scholarly journals Foodborne outbreaks caused by salmonella in Italy, 1991–4

1996 ◽  
Vol 116 (3) ◽  
pp. 257-265 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. Scuderi ◽  
M. Fantasia ◽  
E. Filetici ◽  
M. P. Anastasio
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Enteritidis ◽  
Phage Type ◽  
Virulence Plasmid ◽  
Phage Types ◽  
Foodborne Outbreaks ◽  
Genotypic Characteristics ◽  
Group D

SUMMARYThis report summarizes studies on 1699 foodborne outbreaks, in Italy, reported to theIstituto Superiore di Sanità(ISS) (the National Institute of Health of Italy, Rome) during the period 1991–4. The most frequently reported foodborne outbreaks were caused by salmonellae (81%), in particular bySalmonella enteritidisand non-serotyped group D salmonella (34% and 33% of the total salmonella outbreaks, respectively). A vehicle was implicated in 69% of the salmonella outbreaks; eggs were implicated in 77% of the outbreaks for which a vehicle was identified or suspected. Salmonella strains isolated in 54 outbreaks were studied for phenotypic and genotypic characteristics. The isolates belonged toS. enteritidis(50 outbreaks),S. typhimurium(three outbreaks) andS. hadar(one outbreak). In theS. enteritidisoutbreaks, phage type 4 was most frequently isolated (64·8%), followed by phage type 1 (14·8%). The virulence plasmid of 38 megadaltons was found in many different phage types ofS. enteritidis.

Survey of Salmonella Contamination of Non–United Kingdom-Produced Raw Shell Eggs on Retail Sale in the Northwest of England and London, 2005 to 2006

2007 ◽  
Vol 70 (10) ◽  
pp. 2259-2265 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. L. LITTLE ◽  
S. WALSH ◽  
L. HUCKLESBY ◽  
S. SURMAN-LEE ◽  
K. PATHAK ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Salmonella Enteritidis ◽  
Phage Type ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Retail Sale ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Shell Eggs ◽  
Phage Types ◽  
Weighted Prevalence

This survey was prompted by a change in the epidemiology of Salmonella Enteritidis infections in England and Wales and elsewhere in Europe and, to our knowledge, is the first survey to provide information on Salmonella contamination of non–United Kingdom eggs on retail sale. Based on 10,464 non–United Kingdom eggs (1,744 pooled samples of six eggs) purchased between March 2005 and July 2006, the total weighted prevalence estimate for all Salmonella detected in non–United Kingdom eggs was 3.3%. Of the eggs sampled, most were produced in Spain (66.3%), France (20.0%), or The Netherlands (7.4%). Salmonella was detected from 4.4 and 0.3% of eggs produced in Spain and France, respectively, with weighted prevalence estimates. Eight different Salmonella serotypes were recovered from non–United Kingdom eggs, of which Salmonella Enteritidis predominated, with an estimated prevalence of 2.6%. Salmonella Enteritidis was obtained only from Spanish eggs. Nine different phage types of Salmonella Enteritidis were identified, with phage type 1 found to be the predominant phage type. Most of the Salmonella Enteritidis isolates obtained from Spanish eggs in the survey were resistant to nalidixic acid with concomitant decreased susceptibility to ciprofloxacin (0.125 to 1.0 mg/liter) or ampicillin (8.0 mg/liter). Salmonella Enteritidis phage type 1 until now had not been detected in eggs examined as part of previous United Kingdom egg surveys but has been detected in eggs of Spanish origin examined during recent national outbreaks of Salmonella Enteritidis non–phage type 4 infections in England and Wales. Eggs are a commonly consumed food that may occasionally be contaminated with Salmonella. The rates of contamination may be linked to the origin of the eggs. Consumers and caterers need to be aware of this continuing hazard, adopt appropriate control measures, and follow advice provided by national food agencies in order to reduce the risk of infection.

