judith Kümmel ◽  
Gary C. Barker ◽  
Karin Lebl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physicochemical Parameters ◽  
Production Chain ◽  
Staph Aureus ◽  
Cheese Making ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Processing Level ◽  
Bulk Milk ◽  
Microbiological Methods ◽  
Culture Independent ◽  
Cheese Production

Sampling approaches following the dairy chain, including microbiological hygiene status of critical processing steps and physicochemical parameters, contribute to our understanding of howStaphylococcus aureuscontamination risks can be minimised. Such a sampling approach was adopted in this study, together with rapid culture-independent quantification ofStaph. aureusto supplement standard microbiological methods. A regional cheese production chain, involving 18 farms, was sampled on two separate occasions. Overall, 51·4% of bulk milk samples were found to beStaph. aureuspositive, most of them (34·3%) at the limit of culture-based detection.Staph. aureuspositive samples >100 cfu/ml were recorded in 17·1% of bulk milk samples collected mainly during the sampling in November. A higher number ofStaph. aureuspositive bulk milk samples (94·3%) were detected after applying the culture-independent approach. A concentration effect ofStaph. aureuswas observed during curd processing.Staph. aureuswere not consistently detectable with cultural methods during the late ripening phase, but >100Staph. aureuscell equivalents (CE)/ml or g were quantifiable by the culture-independent approach until the end of ripening. Enterotoxin gene PCR and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) typing provided evidence that livestock adapted strains ofStaph. aureusmostly dominate the post processing level and substantiates the belief that animal hygiene plays a pivotal role in minimising the risk ofStaph. aureusassociated contamination in cheese making. Therefore, the actual data strongly support the need for additional sampling activities and recording of physicochemical parameters during semi-hard cheese-making and cheese ripening, to estimate the risk ofStaph. aureuscontamination before consumption.

Communication Sciences and Disorders PhD Graduates' Perceptions of Their PhD Program

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 463-478
Author(s):  
Elizabeth Crais ◽  
Melody Harrison Savage
Keyword(s):  
Detailed Examination ◽  
Career Expectations ◽  
Doctoral Preparation ◽  
Creative Solutions ◽  
Phd Education ◽  
Doctor Of Philosophy ◽  
First Time ◽  
Students Success ◽  
Phd Program

Purpose The shortage of doctor of philosophy (PhD)–level applicants to fill academic and research positions in communication sciences and disorders (CSD) programs calls for a detailed examination of current CSD PhD educational practices and the generation of creative solutions. The intended purposes of the article are to encourage CSD faculty to examine their own PhD program practices and consider the perspectives of recent CSD PhD graduates in determining the need for possible modifications. Method The article describes the results of a survey of 240 CSD PhD graduates and their perceptions of the challenges and facilitators to completing a PhD degree; the quality of their preparation in research, teaching, and job readiness; and ways to improve PhD education. Results Two primary themes emerged from the data highlighting the need for “matchmaking.” The first time point of needed matchmaking is prior to entry among students, mentors, and expectations as well as between aspects of the program that can lead to students' success and graduation. The second important matchmaking need is between the actual PhD preparation and the realities of the graduates' career expectations, and those placed on graduates by their employers. Conclusions Within both themes, graduate's perspectives and suggestions to help guide future doctoral preparation are highlighted. The graduates' recommendations could be used by CSD PhD program faculty to enhance the quality of their program and the likelihood of student success and completion. Supplemental Material https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.11991480

To bee or not to beet with neonicotinoids

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 103-109
Author(s):  
Lynda M. Warren
Keyword(s):  
Sugar Beet ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Environmental Standards ◽  
Economic Interests ◽  
Precautionary Approach ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Commercial Sugar ◽  
The Uk ◽  
First Time

In January 2021 the UK government granted an application for authorisation to use thiamethoxam, a neonicotinoid pesticide, to protect commercial sugar beet crops from attack by viruses transmitted by aphids. This was the first time such an authorisation had been granted in the United Kingdom (UK) and there were concerns that it signalled a weakening of environmental standards now that the UK was no longer part of the European Union. In fact, similar authorisations had been granted by several European Member States in the last 2 years, despite the ban on the use of neonicotinoids introduced in 2018. Nevertheless, the reasons for granting the authorisation do suggest that the balance between adopting a precautionary approach to environmental protection and taking emergency action to protect economic interests may have shifted. It was acknowledged that the proposed mitigation to safeguard bees and other wildlife was not entirely satisfactory. In the end, due to unforeseen weather conditions it meant that the pesticide is not necessary, which in itself demonstrates that short-term emergency measures are unsuitable for dealing with the problem. If the sugar beet industry is to continue to prosper in the UK, it will need to be managed in a way that provides resistance to virus infection without the use of controversial chemicals.

scholarly journals Isolation, Characterization and Biotechnological Potentials of Thraustochytrids from Icelandic Waters

