scholarly journals Epidemiological investigations onCampylobacter jejuniin households with a primary infection

1984 ◽  
Vol 93 (2) ◽  
pp. 325-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Oosterom ◽  
C. H. den Uyl ◽  
J. R. J. Bänffer ◽  
J. Huisman
Keyword(s):  
Campylobacter Jejuni ◽  
Primary Infection ◽  
Index Patient ◽  
Chicken Meat ◽  
Circumstantial Evidence ◽  
Common Source ◽  
Household Contacts ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Spread Of Infection

SummaryFifty-four Rotterdam patients in which a primary infection withCampylobacter jejunihad been detected (index patients) were compared with 54 control subjects with regard to the consumption and preparation of foods 7 days before onset of illness and the keeping of pet animals. Significantly more index patients than controls had eaten chicken meat (47v. 29;P= 0·0002), particularly at barbecues (14v. 2;P= 0·0015). Marginally more index patients had eaten pork (47v. 39;P= 0·048) or inadequately heated meat (13v. 8), though in the last case numbers were too small to be statistically significant. The consumption of beef or mutton and outdoor eating (other than at barbecues) were essentially the same in both groups. There was no significant association with the keeping of pet animals, although a few more index patients had cage birds than controls (18v. 12).Twenty-one (15%) of 130 household contacts of index patients also suffered from diarrhoea during the same period. Circumstantial evidence pointed to a common source of infection with the index patient in 13 instances (nine households) and probable intrafamilial spread of infection in six instances.Campylobacters were isolated from one of 110 swabs of kitchen work surfaces and eight of 107 swabs taken from lavatory bowls in index households.

scholarly journals An outbreak of paratyphoid fever in the UK associated with a fish-and-chip shop

1989 ◽  
Vol 103 (3) ◽  
pp. 445-448 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Francis ◽  
J. Rowland ◽  
K. Rattenbury ◽  
D. Powell ◽  
W. N. Rogers ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Food Handler ◽  
Food Handlers ◽  
Intimate Contact ◽  
Household Contacts ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Asymptomatic Infections ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Spread Of Infection ◽  
Paratyphoid Fever ◽  
Culture Negative

SUMMARYAn outbreak of Salmonella paratyphi B infection in the UK associated with a fish-and-chip shop is reported. The source of infection for the first three cases was believed to be a food handler who was infected overseas 6 years earlier. His wife whose faeces and urine were originally culture negative continued to run the shop but subsequently her faeces became positive on one occasion. She was considered to have been the source of two further cases, and secondary household spread of infection from these two cases resulted in one symptomatic and two asymptomatic infections. A second household contact of the proprietor also became a faecal excretor 2 months later. We recommend that food handlers living in households or in intimate contact with eases or carriers of S. paratyphi B should be put off work until all household contacts cease excreting the organism.

scholarly journals Typing of Human Campylobacter jejuniIsolates in Finland by Pulsed-Field Gel Electrophoresis

1998 ◽  
Vol 36 (6) ◽  
pp. 1787-1789 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marja-Liisa Hänninen ◽  
Sini Pajarre ◽  
Marja-Liisa Klossner ◽  
Hilpi Rautelin
Keyword(s):  
Campylobacter Jejuni ◽  
Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Pulsed Field Gel Electrophoresis ◽  
Common Source ◽  
Pulsed Field ◽  
Source Of Infection

A total of 69 pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) types were identified among 176 Campylobacter jejuni isolates from Finnish patients. In two geographic areas studied, five predominant PFGE types comprised over 40% of the isolates. One-third of the isolates had unique PFGE types. In small outbreaks, identical PFGE patterns were demonstrated, indicating a common source of infection.