scholarly journals Drastic decrease of Salmonella Enteritidis isolated from humans in Belgium in 2005, shift in phage types and influence on foodborne outbreaks

2007 ◽  
Vol 136 (6) ◽  
pp. 771-781 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. COLLARD ◽  
S. BERTRAND ◽  
K. DIERICK ◽  
C. GODARD ◽  
C. WILDEMAUWE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Enteritidis ◽  
Phage Type ◽  
Annual Number ◽  
Foodborne Illnesses ◽  
Phage Types ◽  
Reference Centre ◽  
Human Salmonellosis ◽  
Foodborne Outbreaks ◽  
Average Annual Number

SUMMARYIn Belgium, non-typhoidal salmonellosis and campylobacteriosis are the two most frequently reported foodborne illnesses. During 2005, a 71% decrease of Salmonella Enteritidis infections compared with the average annual number cases in the period 2000–2004 was recorded by the Belgian National Reference Centre for Salmonella and Shigella. After the peak of 1999, the total number of salmonellosis cases decreased gradually, with the exception of 2003 when an increase was again recorded due to the rise of isolates belonging to the serotype Enteritidis. PT4, the predominant phage type of serotype Enteriditis over recent years (except in 2003), became the second most prevalent phage type in 2005 after PT21. We present in this paper the epidemiology (incidence and trends) of human salmonellosis in Belgium and assess the role of the vaccination programme in layer flocks on the decline of the incidence of human salmonellosis and foodborne outbreaks due to S. Enteritidis.

scholarly journals Salmonella Enteritidis Phage Types 1 and 4: Pheno- and Genotypic Epidemiology of Recent Outbreaks in Finland

1999 ◽  
Vol 37 (7) ◽  
pp. 2176-2182 ◽  
Author(s):  
Susanna Lukinmaa ◽  
Raili Schildt ◽  
Teemu Rinttilä ◽  
Anja Siitonen
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Enteritidis ◽  
Phage Type ◽  
Resistance Testing ◽  
Baltic Countries ◽  
Phage Types ◽  
Plasmid Profiling ◽  
The Baltic ◽  
Different Origins ◽  
Different Sources

In the 1990s, Salmonella enterica subsp.enterica serovar Enteritidis has caused 15 outbreaks in Finland; 12 of them were caused by phage type 1 (PT1) and PT4. Thus far, there has been no clear evidence as to the source of theseSalmonella Enteritidis PT1 and PT4 strains, so it was necessary to try to characterize them further. SalmonellaEnteritidis PT1 (n = 57) and PT4 (n = 43) isolates from different sources were analyzed by genomic pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), plasmid profiling, and antimicrobial resistance testing to investigate the distribution of their subtypes in Finland. It was also hoped that this investigation would help in identifying the sources of the infections, especially the sources of the outbreaks caused by PT1 and PT4 in the 1990s. The results showed that both PFGE and plasmid profiling, but not antimicrobial susceptibility testing, were capable of differentiating isolates of Salmonella Enteritidis PT1 and PT4. By genotypic methods, it was possible to divide both PT1 and PT4 isolates into 12 subtypes. It could also be shown that all PT1 outbreak isolates were identical and, at least with this collection of isolates, that the outbreaks did not originate from the Baltic countries or from Russia, where this phage type predominates. It was also established that the outbreaks caused by PT4 all had different origins. Valuable information for future investigations was gained on the distribution of molecular subtypes of strains that originated from the tourist resorts that are popular among Finns and of strains that were isolated from livestock.

scholarly journals Genotypic Characterization of Salmonella enteritidis Phage Types by Plasmid Analysis, Ribotyping, and Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis

1998 ◽  
Vol 36 (8) ◽  
pp. 2314-2321 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Ridley ◽  
E. J. Threlfall ◽  
B. Rowe
Keyword(s):  
Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Salmonella Enteritidis ◽  
Profile Analysis ◽  
Phage Type ◽  
Plasmid Profile ◽  
Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Single Type ◽  
Pulsed Field ◽  
Phage Types ◽  
Reference Strains

Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was used to resolveXbaI and SpeI macrorestriction fragments from 60 defined phage type (PT) reference strains of Salmonella enteritidis. The level of discrimination was compared to that afforded by plasmid profile analysis and ribotyping. Twenty-eight distinct XbaI pulsed-field profiles (PFPs) were observed, although a single type, PFP X1, predominated. Absence of the 57-kbspv-associated fragment was observed for three PT reference strains, and the profile was designated PFP X1A. The XbaI macrorestriction profiles of a further four PT reference strains were altered by the presence of plasmid-associated bands. Twenty-sixSpeI-generated PFPs (plus one subtype) were observed for the same strains. No SpeI fragment corresponding to the 38-MDa serovar-specific plasmid was detected. The distribution ofXbaI and SpeI profiles did not always correspond, producing a total of 32 combined PFPs for the 60 PT reference strains. This compared with a total of 18 different plasmid profiles and three PvuII ribotypes generated by the same strains. The results of this study indicate that PFGE may offer an improved level of discrimination over other genotypic typing methods for the epidemiological typing of S. enteritidis.

scholarly journals Salmonella Enteritidis in England and Wales: increases in unusual phage types in 2002

2002 ◽  
Vol 6 (45) ◽  
Author(s):  
S O’Brien ◽  
L Ward
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Salmonella Enteritidis ◽  
Phage Type ◽  
Enteric Pathogens ◽  
Public Health Laboratory ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Laboratory Service ◽  
The Public ◽  
Phage Types

Although Salmonella Enteritidis phage type (PT) 4, responsible for the major epidemic during the late 1980s and early 1990s (1), has continued to decline, there have been increases in a number of the more unusual phage types of S. Enteritidis (2). Isolates of S. Enteritidis PT 3, 6a, 13a and 14b and 21 confirmed by the Public Health Laboratory Service Laboratory of Enteric Pathogens (PHLS LEP) in England have all increased during 2002 (table 1) (3).

scholarly journals Outer membrane characteristics of Salmonella enteritidis phage type 4 growing in chickens

1993 ◽  
Vol 111 (3) ◽  
pp. 449-454 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. Chart ◽  
D. Conway ◽  
B. Rowe
Keyword(s):  
Outer Membrane ◽  
Salmonella Enteritidis ◽  
Outer Membrane Proteins ◽  
Phage Type ◽  
Virulence Plasmid ◽  
Uptake System ◽  
Ferric Ions ◽  
Phenotypic Characteristics ◽  
A Subunit

SummaryStrains of Salmonella enteritidis belonging to phage type 4 (SE4) were grown in the peritoneal cavities of chickens, and without subculture on laboratory media examined for inducible in vivo phenotypic characteristics. These bacteria expressed three major outer membrane proteins (OMPs) of 33, 35 and 36 kilodaltons (kDa), and iron regulated OMPs of 74, 78 and 81 kDa. Bacteria growing in vivo did not express flagella, or fimbriae with a subunit molecular mass of 14 kDa (14 kDa fimbriae). Two OMPs of 55 and 23 kDa, expressed during culture in nutrient broth, were repressed during growth in chickens. Possession of a 38 MDa ‘mouse virulence’ plasmid did not influence the expression of OMPs, flagella or fimbriae. It was concluded that strains of SE4 growing in chicken tissues, use an enterobactin mediated iron uptake system to obtain ferric ions, do not express flagella or 14 kDa fimbriae and appear not to express novel OMPs involved in survival in vivo.

scholarly journals Foodborne general outbreaks of Salmonella Enteritidis phage type 4 infection, England and Wales, 1992–2002: where are the risks?

