scholarly journals Serological diagnosis of leishmaniasis: on detecting infection as well as disease

1993 ◽  
Vol 110 (3) ◽  
pp. 647-656 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Dye ◽  
E. Vidor ◽  
J. Dereure
Keyword(s):  
Sensitivity And Specificity ◽  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Canine Leishmaniasis ◽  
High Threshold ◽  
Selective Treatment ◽  
Serological Tests ◽  
Serological Method ◽  
Epidemiological Surveys ◽  
Short Period

SUMMARYSerological tests are very frequently used in epidemiological surveys of leishmaniasis and other parasitoses. Their sensitivity and specificity are generally defined with respect to parasitism and diseases, rather than infection. The reason is that known positives are those individuals most likely to yield parasites, or who have distinctive clinical signs, and concomitantly high antibody titres. This paper investigates the performance of one serological method, the indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT), in detectingLeishmania infantuminfection during an intensive 2-year cohort study of dogs in southern France. The results show that sensitivity and specificity with respect to infection can be simultaneously high, but maximum sensitivity is probably <80%, and lasts for a relatively short period of 2–3 months after a lengthy incubation period. The IFAT gave the incidence of infection as 18–65% in the first year, whereas the best estimate of incidence based on parasite isolation and clinical observation was 72%. But data from the second year suggest that the 72% was itself an underestimate. We argue that, during epidemiological surveys, the IFAT in particular, and serological tests for leishmania in general, will underestimate prevalence, incidence and hence the scale of the control problem. However, there is evidence that tests for canine leishmaniasis employing high threshold titres will identify the most infectious animals, allowing selective treatment or culling of those which contribute disproportionately to transmission.

scholarly journals Canine Leishmaniasis: Serological Results in Private and Kennel Dogs Tested over a Six-Year Period (2009–2014) in Abruzzo and Molise Regions, Italy

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 1915
Author(s):  
Fabrizio De Massis ◽  
Carla Ippoliti ◽  
Simona Iannetti ◽  
Manuela Tittarelli ◽  
Sandro Pelini ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fluorescent Antibody ◽  
Antibody Test ◽  
Information Management System ◽  
Canine Leishmaniasis ◽  
Serological Tests ◽  
Leishmania Spp ◽  
Molise Region ◽  
Favorable Conditions ◽  
Laboratory Information Management

This paper reports the results of serological tests for the detection of antibodies against Leishmania spp. in Abruzzo and Molise regions from 2009 to 2014, with the aim of evaluating the presence and distribution of canine leishmaniasis. Data were extracted from the Laboratory Information Management System (LIMS) of the Istituto Zooprofilattico Sperimentale of Abruzzo and Molise, and then the dog identification numbers were matched with those stored in the Canine Registries of the two regions to get information about the age of dogs at time of testing. Dogs were considered positive when having an IFAT (Indirect Fluorescent Antibody Test) titer ≥1:80. In total, 41,631 dogs were tested, 85.3% from Abruzzo and 14.7% from Molise. At the provincial level, the percentage of positive dogs ranged from 5.2% (L’Aquila, Abruzzo region) to 21.8% (Campobasso, Molise region). Findings are consistent with the hypothesis that in the coastal areas, the relationships between the host, the vector, and the agent are more favorable for the spreading of CanL, and it seems that densely populated urban internal areas have less favorable conditions. Being a dog hosted in a kennel seems not to be a factor increasing the probability that dogs show positivity, even in long-term sheltering conditions.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the performance of three serological tests for diagnosis of Leishmania infantum infection in dogs using latent class analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Asier Basurco ◽  
Alda Natale ◽  
Katia Capello ◽  
Antonio Fernández ◽  
María Teresa Verde ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sensitivity And Specificity ◽  
Leishmania Infantum ◽  
Latent Class ◽  
Rapid Test ◽  
Antibody Test ◽  
Latent Class Models ◽  
Canine Leishmaniasis ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Serological Tests