Marine Drugs ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 17 (8) ◽  
pp. 449 ◽  
Author(s):  
Magnús Örn Stefánsson ◽  
Sigurður Baldursson ◽  
Kristinn P. Magnússon ◽  
Arnheiður Eyþórsdóttir ◽  
Hjörleifur Einarsson
Keyword(s):  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Northern Coast ◽  
Omega 3 ◽  
Marine Oils ◽  
Media Formulation ◽  
Omega 6 ◽  
First Time ◽  
18S Rdna Sequence ◽  
Icelandic Waters

The following study reports on the first thraustochytrid isolates identified from Iceland. They were collected from three different locations off the northern coast of the country (Location A, Skagaströnd; Location B, Hveravík; and Location C, Eyjafjörður). Using 18S rDNA sequence analysis, isolates from Locations A and B were identified within the Thraustochytrium kinnei species while other isolates within the Sicyoidochytrium minutum species when compared to other known strains. Cells isolated from Locations A ( 2 . 10 ± 0 . 70 g/L) and B ( 1 . 54 ± 0 . 17 g/L) produced more biomass than the ones isolated from Location C ( 0 . 43 ± 0 . 02 g/L). This study offers the first-time examination of the utility of byproducts from fisheries as a nitrogen source in media formulation for thraustochytrids. Experiments showed that isolates produced more biomass (per unit of substrate) when cultured on nitrogen of marine ( 2 . 55 ± 0 . 74 g/L) as compared to of commercial origin (  1 . 06 ± 0 . 57 g/L). Glycerol ( 2 . 43 ± 0 . 56 g/L) was a better carbon source than glucose ( 1 . 84 ± 0 . 57 g/L) in growth studies. Fatty acid (FA) profiles showed that the isolates from Location C (S. minutum) had low ratios of monounsaturated ( 4 . 21 ± 2 . 96 % ) and omega-6 ( 0 . 68 ± 0 . 59 % ) FAs. However, the isolates also had high ratios of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA; 35 . 65 ± 1 . 73 % ) and total omega-3 FAs ( 40 . 39 ± 2 . 39 % ), indicating that they could serve as a source of marine oils for human consumption and in aquaculture feeds. The T. kinnei isolates from Location A could be used in biodiesel production due to their high ratios of monounsaturated ( 18 . 38 ± 6 . 27 % ) long chain ( 57 . 43 ± 8 . 27 % ) FAs.

The EU as an “enforcement patchwork”: the impact of national enforcement for compliance with EU water law in Spain and Britain

2013 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 331-353 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mónica García Quesada
Keyword(s):  
Waste Water Treatment ◽  
National Level ◽  
State Level ◽  
Detailed Examination ◽  
Deterrent Effect ◽  
Eu Law ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
The Uk ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Eu

AbstractFailures of compliance with European Union (EU) directives have revealed the EU as a political system capable of enacting laws in a wide range of different policy areas, but facing difficulties to ensure their actual implementation. Although the EU relies on national enforcement agencies to ensure compliance with the EU legislation, there is scarce analysis of the differential deterrent effect of national enforcement in EU law compliance. This article examines the enforcement of an EU water directive, the Urban Waste Water Treatment Directive, in Spain and the UK. It focuses on the existing national sanctions for disciplining actors in charge of complying with EU requirements, and on the actual use of punitive sanctions. The analysis shows that a more comprehensive and active disciplinary regime at the national level contributes to explain a higher degree of compliance with EU law. The article calls for a detailed examination of the national administrative and criminal sanction system for a more comprehensive understanding of the incentives and disincentives to comply with EU law at the national state level.

Die Aufbrauchfrist im Patentverletzungsprozess

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anton Frey
Keyword(s):  
Independent Solution ◽  
Detailed Examination ◽  
Third Parties ◽  
Legal Institution ◽  
Grace Period ◽  
German Patent ◽  
Complex Products ◽  
Extended Application ◽  
Legitimate Interests ◽  
First Time

For the first time, this work deals comprehensively with the legal institution of a grace period in patent infringement proceedings. By granting such a grace period, the automatic injunction in accordance with Sec. 139 (1) of the German Patent Act can be limited temporally in case of disproportionality. The case groups of complex products, ambush situations and legitimate interests of third parties are particularly relevant in this context. After a detailed examination of these case constellations and of the grace period in general, the author presents an independent solution in which he advocates an extended application of the grace period.

