An overview of the epidemic of highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus in Egypt: epidemiology and control challenges

SUMMARYEmergence of the highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus in Egypt in mid-February 2006 caused significant losses for the poultry industry and constituted a potential threat to public health. Since late 2007, there has been increasing evidence that stable lineages of H5N1 viruses are being established in chickens and humans in Egypt. The virus has been detected in wild, feral and zoo birds and recently was found in donkeys and pigs. Most of the outbreaks in poultry and humans occurred in the highly populated Nile delta. The temporal pattern of the virus has changed since 2009 with outbreaks now occurring in the warmer months of the year. Challenges to control of endemic disease in Egypt are discussed. For the foreseeable future, unless a global collaboration exists, HPAI H5N1 virus in Egypt will continue to compromise the poultry industry, endanger public health and pose a serious pandemic threat.

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Origin of highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza virus in China and genetic characterization of donor and recipient viruses

Journal of General Virology ◽

10.1099/vir.0.83129-0 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 88 (11) ◽

pp. 3094-3099 ◽

Cited By ~ 35

Author(s):

Muhammad Mahmood Mukhtar ◽

Sahibzada T. Rasool ◽

Degui Song ◽

Chengliang Zhu ◽

Qian Hao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Avian Influenza ◽

H5n1 Virus ◽

Influenza Viruses ◽

Jiangxi Province ◽

Highly Pathogenic ◽

Genetic Characteristics ◽

H5n1 Avian Influenza Virus ◽

Ha Gene ◽

H5n1 Avian Influenza ◽

Hpai H5n1

Genetic analysis of all eight genes of two Nanchang avian influenza viruses, A/Duck/Nanchang/1681/92 (H3N8-1681) and A/Duck/Nanchang/1904/92 (H7N1-1904), isolated from Jiangxi province, China, in 1992, showed that six internal genes of H3N8-1681 virus and five internal (except NS gene) genes of H7N1-1904 virus were closely similar to A/Goose/Guangdong/1/96 (H5N1) virus, the first highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus of subtype H5N1 isolated in Asia. The neuraminidase (NA) gene of Gs/Gd/1/96 had the highest genetic similarity with A/Duck/Hokkaido/55/96 (H1N1-55) virus. The haemagglutinin (HA) gene of Gs/Gd/1/96 virus might have originated as a result of mutation of H5 HA gene from A/Swan/Hokkaido/51/96 (H5N3-51)-like viruses. The PA gene of H5N3-51 virus had the highest similarity with Gs/Gd/1/96. This study explains the origin of first Asian HPAI H5N1 virus in Guangdong by the reassortment of Nanchang (close to Guangdong) and Hokkaido (Japan) (H1N1-55 and H5N3-51) viruses. Genetic characteristics of donor and recipient viruses were also studied.

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Continual Antigenic Diversification in China Leads to Global Antigenic Complexity of Avian Influenza H5N1 Viruses

Scientific Reports ◽

10.1038/srep43566 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 7 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Yousong Peng ◽

Xiaodan Li ◽

Hongbo Zhou ◽

Aiping Wu ◽

Libo Dong ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Avian Influenza ◽

H5n1 Virus ◽

Rapid Evolution ◽

Mainland China ◽

Human Society ◽

Potential Threat ◽

Hpai H5n1 ◽

Significant Divergence ◽

Almost All ◽

And Control

Abstract The highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus poses a significant potential threat to human society due to its wide spread and rapid evolution. In this study, we present a comprehensive antigenic map for HPAI H5N1 viruses including 218 newly sequenced isolates from diverse regions of mainland China, by computationally separating almost all HPAI H5N1 viruses into 15 major antigenic clusters (ACs) based on their hemagglutinin sequences. Phylogenetic analysis showed that 12 of these 15 ACs originated in China in a divergent pattern. Further analysis of the dissemination of HPAI H5N1 virus in China identified that the virus’s geographic expansion was co-incident with a significant divergence in antigenicity. Moreover, this antigenic diversification leads to global antigenic complexity, as typified by the recent HPAI H5N1 spread, showing extensive co-circulation and local persistence. This analysis has highlighted the challenge in H5N1 prevention and control that requires different planning strategies even inside China.