Campylobacter jejuni infection within a laboratory animal production unit

1989 ◽  
Vol 23 (2) ◽  
pp. 126-132 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. D. Meanger ◽  
R. B. Marshall
Keyword(s):  
Campylobacter Jejuni ◽  
Laboratory Animal ◽  
Dna Analysis ◽  
Animal Production ◽  
Production Unit ◽  
Single Type ◽  
Common Source ◽  
Adjacent Area ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Thermophilic Campylobacter

A conventional laboratory animal production unit in which rats, mice, guineapigs and rabbits were bred in one building and cats maintained in a separate, but adjacent area was examined for the presence of intestinal thermophilic Campylobacter spp. Campylobacter jejuni was recovered from 18·84% of 552 animals. The infection rate was highest amongst the cats (51·7%), with rats being the second most commonly infected (23·2%), whereas only 7·7% of guineapigs and a single rabbit (1%) were positive. Campylobacter-like organisms were cultured from 10% of the mice, but these bacteria failed to grow on subsequent subculturing. By using bacterial restriction endonuclease DNA analysis (BRENDA), a single type of C. jejuni was identified from all isolates recovered from the rats, guineapigs and a rabbit, suggesting a common source of infection. In contrast, there were 5 different BRENDA patterns derived from cat isolates. No isolates of C. jejuni were obtained from humans working within the unit or from animal bedding or the immediate environment, although it was suggested that the organism may have entered and spread within the unit from sawdust.

Elevated Tissue Factor and Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor Circulating Levels in Ischaemic Heart Disease Patients

1998 ◽  
Vol 79 (03) ◽  
pp. 495-499 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Maria Gori ◽  
Sandra Fedi ◽  
Ludia Chiarugi ◽  
Ignazio Simonetti ◽  
Roberto Piero Dabizzi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heart Disease ◽  
Ischaemic Heart Disease ◽  
Tissue Factor ◽  
Plasma Levels ◽  
Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor ◽  
Common Source ◽  
Previous Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Control Subjects ◽  
Tissue Factor Pathway ◽  
Circulating Levels

SummarySeveral studies have shown that thrombosis and inflammation play an important role in the pathogenesis of Ischaemic Heart Disease (IHD). In particular, Tissue Factor (TF) is responsible for the thrombogenicity of the atherosclerotic plaque and plays a key role in triggering thrombin generation. The aim of this study was to evaluate the TF/Tissue Factor Pathway Inhibitor (TFPI) system in patients with IHD.We have studied 55 patients with IHD and not on heparin [18 with unstable angina (UA), 24 with effort angina (EA) and 13 with previous myocardial infarction (MI)] and 48 sex- and age-matched healthy volunteers, by measuring plasma levels of TF, TFPI, Prothrombin Fragment 1-2 (F1+2), and Thrombin Antithrombin Complexes (TAT).TF plasma levels in IHD patients (median 215.4 pg/ml; range 72.6 to 834.3 pg/ml) were significantly (p<0.001) higher than those found in control subjects (median 142.5 pg/ml; range 28.0-255.3 pg/ml).Similarly, TFPI plasma levels in IHD patients were significantly higher (median 129.0 ng/ml; range 30.3-316.8 ng/ml; p <0.001) than those found in control subjects (median 60.4 ng/ml; range 20.8-151.3 ng/ml). UA patients showed higher amounts of TF and TFPI plasma levels (TF median 255.6 pg/ml; range 148.8-834.3 pg/ml; TFPI median 137.7 ng/ml; range 38.3-316.8 ng/ml) than patients with EA (TF median 182.0 pg/ml; range 72.6-380.0 pg/ml; TFPI median 115.2 ng/ml; range 47.0-196.8 ng/ml) and MI (TF median 213.9 pg/ml; range 125.0 to 341.9 pg/ml; TFPI median 130.5 ng/ml; range 94.0-207.8 ng/ml). Similar levels of TF and TFPI were found in patients with mono- or bivasal coronary lesions. A positive correlation was observed between TF and TFPI plasma levels (r = 0.57, p <0.001). Excess thrombin formation in patients with IHD was documented by TAT (median 5.2 μg/l; range 1.7-21.0 μg/l) and F1+2 levels (median 1.4 nmol/l; range 0.6 to 6.2 nmol/l) both significantly higher (p <0.001) than those found in control subjects (TAT median 2.3 μg/l; range 1.4-4.2 μg/l; F1+2 median 0.7 nmol/l; range 0.3-1.3 nmol/l).As in other conditions associated with cell-mediated clotting activation (cancer and DIC), also in IHD high levels of circulating TF are present. Endothelial cells and monocytes are the possible common source of TF and TFPI. The blood clotting activation observed in these patients may be related to elevated TF circulating levels not sufficiently inhibited by the elevated TFPI plasma levels present.