Abstract Canine leishmaniasis (CanL) is a disease caused by Leishmania infantum. Serological methods are the most common diagnostic techniques used for the diagnosis of the CanL. The objective of our study was to estimate the sensitivity and specificity of one in-house ELISA kit (ELISA UNIZAR) and three commercially available serological tests (MEGACOR Diagnostik GmbH) including an immunochromatographic rapid test (FASTest LEISH®), an immunofluorescent antibody test (MegaFLUO LEISH®) and an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (MegaELISA LEISH®), using latent class models in a Bayesian analysis. Two hundred fifteen serum samples were included. The highest sensitivity was achieved for FASTest LEISH® (99.38%), ELISA UNIZAR (99.37%), MegaFLUO LEISH® (99.36%) followed by MegaELISA LEISH® (98.49%). The best specificity was obtained by FASTest LEISH® (98.43%), followed by ELISA UNIZAR (97.50%), whilst MegaFLUO LEISH® and MegaELISA LEISH® obtained the lower specificity (91.94% and 91.93%, respectively). The results of present study indicate that the immunochromatographic rapid test evaluated FASTest LEISH® show similar levels of sensitivity and specificity to the quantitative commercial tests. Among quantitative serological tests, sensitivity and specificity were similar considering ELISA or IFAT techniques.

scholarly journals A Novel Sampling Model to Study the Epidemiology of Canine Leishmaniasis in an Urban Environment

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucy A. Parker ◽  
Lucrecia Acosta ◽  
Mariana Noel Gutierrez ◽  
Israel Cruz ◽  
Javier Nieto ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Representative Sample ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Domestic Dogs ◽  
Urban Setting ◽  
Domestic Dog ◽  
Canine Leishmaniasis ◽  
Serological Tests ◽  
Efficient Manner ◽  
Shelter Dogs ◽  
The City

Background: Visceral leishmaniasis (VL) is one of the most important parasitic diseases in the world. The domestic dog is the main reservoir of zoonotic VL and a high prevalence of canine leishmaniasis (CanL) is associated with transmission of infection to humans. Here we describe the methodology used to obtain a rapid and representative sample of domestic dogs in the city of Posadas, Misiones, and compare the prevalence of Leishmania infection with a sample of shelter dogs.Methodology: We used the city land registry to make a random selection of homes and systematically recruited 349 domestic dogs from the selected properties. We also included all dogs from the main canine shelter within the city. Dogs were examined by two experienced veterinarians who recorded the presence of clinical signs common in CanL using a standardized protocol. We extracted a blood sample from each dog and performed four different serological tests to reveal the presence of anti-Leishmania antibodies.Results: After clinical examination, 145 domestic dogs (41.5%) and 63 (90%) shelter dogs had clinical signs compatible with CanL (p &lt; 0.001). The seroprevalence among domestic dogs was 20.1% (95% CI 16.1–24.6) which was significantly lower than among the abandoned dogs (38.6%, 95% CI 27.7–50.6, p &lt; 0.001). The spatial distribution of infected dogs was fairly homogenous throughout the city. Among domestic dogs, we observed a positive association between where the dog slept and presence of anti-Leishmania antibodies (p = 0.034). Of the seropositive domestic dogs 38 (54.4%) were asymptomatic.Conclusions: Our findings demonstrate how seroprevalence results can be highly influenced by sampling methodology. We demonstrate how the land registry can be used to estimate the prevalence of CanL in representative sample of domestic dogs in an urban setting, allowing decision makers to deepen their understanding the epidemiology of CanL in a timely and efficient manner for the development of plans to address both human and canine disease.

scholarly journals Seroprevalence and risk factors associated with Leishmania infantum in dogs in Sardinia (Italy), an endemic island for leishmaniasis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Claudia Tamponi ◽  
Fabio Scarpa ◽  
Silvia Carta ◽  
Stephane Knoll ◽  
Daria Sanna ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Clinical Manifestations ◽  
General Information ◽  
Canine Leishmaniasis ◽  
Igg Antibodies ◽  
Epidemiological Surveys ◽  
Chi Squared ◽  
Vector Borne ◽  
First Time