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Proteomics Analysis of Differential Expression of Lung Proteins In Response To Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza Virus Infection In Chicken

10.21203/rs.3.rs-573195/v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Periyasamy Vijayakumar ◽

Ashwin Ashok Raut ◽

Santhalembi Chingtham ◽

Harshad V Murugkar ◽

Diwakar D. Kulkarni ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Avian Influenza ◽

Signaling Pathways ◽

Intracellular Signaling ◽

H5n1 Virus ◽

Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽

Influenza Virus Infection ◽

Highly Pathogenic ◽

Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽

Host Interaction ◽

Hpai H5n1

Abstract Elucidation of molecular pathogenesis underlying virus-host interaction is important for the development of new diagnostic and therapeutic strategies against highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) infection in chicken. However, chicken HPAI viral pathogenesis is not completely understood. To elucidate the intracellular signaling pathways and critical host proteins associated with influenza pathogenesis, we characterized the lung proteome of chicken infected with HPAI H5N1 virus (A/duck/India/02CA10/2011/Agartala). The chicken mass spectra data sets comprised1, 47, 451 MS scans and 19, 917 MS/MS scans. At local FDR 5% level, we identified total 3313 chicken proteins with presence of at least one unique peptide. At 12 hrs, 247 proteins are downregulated while 1754 proteins are downregulated at 48 hrs indicating that the host has succumbed to infection. There is expression of proteins of the predominant signaling pathways, such as TLR, RLR, NLR and JAK-STAT signaling. Activation of these pathways is associated with cytokine storm effect and thus may be the cause of severity of HPAI H5N1 infection in chicken. Further we identified proteins like MyD88, IKBKB, IRAK4, RELA, and MAVS involved in the critical signaling pathways and some other novel proteins (HNF4A, ELAVL1, FN1, COPS5, CUL1, BRCA1 and FYN) as main hub proteins that might play important roles in influenza pathogenesis in chicken. Taken together, we characterized the signaling pathways and the proteomic determinants responsible for disease pathogenesis in chicken infected with HPAI H5N1 virus.

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Haemagglutinin displayed on the surface of Lactococcus lactis confers broad cross-clade protection against different H5N1 viruses in chickens

Microbial Cell Factories ◽

10.1186/s12934-020-01453-7 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 19 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Han Lei ◽

Tong Gao ◽

Qianhong Cen ◽

Xiaojue Peng

Keyword(s):

Avian Influenza ◽

Lactococcus Lactis ◽

Effective Vaccine ◽

Potential Threat ◽

Lethal Challenge ◽

Highly Pathogenic ◽

Hpai H5n1 ◽

Ha Protein ◽

Influenza Virus Haemagglutinin ◽

Influenza H5n1

Abstract Background The highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus poses a potential threat to the poultry industry. The currently available avian influenza H5N1 vaccines for poultry are clade-specific. Therefore, an effective vaccine for preventing and controlling H5N1 viruses belonging to different clades needs to be developed. Results Recombinant L. lactis/pNZ8148-Spax-HA was generated, and the influenza virus haemagglutinin (HA) protein of A/Vietnam/1203/2004 (H5N1) was displayed on the surface of Lactococcus lactis (L. lactis). Spax was used as an anchor protein. Chickens vaccinated orally with unadjuvanted L. lactis/pNZ8148-Spax-HA could produce significant humoral and mucosal responses and neutralizing activities against H5N1 viruses belonging to different clades. Importantly, unadjuvanted L. lactis/pNZ8148-Spax-HA conferred cross-clade protection against lethal challenge with different H5N1 viruses in the chicken model. Conclusion This study provides insights into the cross-clade protection conferred by unadjuvanted L. lactis/pNZ8148-Spax-HA, and the results might help the establishment of a promising platform for the development of a safe and effective H5N1 cross-clade vaccine for poultry.

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Hemagglutinin presented on the surface of Lactococcus lactis confers broad cross-clade protection against different H5N1 viruses in chickens

10.21203/rs.3.rs-20867/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Han Lei ◽

Qianhong Cen ◽

Tong Gao ◽

Xiaojue Peng

Keyword(s):

Avian Influenza ◽

Lactococcus Lactis ◽

Effective Vaccine ◽

Potential Threat ◽

Lethal Challenge ◽

Highly Pathogenic ◽

Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin ◽

Hpai H5n1 ◽

Ha Protein ◽

Influenza H5n1

Abstract Background Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus has the potential threat to poultry industry. Current avian influenza H5N1 vaccines for poultry are clade-specific, Therefore, there is an urgent need to develop an effective vaccine for preventing and controlling H5N1 viruses from different clades. Results Recombinant L.lactis /pNZ8148-Spax-HA was generated which influenza virus hemagglutinin (HA) protein of A/chicken/Henan/12/2004 was displayed on the surface of Lactococcus lactis ( L.lactis ) and Spax was used an anchor protein. Chickens vaccinated orally with the unadjuvanted L.lactis /pNZ8148-Spax-HA could produce significant humoral and mucosal responses, as well as the neutralizing activities against different clades of H5N1 viruses. Importantly, the unadjuvanted L.lactis /pNZ8148-Spax-HA could conferred cross-clade protection against lethal challenge with different H5N1 viruses in the chicken model. Conclusion This study provides insight into the cross-clade protection conferred by the unadjuvanted L.lactis /pNZ8148-Spax-HA that may help establish a promising platform for the development of a safe and effective H5N1 cross-clade vaccine in poultry. Keywords: L.lactis /pNZ8148-Spax-HA, cross protection, H5N1 cross-clade vaccine.