2005 ◽  
Vol 133 (5) ◽  
pp. 795-801 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. A. GILLESPIE ◽  
S. J. O'BRIEN ◽  
G. K. ADAK ◽  
L. R. WARD ◽  
H. R. SMITH
Keyword(s):  
Disease Surveillance ◽  
Salmonella Enteritidis ◽  
Communicable Disease ◽  
Phage Type ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Cross Contamination ◽  
Protection Agency ◽  
Egg Products ◽  
Foodborne Outbreaks ◽  
Residential Institutions

Foodborne outbreaks of Salmonella enterica serovar Enteritidis phage type 4 (PT4) infection (n=497), reported to the Health Protection Agency Communicable Disease Surveillance Centre between 1992 and 2002, were compared with other pathogens (n=1148) to determine factors (season, setting, food vehicles, food safety faults) associated with this pathogen. Logistic regression was applied to control for potential confounding. Foodborne general outbreaks of S. Enteritidis PT4 infection were more likely to occur in the spring and summer, and were more often linked to schools, private residences and residential institutions. Eggs, egg products and the use of raw shell egg were strongly associated with this pathogen. Most outbreaks were linked to cross-contamination and inadequate heat treatment. This paper describes the decline in the S. Enteritidis PT4 epidemic, providing evidence that control measures introduced, e.g. improved biosecurity and vaccination, have worked. Continued surveillance of human and veterinary salmonellosis is essential to detect future problems.

scholarly journals Salmonellosis in Indonesia: phage type distribution of Salmonella paratyphi A

1977 ◽  
Vol 79 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-4 ◽  
Author(s):  
W. R. Sanborn ◽  
R. Hablas ◽  
S. Komalarini ◽  
Sinta ◽  
R. Trenggonowati ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
River Water ◽  
Phage Type ◽  
Rare Type ◽  
Type Distribution ◽  
Phage Types ◽  
The World ◽  
Two Cities

SUMMARYThe distribution of phage types among 221 human strains of Salmonella paratyphi A in Indonesia was studied. Approximately 50% were phage type 5, a rare type elsewhere in the world. Most other isolates were the cosmopolitan phage type 1. The ratio of phage type 1–5 was compared for two cities on Java, Jakarta and Yogyakarta. The ratios were significantly different, phage type 5 predominating in Jakarta. The ratio of phage types among 10 S. paratyphi A strains isolated from Jakarta river water was similar to that found in Jakarta patients.

scholarly journals Occurrence of Salmonella Enteritidis phage type 29 in Austria : an opportunity to assess the relevance of chicken meat as source of human salmonella infections

2004 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 9-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
C Berghold ◽  
C. Kornschober ◽  
I Lederer ◽  
F Allerberger
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Enteritidis ◽  
Phage Type ◽  
Chicken Meat ◽  
Human Samples ◽  
Phage Types ◽  
Salmonella Infections ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Human Salmonellosis ◽  
Sources Of Infection ◽  
A Minor

Assuming that the various phage types of Salmonella Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) are largely equally virulent, the importance of certain foods as sources of infection for human salmonellosis can be deduced from differences in the distribution of phage types in human and non-human samples. In 2002, S. Enteritidis phage type 29 (PT29) was first isolated from non-human test samples in Austria. S. Enteritidis PT29 accounted for 44 (27.7%) of 159 S. Enteritidis strains, derived from veterinary samples of chicken (e.g. meat, giblets) or chicken habitations (e.g. swabs from the coop and excrement). At the food retail level (chicken meat, chicken liver), five (13.1%) of 38 S. Enteritidis isolates were PT29. The proportion of S. Enteritidis PT29 in human samples was much lower. Only 0.4% (30 human primary isolates) of all S. Enteritidis isolates in the year 2002, and 0.33% (23 human primary isolates) of all human S. Enteritidis strains in 2003 were PT29. In our opinion, the discrepancy between the high prevalence of S. Enteritidis PT29 in broilers and chicken meat and the low number of PT29 cases in humans indicates that chicken meat of Austrian origin is currently only a minor source of human S. Enteritidis infections.

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