AbstractLeishmaniasis is a widespread, vector-borne parasitosis causing clinical manifestations in animals and in humans. In dogs, Canine Leishmaniasis has been reported in as much as 50 countries and the Mediterranean basin is known to be one of the most affected zones. Within these areas, the Island of Sardinia (Italy) has long been considered endemic for leishmaniasis and the presence of two arthropod vectors has recently been reported there. Nevertheless, to date, no epidemiological surveys regarding CanL have been carried out on the island. Hence, for the first time, the seroprevalence and the risk factors were investigated. Blood samples, as well as clinical and general information from 1.147 dogs, were collected and analyzed. Dogs consisted of two distinct populations, namely “owned dogs” and “kennel dogs.” Anti-Leishmania IgG antibodies were detected using IFAT and samples were scored as positive at a cut-off dilution of 1:80. Data was analyzed using a Chi-squared test and bivariate and multivariate analyses were performed. Overall, 15.4% of dogs were found to be infected with CanL while only 44.1% of these animals exhibited clinical signs. Owned dogs (27.2%) were found to be infected more often than kennel dogs (10.6%); male dogs were found to be more frequently infected than female dogs and the number of infected animals increases with age. The present survey confirmed the endemic nature of leishmaniasis in Sardinia with a similar seroprevalence as mainland Italy. The results obtained serve as validation for the hypothesis that, in endemic areas, clinical CanL representations constitute only a fraction of the leishmaniasis cases.

scholarly journals rSodC is a potential antigen to diagnose Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis by enzyme-linked immunoassay

AMB Express ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Pedro Fróes de Farias ◽  
José Tadeu Raynal Rocha Filho ◽  
Silvana Beutinger Marchioro ◽  
Luan Santana Moreira ◽  
Andressa Souza Marques ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sensitivity And Specificity ◽  
Recombinant Proteins ◽  
Corynebacterium Pseudotuberculosis ◽  
Semiarid Region ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Serological Tests ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Epidemiological Surveys ◽  
Purified Antigen

Abstract Caseous lymphadenitis (CL) is a chronic infectious disease that affects sheep and goats. Many serological tests have been developed to detect the disease; one of the most widely used is the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), due to its advantages, which include acceptable cost-effectiveness, applicability, sensitivity and specificity. ELISA formulations using recombinant proteins can exhibit significant sensitivity and specificity when using a single purified antigen. DTxR, Trx, TrxR, LexA, SodC, SpaC, NanH, and PknG recombinant proteins can be considered target proteins for ELISA development due to its extracellular or on the cell surface location, which allows a better recognition by the immune system. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to evaluate the antigenic reactivity of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis recombinant proteins in goat and sheep serum. Of eight proteins evaluated, rSodC was selected for validation assays with small ruminant serum samples from the semiarid region of the state of Bahia, Brazil. Validation assays with goat serum samples showed that ELISA-rSodC presented sensitivity and specificity of 96% and 94%, respectively. Validation assays with sheep serum showed that ELISA-rSodC exhibited sensitivity and specificity of 95% and 98%, respectively. Analysis of 756 field serum samples showed that rSodC identified 95 positive samples (23%) in goats and 75 positive samples (21%) in sheep. The ELISA with recombinant SodC protein developed in this study discriminated positive and negative serum samples with high levels of sensitivity and specificity. This formulation is promising for epidemiological surveys and CL control programs. Trial registration AEC No 4958051018. 12/18/2018, retrospectively registered

scholarly journals rSodC is a potential antigen to diagnose Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis by enzyme-linked immunoassay

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Pedro Fróes de Farias ◽  
José Tadeu Raynal Rocha Filho ◽  
Silvana Beutinger Marchioro ◽  
Luan Santana Moreira ◽  
Andressa Souza Marques ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sensitivity And Specificity ◽  
Recombinant Proteins ◽  
Corynebacterium Pseudotuberculosis ◽  
Semiarid Region ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Serological Tests ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Epidemiological Surveys ◽  
Purified Antigen

