Salmonellosis in Indonesia: phage type distribution of Salmonella paratyphi A

SUMMARYThe distribution of phage types among 221 human strains of Salmonella paratyphi A in Indonesia was studied. Approximately 50% were phage type 5, a rare type elsewhere in the world. Most other isolates were the cosmopolitan phage type 1. The ratio of phage type 1–5 was compared for two cities on Java, Jakarta and Yogyakarta. The ratios were significantly different, phage type 5 predominating in Jakarta. The ratio of phage types among 10 S. paratyphi A strains isolated from Jakarta river water was similar to that found in Jakarta patients.

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Survey of Salmonella Contamination of Non–United Kingdom-Produced Raw Shell Eggs on Retail Sale in the Northwest of England and London, 2005 to 2006

Journal of Food Protection ◽

10.4315/0362-028x-70.10.2259 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 70 (10) ◽

pp. 2259-2265 ◽

Cited By ~ 22

Author(s):

C. L. LITTLE ◽

S. WALSH ◽

L. HUCKLESBY ◽

S. SURMAN-LEE ◽

K. PATHAK ◽

...

Keyword(s):

United Kingdom ◽

Salmonella Enteritidis ◽

Phage Type ◽

Control Measures ◽

Retail Sale ◽

England And Wales ◽

Shell Eggs ◽

Phage Types ◽

Weighted Prevalence

This survey was prompted by a change in the epidemiology of Salmonella Enteritidis infections in England and Wales and elsewhere in Europe and, to our knowledge, is the first survey to provide information on Salmonella contamination of non–United Kingdom eggs on retail sale. Based on 10,464 non–United Kingdom eggs (1,744 pooled samples of six eggs) purchased between March 2005 and July 2006, the total weighted prevalence estimate for all Salmonella detected in non–United Kingdom eggs was 3.3%. Of the eggs sampled, most were produced in Spain (66.3%), France (20.0%), or The Netherlands (7.4%). Salmonella was detected from 4.4 and 0.3% of eggs produced in Spain and France, respectively, with weighted prevalence estimates. Eight different Salmonella serotypes were recovered from non–United Kingdom eggs, of which Salmonella Enteritidis predominated, with an estimated prevalence of 2.6%. Salmonella Enteritidis was obtained only from Spanish eggs. Nine different phage types of Salmonella Enteritidis were identified, with phage type 1 found to be the predominant phage type. Most of the Salmonella Enteritidis isolates obtained from Spanish eggs in the survey were resistant to nalidixic acid with concomitant decreased susceptibility to ciprofloxacin (0.125 to 1.0 mg/liter) or ampicillin (8.0 mg/liter). Salmonella Enteritidis phage type 1 until now had not been detected in eggs examined as part of previous United Kingdom egg surveys but has been detected in eggs of Spanish origin examined during recent national outbreaks of Salmonella Enteritidis non–phage type 4 infections in England and Wales. Eggs are a commonly consumed food that may occasionally be contaminated with Salmonella. The rates of contamination may be linked to the origin of the eggs. Consumers and caterers need to be aware of this continuing hazard, adopt appropriate control measures, and follow advice provided by national food agencies in order to reduce the risk of infection.

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Foodborne outbreaks caused by salmonella in Italy, 1991–4

Epidemiology and Infection ◽

10.1017/s0950268800052559 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 116 (3) ◽

pp. 257-265 ◽

Cited By ~ 38

Author(s):

G. Scuderi ◽

M. Fantasia ◽

E. Filetici ◽

M. P. Anastasio

Keyword(s):

Salmonella Enteritidis ◽

Phage Type ◽

Virulence Plasmid ◽

Phage Types ◽

Foodborne Outbreaks ◽

Genotypic Characteristics ◽

Group D

SUMMARYThis report summarizes studies on 1699 foodborne outbreaks, in Italy, reported to theIstituto Superiore di Sanità(ISS) (the National Institute of Health of Italy, Rome) during the period 1991–4. The most frequently reported foodborne outbreaks were caused by salmonellae (81%), in particular bySalmonella enteritidisand non-serotyped group D salmonella (34% and 33% of the total salmonella outbreaks, respectively). A vehicle was implicated in 69% of the salmonella outbreaks; eggs were implicated in 77% of the outbreaks for which a vehicle was identified or suspected. Salmonella strains isolated in 54 outbreaks were studied for phenotypic and genotypic characteristics. The isolates belonged toS. enteritidis(50 outbreaks),S. typhimurium(three outbreaks) andS. hadar(one outbreak). In theS. enteritidisoutbreaks, phage type 4 was most frequently isolated (64·8%), followed by phage type 1 (14·8%). The virulence plasmid of 38 megadaltons was found in many different phage types ofS. enteritidis.

