scholarly journals Occurrence of Salmonella Enteritidis phage type 29 in Austria : an opportunity to assess the relevance of chicken meat as source of human salmonella infections

2004 ◽  
Vol 9 (10) ◽  
pp. 9-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
C Berghold ◽  
C. Kornschober ◽  
I Lederer ◽  
F Allerberger
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Enteritidis ◽  
Phage Type ◽  
Chicken Meat ◽  
Human Samples ◽  
Phage Types ◽  
Salmonella Infections ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Human Salmonellosis ◽  
Sources Of Infection ◽  
A Minor

Assuming that the various phage types of Salmonella Enteritidis (S. Enteritidis) are largely equally virulent, the importance of certain foods as sources of infection for human salmonellosis can be deduced from differences in the distribution of phage types in human and non-human samples. In 2002, S. Enteritidis phage type 29 (PT29) was first isolated from non-human test samples in Austria. S. Enteritidis PT29 accounted for 44 (27.7%) of 159 S. Enteritidis strains, derived from veterinary samples of chicken (e.g. meat, giblets) or chicken habitations (e.g. swabs from the coop and excrement). At the food retail level (chicken meat, chicken liver), five (13.1%) of 38 S. Enteritidis isolates were PT29. The proportion of S. Enteritidis PT29 in human samples was much lower. Only 0.4% (30 human primary isolates) of all S. Enteritidis isolates in the year 2002, and 0.33% (23 human primary isolates) of all human S. Enteritidis strains in 2003 were PT29. In our opinion, the discrepancy between the high prevalence of S. Enteritidis PT29 in broilers and chicken meat and the low number of PT29 cases in humans indicates that chicken meat of Austrian origin is currently only a minor source of human S. Enteritidis infections.

scholarly journals Drastic decrease of Salmonella Enteritidis isolated from humans in Belgium in 2005, shift in phage types and influence on foodborne outbreaks

2007 ◽  
Vol 136 (6) ◽  
pp. 771-781 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. COLLARD ◽  
S. BERTRAND ◽  
K. DIERICK ◽  
C. GODARD ◽  
C. WILDEMAUWE ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Enteritidis ◽  
Phage Type ◽  
Annual Number ◽  
Foodborne Illnesses ◽  
Phage Types ◽  
Reference Centre ◽  
Human Salmonellosis ◽  
Foodborne Outbreaks ◽  
Average Annual Number

SUMMARYIn Belgium, non-typhoidal salmonellosis and campylobacteriosis are the two most frequently reported foodborne illnesses. During 2005, a 71% decrease of Salmonella Enteritidis infections compared with the average annual number cases in the period 2000–2004 was recorded by the Belgian National Reference Centre for Salmonella and Shigella. After the peak of 1999, the total number of salmonellosis cases decreased gradually, with the exception of 2003 when an increase was again recorded due to the rise of isolates belonging to the serotype Enteritidis. PT4, the predominant phage type of serotype Enteriditis over recent years (except in 2003), became the second most prevalent phage type in 2005 after PT21. We present in this paper the epidemiology (incidence and trends) of human salmonellosis in Belgium and assess the role of the vaccination programme in layer flocks on the decline of the incidence of human salmonellosis and foodborne outbreaks due to S. Enteritidis.

Salmonella enterica Serotypes Isolated from Imported Frozen Chicken Meat in the Canary Islands

2005 ◽  
Vol 68 (12) ◽  
pp. 2702-2706 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. HERNANDEZ ◽  
A. SIERRA ◽  
C. RODRIGUEZ-ALVAREZ ◽  
A. TORRES ◽  
M. P. AREVALO ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Typhimurium ◽  
Salmonella Enterica ◽  
Salmonella Enteritidis ◽  
Phage Type ◽  
Country Of Origin ◽  
The United States ◽  
Chicken Meat ◽  
Breast Meat ◽  
Phage Types ◽  
Salmonella Virchow

To determine the prevalence of Salmonella enterica serotypes in imported frozen chicken meat, 406 samples (whole chicken, legs, and breast meat) were analyzed for Salmonella according to ISO6579 rules, serotypes were assigned, and phage typing was conducted for Salmonella serotypes Enteritidis, Typhimurium, and Heidelberg. The overall frequency of Salmonella isolation was 16.5%. By country of origin, the highest percentage of cases was found among the samples from France followed by samples from Brazil. The differences between legs and breast meat were significant. The most frequently isolated serotype of Salmonella was Enteritidis, followed by Salmonella Heidelberg, Salmonella Typhimurium, and Salmonella Virchow. By country of origin, we identified a large percentage of serotype Salmonella Enteritidis in the samples imported from Brazil. There was a greater diversity of serotypes isolated from the French samples, and Salmonella Enteritidis was not the dominant strain. In the samples from the United States, the only serotype isolated was Salmonella Kentucky, although a smaller number of samples was analyzed. The Salmonella Enteritidis phage type that prevailed in both France and Brazil was 4. Phage types 204c and 204 were identified for Salmonella Typhimurium, and phage types 8, 31, and 37 were identified for Salmonella Virchow.

