scholarly journals The seasonality of human cryptosporidiosis in New Zealand

2007 ◽  
Vol 136 (10) ◽  
pp. 1383-1387 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. R. LAKE ◽  
J. PEARCE ◽  
M. SAVILL
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Outdoor Recreation ◽  
Spring Peak ◽  
Livestock Density ◽  
Two Peaks

SUMMARYIn New Zealand human cryptosporidiosis demonstrates spring and autumn peaks of incidence with the spring peak being three times greater in magnitude than the autumn peak. The imbalance between the two peaks is notable, and may be associated with the high livestock density in New Zealand. In the summer and autumn the cryptosporidiosis rate was positively associated with temperatures in the current and previous month, highlighting the importance of outdoor recreation to transmission. No associations between spring incidence and weather were found providing little support for the importance of drinking-water pathways. Imported travel cases do not appear to be an important factor in the aetiology of cryptosporidiosis in New Zealand.

scholarly journals Microbial contamination in drinking water at public outdoor recreation facilities in New Zealand

2020 ◽  
Vol 130 (1) ◽  
pp. 302-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
B.J. Phiri ◽  
N.P. French ◽  
P.J. Biggs ◽  
M.A. Stevenson ◽  
A.D. Reynolds ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Outdoor Recreation ◽  
Microbial Contamination ◽  
Recreation Facilities

Infections with multiple Cryptosporidium species and new genetic variants in young dairy calves on a farm located within a drinking water catchment area in New Zealand

2014 ◽  
Vol 202 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 287-291 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rima D. Shrestha ◽  
Alex Grinberg ◽  
Venkata S.R. Dukkipati ◽  
Eve J. Pleydell ◽  
Deborah J. Prattley ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Genetic Variants ◽  
Catchment Area ◽  
Cryptosporidium Species ◽  
Dairy Calves ◽  
Water Catchment Area ◽  
Water Catchment

scholarly journals Common themes contributing to recent drinking water disease outbreaks in affluent nations

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (6) ◽  
pp. 1767-1777 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. E. Hrudey ◽  
E. J. Hrudey
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Disease Outbreak ◽  
Safe Drinking Water ◽  
Waterborne Disease ◽  
George Santayana ◽  
The Past ◽  
Recent Outbreak

Abstract New Zealand experienced its largest waterborne disease outbreak in modern history in August 2016 with 5,500 cases and four fatalities. This recent outbreak is one of 24 drinking-waterborne disease outbreaks in affluent nations that have been reported in the scientific literature since the infamous Walkerton, Ontario, Canada fatal outbreak (2,300 cases, seven fatalities) in May 2000. These disasters were all eminently preventable given the economic and intellectual resources existing in the countries where they occurred. These outbreaks are analysed according to major recurring themes, including: complacency, naiveté and ignorance, failure to learn from experience and chemophobia. Lessons that can be learned to improve preventive approaches for ensuring safe drinking water are based on an extensive and authentic body of evidence in support of meaningful improvements. Philosopher George Santayana captured this need with his famous quote: ‘Those who cannot remember the past are condemned to repeat it.’

Hair analysis used to assess chronic exposure to the organophosphate diazinon: a model study with rabbits

2003 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 159-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria Tutudaki ◽  
Andreas K Tsakalof ◽  
Aristidis M Tsatsakis
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Efficient Method ◽  
Ball Mill ◽  
Chronic Exposure ◽  
Hair Analysis ◽  
Controlled Study ◽  
Model Study ◽  
Hair Samples ◽  
Method Of Extraction

The main purpose of the present study was to determine whether hair analysis would be a suitable method to assess chronic exposure of rabbits to the pesticide diazinon. A controlled study was designed, in which white rabbits of the New Zealand variety were systemically exposed to two dosage levels (15 mg/kg per day and 8 mg/kg per day) of the pesticide, through their drinking water, for a period of 4 months. Hair samples from the back of the rabbits were removed before commencing the experiment and at the end of the dosing period. Parallel experiments with spiked hair were carried out in order to design a simple and efficient method of extraction of diazinon from hair. The hair was pulverized in a ball mill homogenizer, incubated in methanol at 378C overnight, liquid-liquid extracted with ethyl acetate and measured by chromatography techniques (GC-NPD and GC-MS) for confirmation. The concentration of the diazinon in the hair of the exposed animals ranged from 0.11 to 0.26 ng/ mg hair. It was concluded that there is a relationship between the administered dose and the detected pesticide concentration in hair. Finally, it seems that hair analysis may be used to investigate chronic exposure to the pesticide.

Effects of dehydration on the heat tolerance of male and female New Zealand White rabbits

1990 ◽  
Vol 115 (3) ◽  
pp. 437-440
Author(s):  
C. J. Thwaites ◽  
N. B. Baillie ◽  
W. Kasa
Keyword(s):  
Drinking Water ◽  
New Zealand ◽  
Heat Tolerance ◽  
Rectal Temperature ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
New Zealand White Rabbits ◽  
Males And Females ◽  
The Tropics ◽  
Skin Temperatures

SUMMARYMale and female New Zealand White rabbits were exposed for 3h to 34 °C and 36 °C (both at 40% r.h.) when hydrated and dehydrated. Females had lower rectal and skin temperatures and respiratory rates than males (P < 0·001). Differences between the sexes in rectal temperature were greater at 36 °C than at 34 °C. Withholding water for 24h significantly increased the responses in rectal temperature; the differentials between hydrated and dehydrated males and females being 0·3 °C and 0·2 °C, respectively. In contrast, respiratory rates were lower in dehydrated than in hydrated rabbits, suggesting that the former were attempting water homeostatis at the expense of thermoregulation.The results suggest that the performance of rabbits in the tropics is likely to be maximized when drinking water is available at all times, and that of males, particularly breeding bucks, might be improved simply by housing them in the coolest available location. Significant individual differences in observed responses point to the need for genetic studies of heat tolerance and the possibility of developing better adapted genotypes.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document