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Development and Evaluation of a Phage Typing Scheme for Vibrio cholerae O139

Journal of Clinical Microbiology ◽

10.1128/jcm.38.1.44-49.2000 ◽

2000 ◽

Vol 38 (1) ◽

pp. 44-49

Author(s):

A. K. Chakrabarti ◽

A. N. Ghosh ◽

G. Balakrish Nair ◽

S. K. Niyogi ◽

S. K. Bhattacharya ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Vibrio Cholerae ◽

Phage Type ◽

Phage Typing ◽

Major Type ◽

Dominant Type ◽

Typing Scheme ◽

Phage Types ◽

Type 3

ABSTRACT The scenario of cholera that existed previously changed in 1992 and 1993 with the emergence of toxigenic Vibrio cholerae O139 in India. The genesis of the new serogroup formed the impetus to search for O139 phages in and around the country. A total of five newly isolated phages lytic to V. cholerae O139 strains were used for the development of this phage typing scheme. These phages differed from each other and also differed from the existing O1 phages in their lytic patterns, morphologies, restriction endonuclease digestion profiles, and immunological criteria. With this scheme, 500 V. cholerae O139 strains were evaluated for their phage types, and almost all strains were found to be typeable. The strains clustered into 10 different phage types, of which type 1 (38.2%) was the dominant type, followed by type 2 (22.4%) and type 3 (18%). Additionally, a comparative study of phage types in 1993 and 1994 versus those from 1996 to 1998 for O139 strains showed a higher percentage of phage type 1 (40.5%), followed by type 3 (18.8%) during the period between 1993 and 1994, whereas phage type 2 (32.1%) was the next major type during the period from 1996 to 1998. This scheme comprising five newly isolated phages would be another useful tool in the study of the epidemiology of cholera caused by V. cholerae O139.

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Salmonella Enteritidis Phage Types 1 and 4: Pheno- and Genotypic Epidemiology of Recent Outbreaks in Finland

Journal of Clinical Microbiology ◽

10.1128/jcm.37.7.2176-2182.1999 ◽

1999 ◽

Vol 37 (7) ◽

pp. 2176-2182 ◽

Cited By ~ 27

Author(s):

Susanna Lukinmaa ◽

Raili Schildt ◽

Teemu Rinttilä ◽

Anja Siitonen

Keyword(s):

Salmonella Enteritidis ◽

Phage Type ◽

Resistance Testing ◽

Baltic Countries ◽

Phage Types ◽

Plasmid Profiling ◽

The Baltic ◽

Different Origins ◽

Different Sources

In the 1990s, Salmonella enterica subsp.enterica serovar Enteritidis has caused 15 outbreaks in Finland; 12 of them were caused by phage type 1 (PT1) and PT4. Thus far, there has been no clear evidence as to the source of theseSalmonella Enteritidis PT1 and PT4 strains, so it was necessary to try to characterize them further. SalmonellaEnteritidis PT1 (n = 57) and PT4 (n = 43) isolates from different sources were analyzed by genomic pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE), plasmid profiling, and antimicrobial resistance testing to investigate the distribution of their subtypes in Finland. It was also hoped that this investigation would help in identifying the sources of the infections, especially the sources of the outbreaks caused by PT1 and PT4 in the 1990s. The results showed that both PFGE and plasmid profiling, but not antimicrobial susceptibility testing, were capable of differentiating isolates of Salmonella Enteritidis PT1 and PT4. By genotypic methods, it was possible to divide both PT1 and PT4 isolates into 12 subtypes. It could also be shown that all PT1 outbreak isolates were identical and, at least with this collection of isolates, that the outbreaks did not originate from the Baltic countries or from Russia, where this phage type predominates. It was also established that the outbreaks caused by PT4 all had different origins. Valuable information for future investigations was gained on the distribution of molecular subtypes of strains that originated from the tourist resorts that are popular among Finns and of strains that were isolated from livestock.