Phage Typing of Salmonella Enteritidis from Different Sources in Brazil

2003 ◽  
Vol 66 (2) ◽  
pp. 324-327 ◽  
Author(s):  
IOLANDA A. NUNES ◽  
REINER HELMUTH ◽  
ANDREUS SCHROETER ◽  
GEOFFREY C. MEAD ◽  
MANOEL A. A. SANTOS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Salmonella Enteritidis ◽  
Phage Type ◽  
Phage Typing ◽  
Poultry Meat ◽  
Phage Types ◽  
Meat Meal ◽  
Egg Products ◽  
Human Salmonellosis ◽  
Different Sources

The occurrence of Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) phage types (PTs) in samples collected from healthy and diseased chickens, in outbreaks of human gastroenteritis related to the consumption of egg products, in samples of poultry meat, in pipped embryos of broiler chickens, in meat meal, in poultry-rearing environments, and in many foods (cheese, mayonnaise, cake, and bacon) is described for strains isolated from 1995 to 1997 in Brazil. SE strains were isolated, and the most common PT was found to be PT 4, followed by PTs 7, 21, 35, 6, 4a, 8, 30, 6a, 5a, 1, and 1b. Fourteen strains were classified as react-but-do-not-conform strains, and one strain was not typeable. The results of this study demonstrate that PT 4 has a wider distribution among the sources studied than do any other SE phage types and is the most important phage type in human salmonellosis.

scholarly journals Genotypic Characterization of Salmonella enteritidis Phage Types by Plasmid Analysis, Ribotyping, and Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis

1998 ◽  
Vol 36 (8) ◽  
pp. 2314-2321 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. M. Ridley ◽  
E. J. Threlfall ◽  
B. Rowe
Keyword(s):  
Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Salmonella Enteritidis ◽  
Profile Analysis ◽  
Phage Type ◽  
Plasmid Profile ◽  
Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Single Type ◽  
Pulsed Field ◽  
Phage Types ◽  
Reference Strains

Pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) was used to resolveXbaI and SpeI macrorestriction fragments from 60 defined phage type (PT) reference strains of Salmonella enteritidis. The level of discrimination was compared to that afforded by plasmid profile analysis and ribotyping. Twenty-eight distinct XbaI pulsed-field profiles (PFPs) were observed, although a single type, PFP X1, predominated. Absence of the 57-kbspv-associated fragment was observed for three PT reference strains, and the profile was designated PFP X1A. The XbaI macrorestriction profiles of a further four PT reference strains were altered by the presence of plasmid-associated bands. Twenty-sixSpeI-generated PFPs (plus one subtype) were observed for the same strains. No SpeI fragment corresponding to the 38-MDa serovar-specific plasmid was detected. The distribution ofXbaI and SpeI profiles did not always correspond, producing a total of 32 combined PFPs for the 60 PT reference strains. This compared with a total of 18 different plasmid profiles and three PvuII ribotypes generated by the same strains. The results of this study indicate that PFGE may offer an improved level of discrimination over other genotypic typing methods for the epidemiological typing of S. enteritidis.

scholarly journals Salmonella Enteritidis in England and Wales: increases in unusual phage types in 2002

2002 ◽  
Vol 6 (45) ◽  
Author(s):  
S O’Brien ◽  
L Ward
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Salmonella Enteritidis ◽  
Phage Type ◽  
Enteric Pathogens ◽  
Public Health Laboratory ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Laboratory Service ◽  
The Public ◽  
Phage Types

Although Salmonella Enteritidis phage type (PT) 4, responsible for the major epidemic during the late 1980s and early 1990s (1), has continued to decline, there have been increases in a number of the more unusual phage types of S. Enteritidis (2). Isolates of S. Enteritidis PT 3, 6a, 13a and 14b and 21 confirmed by the Public Health Laboratory Service Laboratory of Enteric Pathogens (PHLS LEP) in England have all increased during 2002 (table 1) (3).

Survey of Salmonella Contamination of Non–United Kingdom-Produced Raw Shell Eggs on Retail Sale in the Northwest of England and London, 2005 to 2006

2007 ◽  
Vol 70 (10) ◽  
pp. 2259-2265 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. L. LITTLE ◽  
S. WALSH ◽  
L. HUCKLESBY ◽  
S. SURMAN-LEE ◽  
K. PATHAK ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Salmonella Enteritidis ◽  
Phage Type ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Retail Sale ◽  
England And Wales ◽  
Shell Eggs ◽  
Phage Types ◽  
Weighted Prevalence