scholarly journals 284. Evaluation of Oral Step-Down Therapy for Enterobacteriaceae Bloodstream Infection

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. S143-S143
Author(s):  
Sara Utley ◽  
Dawn Bouknight ◽  
Radha Patel ◽  
Kent Stock
Keyword(s):  
Bloodstream Infection ◽  
Oral Therapy ◽  
Common Source ◽  
Oral Antibiotic ◽  
Beta Lactam ◽  
Hospital System ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Complete Treatment ◽  
Antibiotic Duration ◽  
Alternate Source

Abstract Background Oral antibiotic stepdown therapy for Gram-negative (GN) bloodstream infection (BSI) appears to be a safe option, though high bioavailability drugs like fluoroquinolones (FQ) and trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole are often recommended without clear evidence demonstrating superiority. Due to increasing concerns of FQ resistance and collateral damage with an increasing community C. difficile rate, our organization sought to reduce overall FQ use and a shift toward oral beta-lactams (BL) was observed. A review was conducted to assess the outcomes of this shift. Methods This retrospective cohort included all patients within our 3-hospital system who had a positive GN blood culture and were transitioned to oral therapy to complete treatment outpatient for bacteremia between Jan 2017-Sept 2019. The primary outcome was recurrent BSI within 30 days of completing initial treatment. Secondary outcomes included 30-day mortality, 30-day recurrence of organism at an alternate source, 30-day readmission, and 90-day BSI relapse. Results Of 191 GN BSIs, 77 patients were transitioned to oral therapy. The mean age was 68 years, 60% were female. The most common source of infection was described as urine (39/77), intra-abdominal (16/77), unknown (13/77). Mean total antibiotic duration (IV plus PO) was 14 days (range 7–33). Patients received an average of 5 days IV prior to transitioning to PO therapy. The most common PO class was a 1st gen cephalosporin (29/77), followed by BL/BL inhibitor (16/77), and a FQ (13/77). There were no 30-day relapse BSIs observed in this cohort. There was 1 patient discharged to inpatient hospice, and no other 30-day mortality observed. There were 4 recurrent UTIs observed within 30 days, none of which required readmission. Of the twelve 30-day readmissions, 1 was considered by the investigators to be related to the initial infection. Conclusion An opportunity for education regarding duration of therapy was identified. Oral beta lactam use in our limited population appears to be a reasonable option to facilitate discharge. Results should be confirmed in additional, larger studies. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures

scholarly journals A novel high-content screening approach for the elucidation of C. jejuni biofilm composition and integrity

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew V. X. Whelan ◽  
Jeremy C. Simpson ◽  
Tadhg Ó Cróinín
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Oxygen ◽  
Chicken Meat ◽  
Live Cells ◽  
High Throughput Analysis ◽  
Aerobic Conditions ◽  
Poultry Products ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Fluorescent Markers ◽  
Oxygen Conditions ◽  
Bacterial Gastroenteritis

Abstract Background Campylobacter jejuni is the leading cause of bacterial gastroenteritis worldwide and the main source of infection is contaminated chicken meat. Although this important human pathogen is an obligate microaerophile, it must survive atmospheric oxygen conditions to allow transmission from contaminated chicken meat to humans. It is becoming increasingly evident that formation of biofilm plays a key role in the survival of this organism for extended periods on poultry products. We have recently demonstrated a novel inducible model for the study of adherent C. jejuni biofilm formation under aerobic conditions. By taking advantage of supercoiling mediated gene regulation, incubation of C. jejuni with subinhibitory concentrations of the Gyrase B inhibitor novobiocin was shown to promote the consistent formation of metabolically active adherent biofilm. Results In this study, we implement this model in conjunction with the fluorescent markers: TAMRA (live cells) and SytoX (dead cells, eDNA) to develop a novel systematic high-content imaging approach and describe how it can be implemented to gain quantifiable information about the integrity and extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) composition of adherent C. jejuni biofilm in aerobic conditions. We show that this produces a model with a consistent, homogenous biofilm that can be induced and used to screen a range of inhibitors of biofilm adherence and matrix formation. Conclusions This model allows for the first time a high throughput analysis of C. jejuni biofilms which will be invaluable in enabling researchers to develop mechanisms to disrupt these biofilms and reduce the viability of these bacteria under aerobic conditions.