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Salmonellosis in Indonesia: phage type distribution of Salmonella typhi

Journal of Hygiene ◽

10.1017/s0022172400025560 ◽

1979 ◽

Vol 82 (1) ◽

pp. 143-153 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Warren R. Sanborn ◽

J.-F. Vieu ◽

S. Komalarini ◽

Sinta ◽

R. Trenggonowati ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antibiotic Resistance ◽

East Asia ◽

Reductase Activity ◽

Phage Type ◽

Salmonella Typhi ◽

South East Asia ◽

Type Distribution ◽

Phage Types ◽

Steady Level ◽

Large Groups

SUMMARYThe distribution of phage types was studied among 577 strains of Salmonella typhi from Indonesia. Chemotype, colicinogeny, and tetrathionate reductase activity were also studied for most of these strains. The current phage type formula for Java was determined to be: A, D2, D6, E1a, E2, M1, and 46, but two other large groups of strains were also found, I +IV and degraded Vi + strains. Significant differences in S. typhi strain distributions were noted between two localities on Java with respect to phage type and tetrathionate reductase activity. Comparisons were made with past phage typing studies in Jakarta as well as with more recent studies in other parts of south-east Asia. Phage types A, Dl, D2, and El persisted at a rather steady level in Jakarta for 28 years. Evidence was found for epidemiological links to European and Asian areas. Antibiotic resistance among these Indonesian S. typhi strains was rare.

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Phage-typing of Vero-cytotoxin (VT) producingEscherichia coliO157 isolated in the United Kingdom

Epidemiology and Infection ◽

10.1017/s0950268800030375 ◽

1989 ◽

Vol 103 (1) ◽

pp. 73-81 ◽

Cited By ~ 23

Author(s):

J. A. Frost ◽

H. R. Smith ◽

G. A. Willshaw ◽

S. M. Scotland ◽

R. J. Gross ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Haemolytic Uraemic Syndrome ◽

Phage Type ◽

Phage Typing ◽

E Coli ◽

Phage Types ◽

The United Kingdom ◽

Geographical Variations ◽

The Uk

SUMMARYVero-cytotoxin (VT) producingEscherichia coliserogroup O157 have been isolated from patients with diarrhoea, haemorrhagic colitis (HC) and haemolytic uraemic syndrome (HUS). A phage-typing scheme developed in Canada has been used to type 155 VT+E. coliO157 serogroup isolated from sporadic infections in the UK since 1983, and 48 strains from HC or HUS outbreaks. Twelve phage types were identified of which three, types 49, 51 and 52, have not been found in North America. All strains carried a 60 × 10 plasmid and most VT1+VT2+ strains also had a 5 × 10 plasmid coding for colicin D production. The majority of strains producing both VT1 and VT2 belonged to phage type 1, or the related types 4, 8 and 14. Most strains producing only VT2 belonged to types 2 or 49. Four outbreaks were included in the survey. Three had strains of a single phage type while strains from the fourth outbreak were more variable. The distribution of phage types throughout the UK showed no marked geographical variations.

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Carriage ofStaphylococcus aureusamong 104 healthy persons during a 19-month period

Epidemiology and Infection ◽

10.1017/s0950268800058118 ◽

1995 ◽

Vol 115 (1) ◽

pp. 51-60 ◽

Cited By ~ 116

Author(s):