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Mutations in the haemagglutinin protein and their effect in transmission of highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) H5N1 virus in sub-optimally vaccinated chickens

Vaccine ◽

10.1016/j.vaccine.2016.10.002 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 34 (46) ◽

pp. 5512-5518 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

Ioannis Sitaras ◽

Xanthoula Rousou ◽

Ben Peeters ◽

Mart C.M. de Jong

Keyword(s):

Avian Influenza ◽

H5n1 Virus ◽

Highly Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽

Highly Pathogenic ◽

Pathogenic Avian Influenza ◽

Hpai H5n1

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Predominance and geo-mapping of avian influenza H5N1 in poultry sectors in Egypt

Geospatial health ◽

10.4081/gh.2016.492 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 11 (3) ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Abdelsatar Arafa ◽

Ihab El-Masry ◽

Shereen Khoulosy ◽

Mohammed K. Hassan ◽

Moussa Soliman ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Avian Influenza ◽

H5n1 Virus ◽

Nile Delta ◽

Seasonal Pattern ◽

Virus Transmission ◽

Epidemiological Data ◽

Temporal Analysis ◽

Individual Species ◽

Hpai H5n1

Highly pathogenic avian influenza (HPAI) virus of the H5N1 subtype has been enzootic in the Egyptian poultry with significant human infections since 2008. This work evaluates the epidemiological and virological information from February 2006 to May 2015 in spatial and temporal terms. Only data with confirmed HPAI H5N1 sub-type were collected, and matched with the epidemiological data from various spatially and temporally-dispersed surveillances implemented between 2006 and 2015. Spatio-temporal analysis was conducted on a total of 3338 confirmed H5N1 HPAI poultry disease outbreaks and outputs described based on transmission patterns, poultry species, production types affected, trade, geographic and temporal distributions in Egypt. The H5N1 virus persists in the Egyptian poultry displaying a seasonal pattern with peak prevalence between January and March. There was no specific geographic pattern, but chickens and ducks were more affected. However, relatively higher disease incidences were recorded in the Nile Delta. Phylogenetic studies of the <em>haemagglutinin</em> gene sequences of H5N1 viruses indicated that multiple clusters circulated between 2006 and 2015, with significant deviations in circulation. Epidemiological dynamics of HPAI has changed with the origins of majority of outbreaks shifted to household poultry. The persistence of HPAI H5N1 in poultry with recurrent and sporadic infections in humans can influence virus evolution spatio-temporally. Household poultry plays significant roles in the H5N1 virus transmission to poultry and humans, but the role of commercial poultry needs further clarifications. While poultry trading supports the persistence and transmission of H5N1, the role of individual species may warrant further investigation. Surveillance activities, applying a multi-sectoral approach, are recommended.

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Animal and Human Health Implications of Avian Influenza Infections

Bioscience Reports ◽

10.1007/s10540-007-9057-9 ◽

2007 ◽

Vol 27 (6) ◽

pp. 359-372 ◽

Cited By ~ 35

Author(s):

Ilaria Capua ◽

Dennis J. Alexander

Keyword(s):

Avian Influenza ◽

Human Health ◽

H5n1 Virus ◽

Animal Health ◽

Control Measures ◽

Health Issues ◽

Human Beings ◽

Highly Pathogenic ◽

Hpai H5n1 ◽

The Impact

Avian influenza (AI) is a listed disease of the World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) that has become a disease of great importance both for animal and human health. Until recent times, AI was considered a disease of birds with zoonotic implications of limited significance. The emergence and spread of the Asian lineage highly pathogenic AI (HPAI) H5N1 virus has dramatically changed this perspective; not only has it been responsible of the death or culling of millions of birds, but this virus has also been able to infect a variety of non-avian hosts including human beings. The implications of such a panzootic reflect themselves in animal health issues, notably in the reduction of a protein source for developing countries and in the management of the pandemic potential. Retrospective studies have shown that avian progenitors play an important role in the generation of pandemic viruses for humans, and therefore these infections in the avian reservoir should be subjected to control measures aiming at eradication of the Asian H5N1 virus from all sectors rather than just eliminating or reducing the impact of the disease in poultry.

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