Abstract Caseous lymphadenitis (CL) is a chronic infectious disease that affects sheep and goats. Many serological tests have been developed to detect the disease; one of the most widely used is the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), due to its advantages. ELISA formulations using recombinant proteins can exhibit significant sensitivity and specificity when using a single purified antigen. DTxR, Trx, TrxR, LexA, SodC, SpaC, NanH, and PknG recombinant proteins can be considered target proteins for ELISA development. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to evaluate the antigenic reactivity of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis recombinant proteins in goat and sheep serum. Of eight proteins evaluated, rSodC was selected for validation assays with small ruminant serum samples from the semiarid region of the state of Bahia, Brazil. Validation assays with goat serum samples showed that rSodC presented sensitivity and specificity of 96% and 94%, respectively. Validation assays with sheep serum showed that recombinant SodC exhibited sensitivity and specificity of 95% and 98%, respectively. Analysis of 756 field serum samples showed that rSodC identified 95 positive samples (23%) in goats and 75 positive samples (21%) in sheep. The ELISA with recombinant SodC protein developed in this study discriminated positive and negative serum samples with high levels of sensitivity and specificity. This formulation is promising for epidemiological surveys and CL control programs.

scholarly journals FAMACHA©: Predictive value for control of Haemonchus sp. in sheep from Brazilian Cerrado

2021 ◽  
Vol 42 (5) ◽  
pp. 2825-2838
Author(s):  
Roberta Tavares Moreira ◽  
◽  
Ana Lourdes Arrais de Alencar Mota ◽  
Antonio Carlos Lopes Câmara ◽  
Benito Soto-Blanco ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sensitivity And Specificity ◽  
Negative Correlation ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
High Specificity ◽  
Gastrointestinal Parasites ◽  
Brazilian Cerrado ◽  
Selective Treatment ◽  
Helminthic Infection

This study aimed to evaluate the sensitivity and specificity of FAMACHA© method, correlating with packed cell volume (PCV) and egg count (FEC), as well as to evaluate the clinical signs of Haemonchus sp. infection in sheep from Brazilian Cerrado. Over two years (2017 to 2019), 1,435 sheep were subjected to clinical and parasitological evaluations. Sheep from six breeds (Santa Inês, Dorper, White Dorper, Ile de France, Suffolk, and crossbreed) were subdivided into five production categories (pregnant, lactating, non-pregnant/lactating ewes, breeding males, and weaned lambs). Parasitological evaluations included FEC and coproculture. In the clinical evaluation, all sheep underwent determination of the FAMACHA© score and PCV. Haemonchus sp. larvae were predominant in coprocultures of the flocks (76.4%) and in each animal production category evaluated (69.4 to 84.3%). FAMACHA© method showed high sensitivity (70.6%) for evaluating sheep with scores ≥ 3, and PCV < 23%, and high specificity (97.5%) in animals with higher scores (4 and 5), and PCV < 18%. A negative correlation was observed between FAMACHA© scores and PCV (-0.46) and between PCV and FEC (-0.47), while a positive correlation was observed between FAMACHA© scores and FEC (0.22) (p < 0.01). The vast majority of the animals evaluated (54.5%) were clinically resistant to gastrointestinal parasites. Due to the high sensitivity and specificity, we concluded that the method could be a valuable diagnostic alternative and an ancillary tool in the implementation of selective treatment for helminthic infection in sheep from Brazilian Cerrado.

scholarly journals rSodC is a potential antigen to diagnose Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis by enzyme-linked immunoassay

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Pedro Fróes de Farias ◽  
José Tadeu Raynal Rocha Filho ◽  
Silvana Beutinger Marchioro ◽  
Luan Santana Moreira ◽  
Andressa Souza Marques ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sensitivity And Specificity ◽  
Recombinant Proteins ◽  
Corynebacterium Pseudotuberculosis ◽  
Semiarid Region ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Serological Tests ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Epidemiological Surveys ◽  
Purified Antigen

Abstract Caseous lymphadenitis (CL) is a chronic infectious disease that affects sheep and goats. Many serological tests have been developed to detect the disease; one of the most widely used is the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), due to its advantages. ELISA formulations using recombinant proteins can exhibit significant sensitivity and specificity when using a single purified antigen. DTxR, Trx, TrxR, LexA, SodC, SpaC, NanH, and PknG recombinant proteins can be considered target proteins for ELISA development. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to evaluate the antigenic reactivity of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis recombinant proteins in goat and sheep serum. Of eight proteins evaluated, rSodC was selected for validation assays with small ruminant serum samples from the semiarid region of the state of Bahia, Brazil. Validation assays with goat serum samples showed that rSodC presented sensitivity and specificity of 96% and 94%, respectively. Validation assays with sheep serum showed that recombinant SodC exhibited sensitivity and specificity of 95% and 98%, respectively. Analysis of 756 field serum samples showed that rSodC identified 95 positive samples (23%) in goats and 75 positive samples (21%) in sheep. The ELISA with recombinant SodC protein developed in this study discriminated positive and negative serum samples with high levels of sensitivity and specificity. This formulation is promising for epidemiological surveys and CL control programs.