The duties of impartiality, disclosure, and confidentiality: lessons from a London-seated arbitration

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Yee Ching Leung ◽  
Alex Chun Hei Chan
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Important Case ◽  
Careful Examination ◽  
International Arbitration ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Key Concepts ◽  
The Uk ◽  
First Time

Abstract Halliburton Company v Chubb Bermuda Insurance Ltd (formerly known as Ace Bermuda Insurance Ltd [2020] UKSC 48 is an important case not only to the UK but also to the international arbitration community for several reasons: first, it examines indispensable duties in international arbitration and for the first time recognises and explicates upon the duty of disclosure at the highest court of the United Kingdom; secondly, it addresses and clarifies key concepts in international arbitration; thirdly, it confirms the objective nature of the test of justifiable doubts which has wider implications for other arbitral forums; fourthly, it illustrates how the duties of impartiality, disclosure, and confidentiality interact with and affect each other and how the key concepts should be applied to this interaction; and finally, it lays down useful guidance for arbitrators. For these reasons, this case deserves close and careful examination. This article aims to explain the significance of the aforesaid and suggests that, in addition to what has been addressed, further judicial explanations are warranted in what other aspects.

Defence Medical Services’ REBOA training course

2021 ◽  
pp. bmjmilitary-2021-001926
Author(s):  
Max E R Marsden ◽  
C Park ◽  
J Barratt ◽  
N Tai ◽  
P Rees
Keyword(s):  
Training Programme ◽  
Balloon Occlusion ◽  
Medical Services ◽  
Skill Retention ◽  
Training Course ◽  
Challenges And Opportunities ◽  
Haemorrhage Control ◽  
Surgical Teams ◽  
The Uk ◽  
First Time

Resuscitative Endovascular Balloon Occlusion of the Aorta (REBOA) enables temporary haemorrhage control and physiological stabilisation. This article describes the bespoke Defence Medical Services (DMS) training package for effectively using REBOA. The article covers how the course was designed, how the key learning objectives are taught, participant feedback and the authors’ perceptions of future training challenges and opportunities. Since the inaugural training course in April 2019, the authors have delivered six courses, training over 100 clinicians. For the first time in the UK DMS, we designed and delivered a robust specialist endovascular training programme, with demonstrable, significant increases in confidence and competence. As a result of this course, the first DMS REBOA-equipped forward surgical teams deployed in June 2019. Looking to the future, there is a requirement to develop an assessment of skill retention and the potential need for revalidation.

Do we need medical leadership or medical engagement?

2015 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 173-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Spurgeon ◽  
Paul Long ◽  
John Clark ◽  
Frank Daly
Keyword(s):  
Care Quality ◽  
Current Evidence ◽  
Organisational Performance ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Care Quality Commission ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Medical Leadership ◽  
First Time ◽  
Practical Implications ◽  
A Current

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to address issues of medical leadership within health systems and to clarify the associated conceptual issues, for example, leadership versus management and medical versus clinical leadership. However, its principle contribution is to raise the issue of the purpose or outcome of medical leadership, and, in this respect, it argues that it is to promote medical engagement. Design/methodology/approach – The approach is to provide evidence, both from the literature and empirically, to suggest that enhanced medical engagement leads to improved organisational performance and, in doing so, to review the associated concepts. Findings – Building on current evidence from the UK and Australia, the authors strengthen previous findings that effective medical leadership underpins the effective organisational performance. Research limitations/implications – There is a current imbalance between the size of the databases on medical engagement between the UK (very large) and Australia (small but developing). Practical implications – The authors aim to equip medical leaders with the appropriate skill set to promote and enhance greater medical engagement. The focus of leaders in organisations should be in creating a culture that fosters and supports medical engagement. Social implications – This paper provides empowerment of medical professionals to have greater influence in the running of the organisation in which they deliver care. Originality/value – The paper contains, for the first time, linked performance data from the Care Quality Commission in the UK and from Australia with the new set of medical engagement findings.

scholarly journals Editorial

Oryx ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-2 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.J. Milner-Gulland
Keyword(s):  
Wildlife Conservation ◽  
Task Force ◽  
Central Africa ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Track Record ◽  
West And Central Africa ◽  
Wildlife Conservation Society ◽  
The Uk

Is bushmeat just another conservation bandwagon?There is currently great interest in the sustainability of bushmeat hunting (bushmeat being any wild animal by hunted for human consumption). All the big conservation ‘players’ have contributed to the debate, issued statements or funded research. IUCN's World Conservation Congress in October 2000 and the CITES Bushmeat Conference of the Parties in April 2000 both discussed bushmeat. Both organisations have since sponsored initiatives in West and Central Africa aimed at obtaining action on the issue. Major conservation organisations are funding research, including the Wildlife Conservation Society (which has a long track-record in this field) and Conservation International. The World Bank has commissioned a major report on the issue (Bennett & Robinson, 2000). Fauna & Flora International (FFI) is a partner in a UK government-commissioned project identifying priority research areas. Conservation organisations have formed the US-based Bushmeat Crisis Task Force (see http://www.bushmeat.org), of which FFI is a member, and the UK-based Bushmeat Working Group of the Tropical Forest Forum (see http://www.forestforum.org.uk), where academic conservationists and government policy makers can exchange experience and ideas.

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