scholarly journals The Interplay between Campylobacter and the Caecal Microbial Community of Commercial Broiler Chickens over Time

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 221
Author(s):  
Ilaria Patuzzi ◽  
Massimiliano Orsini ◽  
Veronica Cibin ◽  
Sara Petrin ◽  
Eleonora Mastrorilli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Campylobacter Jejuni ◽  
Broiler Chickens ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Chicken Meat ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Microbial Network ◽  
Gut Colonization ◽  
Commercial Broiler ◽  
Zoonotic Bacteria ◽  
Human Infections

Campylobacter is the most frequent foodborne zoonotic bacteria worldwide, with chicken meat being overwhelmingly the most important reservoir for human infections. Control measures implemented at the farm level (i.e., biosecurity or vaccination), which have been successfully applied to limit other pathogens, such as Salmonella, have not been effective in reducing Campylobacter occurrence. Thus, new approaches are needed to fully understand the ecological interactions of Campylobacter with host animals to effectively comprehend its epidemiology. The objective of this study was to analyse longitudinally the gut microbiota composition of Campylobacter-infected and non-infected farms to identify any difference that could potentially be indicative of gut colonization by Campylobacter spp. Differences in the colonization rate and timing were observed at the farms that became positive for Campylobacter jejuni over the investigated time points, even though in positive tests, the occurrence of Campylobacter jejuni gut colonization was not observed before the second week of the life of the birds. Significant differences were observed in the abundances of specific bacterial taxa between the microbiota of individuals belonging to farms that became Campylobacter positive during the study and those who remained negative with particular reference to Bacteroidales and Clostridiales, respectively. Moreover, Campylobacter colonization dramatically influenced the microbiota richness, although to a different extent depending on the infection timing. Finally, a key role of Faecalibacterium and Lactobacillus genera on the Campylobacter microbial network was observed. Understanding the ecology of the Campylobacter interaction with host microbiota during infection could support novel approaches for broiler microbial barrier restoration. Therefore, evidence obtained through this study can be used to identify options to reduce the incidence of infection at a primary production level based on the targeted influence of the intestinal microbiota, thus helping develop new control strategies in order to mitigate the risk of human exposure to Campylobacter by chicken meat consumption.

scholarly journals Mapping, cluster detection and evaluation of risk factors of ovine toxoplasmosis in Southern Italy

2016 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Roberto Condoleo ◽  
Vincenzo Musella ◽  
Maria Paola Maurelli ◽  
Antonio Bosco ◽  
Giuseppe Cringoli ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Geographical Information Systems ◽  
Southern Italy ◽  
Geographical Information ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Common Source ◽  
High Exposure ◽  
Campania Region ◽  
Source Of Infection ◽  
Serological Data

Toxoplasmosis, an important cause of reproductive failure in sheep, is responsible for significant economic losses to the ovine industry worldwide. Moreover, ovine meat contaminated by the parasite <em>Toxoplasma gondii</em> is considered as a common source of infection for humans. The aim of this study was to develop point and risk profiling maps of <em>T. gondii</em> seroprevalence in sheep bred in Campania Region (Southern Italy) and analyse risk factors associated at the flock-level. We used serological data from a previous survey of 117 sheep flocks, while environmental and farm management information were obtained from an analysis based on geographical information systems and a questionnaire purveyance, respectively. An univariate Poisson regression model revealed that the type of farm production (milk and meat vs only meat) was the only independent variable associated with <em>T. gondii</em> positivity (P&lt;0.02); the higher within-flock seroprevalence in milking herds suggests that milking practices might influence the spread of the infection on the farm. Neither environmental nor other management variables were significant. Since a majority of flocks were seasonally or permanently on pasture, the animals have a high exposure to infectious <em>T. gondii</em> oocysts, so the high within-flock seroprevalence might derive from this management factor. However, further studies are needed to better assess the actual epidemiological situation of toxoplasmosis in sheep and to clarify the factors that influence its presence and distribution.