scholarly journals rSodC is a potential antigen to diagnose Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis by enzyme-linked immunoassay

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Pedro Fróes de Farias ◽  
José Tadeu Raynal Rocha Filho ◽  
Silvana Beutinger Marchioro ◽  
Luan Santana Moreira ◽  
Andressa Souza Marques ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sensitivity And Specificity ◽  
Recombinant Proteins ◽  
Corynebacterium Pseudotuberculosis ◽  
Semiarid Region ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Serological Tests ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Epidemiological Surveys ◽  
Purified Antigen

Abstract Caseous lymphadenitis (CL) is a chronic infectious disease that affects sheep and goats. Many serological tests have been developed to detect the disease; one of the most widely used is the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), due to its advantages, which include acceptable cost-effectiveness, applicability, sensitivity and specificity. ELISA formulations using recombinant proteins can exhibit significant sensitivity and specificity when using a single purified antigen. DTxR, Trx, TrxR, LexA, SodC, SpaC, NanH, and PknG recombinant proteins can be considered target proteins for ELISA development due to its extracellular or on the cell surface location, which allows a better recognition by the immune system. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to evaluate the antigenic reactivity of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis recombinant proteins in goat and sheep serum. Of eight proteins evaluated, rSodC was selected for validation assays with small ruminant serum samples from the semiarid region of the state of Bahia, Brazil. Validation assays with goat serum samples showed that ELISA-rSodC presented sensitivity and specificity of 96% and 94%, respectively. Validation assays with sheep serum showed that ELISA-rSodC exhibited sensitivity and specificity of 95% and 98%, respectively. Analysis of 756 field serum samples showed that rSodC identified 95 positive samples (23%) in goats and 75 positive samples (21%) in sheep. The ELISA with recombinant SodC protein developed in this study discriminated positive and negative serum samples with high levels of sensitivity and specificity. This formulation is promising for epidemiological surveys and CL control programs.

scholarly journals rSodC is a Potential Antigen to Diagnose Corynebacterium Pseudotuberculosis by Enzyme-linked Immunoassay

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antonio Pedro Fróes de Farias ◽  
José Tadeu Raynal Rocha Filho ◽  
Silvana Beutinger Marchioro ◽  
Luan Santana Moreira ◽  
Andressa Souza Marques ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sensitivity And Specificity ◽  
Recombinant Proteins ◽  
Corynebacterium Pseudotuberculosis ◽  
Semiarid Region ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Serological Tests ◽  
Control Programs ◽  
Epidemiological Surveys ◽  
Purified Antigen

Abstract Caseous lymphadenitis (CL) is a chronic infectious disease that affects sheep and goats. Many serological tests have been developed to detect the disease; one of the most widely used is the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), due to its advantages. ELISA formulations using recombinant proteins can exhibit significant sensitivity and specificity when using a single purified antigen. DTxR, Trx, TrxR, LexA, SodC, SpaC, NanH, and PknG recombinant proteins can be considered target proteins for ELISA development. Therefore, the objectives of this study were to evaluate the antigenic reactivity of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis recombinant proteins in goat and sheep serum. Of eight proteins evaluated, rSodC was selected for validation assays with small ruminant serum samples from the semiarid region of the state of Bahia, Brazil. Validation assays with goat serum samples showed that rSodC presented sensitivity and specificity of 96% and 94%, respectively. Validation assays with sheep serum showed that recombinant SodC exhibited sensitivity and specificity of 95% and 98%, respectively. Analysis of 756 field serum samples showed that rSodC identified 95 positive samples (23%) in goats and 75 positive samples (21%) in sheep. The ELISA with recombinant SodC protein developed in this study discriminated positive and negative serum samples with high levels of sensitivity and specificity. This formulation is promising for epidemiological surveys and CL control programs.

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