This survey was prompted by a change in the epidemiology of Salmonella Enteritidis infections in England and Wales and elsewhere in Europe and, to our knowledge, is the first survey to provide information on Salmonella contamination of non–United Kingdom eggs on retail sale. Based on 10,464 non–United Kingdom eggs (1,744 pooled samples of six eggs) purchased between March 2005 and July 2006, the total weighted prevalence estimate for all Salmonella detected in non–United Kingdom eggs was 3.3%. Of the eggs sampled, most were produced in Spain (66.3%), France (20.0%), or The Netherlands (7.4%). Salmonella was detected from 4.4 and 0.3% of eggs produced in Spain and France, respectively, with weighted prevalence estimates. Eight different Salmonella serotypes were recovered from non–United Kingdom eggs, of which Salmonella Enteritidis predominated, with an estimated prevalence of 2.6%. Salmonella Enteritidis was obtained only from Spanish eggs. Nine different phage types of Salmonella Enteritidis were identified, with phage type 1 found to be the predominant phage type. Most of the Salmonella Enteritidis isolates obtained from Spanish eggs in the survey were resistant to nalidixic acid with concomitant decreased susceptibility to ciprofloxacin (0.125 to 1.0 mg/liter) or ampicillin (8.0 mg/liter). Salmonella Enteritidis phage type 1 until now had not been detected in eggs examined as part of previous United Kingdom egg surveys but has been detected in eggs of Spanish origin examined during recent national outbreaks of Salmonella Enteritidis non–phage type 4 infections in England and Wales. Eggs are a commonly consumed food that may occasionally be contaminated with Salmonella. The rates of contamination may be linked to the origin of the eggs. Consumers and caterers need to be aware of this continuing hazard, adopt appropriate control measures, and follow advice provided by national food agencies in order to reduce the risk of infection.

scholarly journals Two outbreaks of Salmonella Enteritidis phage type 8 linked to the consumption of Cantal cheese made with raw milk, France, 2001

2003 ◽  
Vol 8 (7) ◽  
pp. 151-156 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Haeghebaert ◽  
P Sulem ◽  
L Deroudille ◽  
E. Vanneroy-Adenot ◽  
O Bagnis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salmonella Enteritidis ◽  
Phage Type ◽  
Raw Milk ◽  
Reference Centre ◽  
South West ◽  
Human Salmonellosis ◽  
Salmonella Serotype ◽  
Industrialised Countries ◽  
Community Outbreaks ◽  
Foodborne Infections

Salmonelloses are one are the main causes of foodborne infections in industrialised countries. In France, the incidence of human salmonellosis recorded by the National Reference Centre for Salmonella and Shigella (CNRSS) in 2001 was 21 cases per 100 000 inhabitants, and Salmonella serotype Enteritidis represented 39% of cases (1). This article reports the investigation results of two community outbreaks of salmonellosis that occurred simultaneously in the south west of France, and which were linked to the consumption of cheese made from raw milk.

scholarly journals Integrated surveillance and potential sources of Salmonella Enteritidis in human cases in Canada from 2003 to 2009

2011 ◽  
Vol 140 (10) ◽  
pp. 1757-1772 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. NESBITT ◽  
A. RAVEL ◽  
R. MURRAY ◽  
R. McCORMICK ◽  
C. SAVELLI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Antimicrobial Resistance ◽  
Prevention And Control ◽  
Salmonella Enteritidis ◽  
International Travel ◽  
Phage Types ◽  
Threefold Increase ◽  
Potential Sources ◽  
Human Salmonellosis ◽  
Recent Trends ◽  
And Control

SUMMARYSalmonella Enteritidis has emerged as the most prevalent cause of human salmonellosis in Canada. Recent trends of S. Enteritidis subtypes and their potential sources were described by integrating Salmonella data from several Canadian surveillance and monitoring programmes. A threefold increase in S. Enteritidis cases from 2003 to 2009 was identified to be primarily associated with phage types 13, 8 and 13a. Other common phage types (4, 1, 6a) showed winter seasonality and were more likely to be associated with cases linked to international travel. Conversely, phage types 13, 8 and 13a had summer seasonal peaks and were associated with cases of domestically acquired infections. During agri-food surveillance, S. Enteritidis was detected in various commodities, most frequently in chicken (with PT13, PT8 and PT13a predominating). Antimicrobial resistance was low in human and non-human isolates. Continued integrated surveillance and collaborative prevention and control efforts are required to mitigate future illness.

scholarly journals Salmonella Enteritidis outbreak associated with a school-lunch dessert: cross-contamination and a long incubation period, Japan, 2001

2004 ◽  
Vol 132 (5) ◽  
pp. 873-879 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. MATSUI ◽  
S. SUZUKI ◽  
H. TAKAHASHI ◽  
T. OHYAMA ◽  
J. KOBAYASHI ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Incubation Period ◽  
Salmonella Enteritidis ◽  
Phage Type ◽  
School Lunch ◽  
Food Samples ◽  
Outbreak Detection ◽  
Phage Types ◽  
Adequate Food ◽  
Microbiological Testing ◽  
History Of

A Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) outbreak in Japan was investigated with an observational study, analytical epidemiology and bacteriological examination (including phage typing). The outbreak occurred among 96 schoolchildren, and was caused by SE phage type 1. The outbreak source was dessert buns served at a school lunch (RR 42·55, 95% CI 5·93–305·11, P<0·001). The buns were probably cross-contaminated from eggs from a factory with a history of SE-contaminated products. The incubation period was longer than usual (3–16 days, median 8 days). A low contaminating dose may account for the long incubation period and low attack rate. Outbreak detection was hampered by the absence of routine Salmonella surveillance in Japan. The investigation was complicated by concurrent illnesses from other SE phage types. It was successful, in part, because adequate food samples were available for microbiological testing.

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