scholarly journals Correlation between Genotypic Diversity, Lipooligosaccharide Gene Locus Class Variation, and Caco-2 Cell Invasion Potential of Campylobacter jejuni Isolates from Chicken Meat and Humans: Contribution to Virulotyping

2009 ◽  
Vol 75 (13) ◽  
pp. 4277-4288 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ihab Habib ◽  
Rogier Louwen ◽  
Mieke Uyttendaele ◽  
Kurt Houf ◽  
Olivier Vandenberg ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Campylobacter Jejuni ◽  
Genotypic Diversity ◽  
Chicken Meat ◽  
Pcr Screening ◽  
Class A ◽  
Invasion Potential ◽  
Cell Surface Carbohydrate ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Class B ◽  
Class C

ABSTRACT Significant interest in studying the lipooligosaccharide (LOS) of Campylobacter jejuni has stemmed from its potential role in postinfection paralytic disorders. In this study we present the results of PCR screening of five LOS locus classes (A, B, C, D, and E) for a collection of 116 C. jejuni isolates from chicken meat (n = 76) and sporadic human cases of diarrhea (n = 40). We correlated LOS classes with clonal complexes (CC) assigned by multilocus sequence typing (MLST). Finally, we evaluated the invasion potential of a panel of 52 of these C. jejuni isolates for Caco-2 cells. PCR screening showed that 87.1% (101/116) of isolates could be assigned to LOS class A, B, C, D, or E. Concordance between LOS classes and certain MLST CC was revealed. The majority (85.7% [24/28]) of C. jejuni isolates grouped in CC-21 were shown to express LOS locus class C. The invasion potential of C. jejuni isolates possessing sialylated LOS (n = 29; classes A, B, and C) for Caco-2 cells was significantly higher (P < 0.0001) than that of C. jejuni isolates with nonsialylated LOS (n = 23; classes D and E). There was no significant difference in invasiveness between chicken meat and human isolates. However, C. jejuni isolates assigned to CC-206 (correlated with LOS class B) or CC-21 (correlated with LOS class C) showed statistically significantly higher levels of invasion than isolates from other CC. Correlation between LOS classes and CC was further confirmed by pulsed-field gel electrophoresis. The present study reveals a correlation between genotypic diversity and LOS locus classes of C. jejuni. We showed that simple PCR screening for C. jejuni LOS classes could reliably predict certain MLST CC and add to the interpretation of molecular-typing results. Our study corroborates that sialylation of LOS is advantageous for C. jejuni fitness and virulence in different hosts. The modulation of cell surface carbohydrate structure could enhance the ability of C. jejuni to adapt to or survive in a host.

scholarly journals Comparison of Genotypes and Antibiotic Resistances of Campylobacter jejuni and Campylobacter coli on Chicken Retail Meat and at Slaughter

2013 ◽  
Vol 79 (12) ◽  
pp. 3875-3878 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sonja Kittl ◽  
Bożena M. Korczak ◽  
Lilian Niederer ◽  
Andreas Baumgartner ◽  
Sabina Buettner ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Campylobacter Jejuni ◽  
Human Infection ◽  
Chicken Meat ◽  
Campylobacter Coli ◽  
Production Chain ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Resistance Patterns ◽  
Retail Meat ◽  
Retail Chicken Meat ◽  
Antibiotic Resistance Patterns

ABSTRACTMultilocus sequence typing (MLST) and antibiotic resistance patterns ofCampylobacter jejuniandCampylobacter colifrom retail chicken meat showed high overlap with isolates collected at slaughterhouses, indicating little selection along the production chain. They also showed significant common sequence types with human clinical isolates, revealing chicken meat as a likely source for human infection.

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