N. H.Riewerts Eriksen ◽

F. Espersen ◽

V.Thamdrup Rosdahl ◽

K. Jensen

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Antibiotic Susceptibility ◽

Statistical Difference ◽

Phage Type ◽

Hospitalized Patients ◽

Index Number ◽

Carrier Rate ◽

Type Distribution ◽

Nasal Carrier ◽

Healthy Persons

SummaryThe present study was undertaken to investigate the frequency of the nasal carrier rate ofStaphylococcus aureus. The investigation was performed on 104 healthy persons. The total number of swabs performed was 1498 and this resulted in isolation of 522S. aureusstrains. All strains have been identified, tested for antibiotic susceptibility, and phage-typed. The carrier-index (number of positive swabs/number of total swabs for each individual person) was compared with different sampling and culturing methods, phage type, age, and resistance to antibiotics. There was statistical difference in carrier rate according to sex (P·05). Among the 104 persons 15 (14·4%) were persistent carriers, 17 (16·3%) intermittent carriers, 55 (52·9%) occasional carriers and 17 (16·3%) non-carriers. Among intermittent and occasional carriers the phage-type distribution was different from theS. aureusstrains isolated from Danish hospitalized patients in 1992, while the persistent carriers had similar phage-type distribution.

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Molecular epidemiology and diversity ofSalmonellaserovar Typhimurium in pigs using phenotypic and genotypic approaches

Epidemiology and Infection ◽

10.1017/s0950268805004723 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 134 (1) ◽

pp. 187-198 ◽

Cited By ~ 26

Author(s):

W. A. GEBREYES ◽

C. ALTIER ◽

S. THAKUR

Keyword(s):

Production Systems ◽

Phage Type ◽

Geographical Area ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Resistance Pattern ◽

Public Health Importance ◽

Pig Production ◽

Phage Types ◽

Serovar Typhimurium ◽

Discriminatory Index

SUMMARYFor epidemiological investigations of the most common and non-host-adaptedSalmonellaserotypes, such as Typhimurium, highly discriminatory approaches are essential. In the present study, we evaluated three genotyping methods; amplified fragment length polymorphism (AFLP), pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and repetitive palindromic extragenic–PCR (Rep–PCR) using 40 isolates. AFLP showed the highest discriminatory index (0·939), resolution and throughput. To determine clonality ofSalmonellaTyphimurium isolates and epidemiological relatedness in different commercial pig production units, we employed AFLP in combination with antimicrobial resistance pattern and phage typing.Salmonellaserovar Typhimurium isolates (n=196) obtained from a longitudinal study of 18 pig farms over a 3-year period were studied. Using this approach, 16 distinct clonal types were identified. We found two common multidrug- resistant patterns including AmCmStSuTe and AmKmStSuTe. Two commonly multidrug- resistant phage types that are of known public health importance, DT104 and DT193, were also common. AFLP differentiated distinct clones within DT104, a phage type previously reported to be clonal. Fourteen of the clonal types were unique to one of the two production systems, showing diversity between independent commercial pig production systems located in the same geographical area. Clonal types obtained from nursery farms and corresponding finishing units were, however, similar.

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Looking into a New Challenge, DKA and Covid-19 A Review on Pediatric DKA Cases during New Coronavirus Pandemic Who is to Blame, the Virus or Health System?

Endocrinology and Disorders ◽

10.31579/2640-1045/102 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (7) ◽

pp. 01-04

Author(s):

Vida Tajiknia ◽

Maryam Ghandali ◽

Ardavan Ahmadvand ◽

Ali Afrasiabi ◽

Reza Pirdehghan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Immune System ◽

Virus Infection ◽

Pediatric Patients ◽

Strong Association ◽

Diabetes Type ◽

Diabetes Type 1 ◽

The World ◽

Existing Data

Since the first month of this new pandemic situation, all around the world healthcare system has been facing different challenges and difficulties; patients with chronic diseases such as cancer or diabetes with impaired immune system were at greater risk of infections and complications. It goes without saying that this issue was extremely important among pediatric clinicians dealing with diabetic pediatrics. Diabetes is the number one chronic illness among pediatric patients and the most dangerous and frightened complication of it is Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA). Studies have shown a strong association between pandemic and increase in new diabetes type 1 cases and its lethal complication called DKA. Here we are going to take a look at existing data and report about cases with this condition trying to find the missing piece of a big puzzle; what is the role of Covid-19 in causing Diabetes in previously healthy kids and what is the real association between SARS-COV2 virus infection and DKA? We are going to review different studies, possible mechanism, new t1dm cases and old cases, with or without covid infection, DKA cases and its severity.

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