Risk factors forClostridium difficileinfection in the community: a case-control study in patients in general practice, Denmark, 2009–2011

SUMMARYTo identify risk factors forClostridium difficileinfection (CDI) in Danish patients consulting general practice with gastrointestinal symptoms, a prospective matched case-control study was performed; cases (N = 259) had positive cultures for toxigenicC. difficileand controls (N = 455) negative cultures. Data were analysed by conditional logistic regression. In patients aged ⩾2 years (138 cases), hospitalization [odds ratio (OR) 8·4, 95% confidence interval (CI) 3·1–23], consumption of beef (OR 5·5, 95% CI 2·0–15), phenoxymethylpenicillin (OR 15, 95% CI 2·7–82), dicloxacillin (OR 27, 95% CI 3·6–211), and extended spectrum penicillins (OR 9·2, 95% CI 1·9–45) were associated with CDI. In patients aged <2 years none of these were associated with CDI, but in a subgroup analysis contact with animals was associated with CDI (OR 8·1, 95% CI 1·0–64). This study emphasizes narrow-spectrum penicillins, and suggests beef consumption, as risk factors for CDI in adults, and indicates a different epidemiology of CDI in infants.

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Risk factors for campylobacter infection in infants and young children: a matched case-control study

Epidemiology and Infection ◽

10.1017/s0950268801006306 ◽

2001 ◽

Vol 127 (3) ◽

pp. 399-404 ◽

Cited By ~ 85

Author(s):

T. D. TENKATE ◽

R. J. STAFFORD

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Odds Ratio ◽

Case Control Study ◽

Case Control ◽

Age Group ◽

Matched Case ◽

Campylobacter Infection ◽

Matched Case Control Study ◽

Control Study ◽

Infants And Young Children

Campylobacter infection has one of the highest rates of all the notifiable diseases in Australia, with a peak in children aged 0–35 months. A matched case-control study was conducted to investigate risk factors for campylobacter infection for children in this age group. Eighty-one cases and 144 controls were enrolled in the study that was conducted between 24 January 1996 and 21 January 1997. The following risk factors were found to be independently associated with illness: ownership of pet puppies (adjusted odds ratio [OR] 16·58, 95% confidence interval [CI] 3·73–73·65) and pet chickens (OR 11·80, CI 1·37–101·75), and consumption of mayonnaise (OR 4·13, CI 1·61–10·59). We propose that children aged less than 3 years are at risk of campylobacter infection if residing in a household which has puppies or chickens as pets.

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In-Hospital Transfer Is a Risk Factor for Invasive Filamentous Fungal Infection among Hospitalized Patients with Hematological Malignancies: A Matched Case-Control Study

Infection Control and Hospital Epidemiology ◽

10.1017/ice.2014.69 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 36 (3) ◽

pp. 320-328 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Angèle Gayet-Ageron ◽

Anne Iten ◽

Christian van Delden ◽

Natacha Farquet ◽

Stavroula Masouridi-Levrat ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Fungal Infection ◽

Hematological Malignancies ◽

Case Control Study ◽

Conditional Logistic Regression ◽

Case Control ◽

Care Process ◽

Matched Case ◽

Matched Case Control Study ◽

Control Study

OBJECTIVEImmunocompromised patients now benefit from a longer life expectancy due to advanced medical techniques, but they are also weakened by aggressive treatment approaches and are at high risk for invasive fungal disease. We determined risk factors associated with an outbreak of invasive filamentous fungal infection (IFFI) among hospitalized hemato-oncological patients.METHODSA retrospective, matched, case-control study was conducted between January 1, 2009, and April 31, 2011, including 29 cases (6 proven, 8 probable, and 15 possible) of IFFI and 102 matched control patients hospitalized during the same time period. Control patients were identified from the hospital electronic database. Conditional logistic regression was performed to identify independent risk factors for IFFI.RESULTSOverall mortality associated with IFFI was 20.7% (8.0%–39.7%). Myelodysplastic syndrome was associated with a higher risk for IFFI compared to chronic hematological malignancies. After adjustment for major risk factors and confounders, >5 patient transfers outside the protected environment of the hematology ward increased the IFFI risk by 6.1-fold. The risk increased by 6.7-fold when transfers were performed during neutropenia.CONCLUSIONThis IFFI outbreak was characterized by a strong association with exposure to the unprotected environment outside the hematology ward during patient transfer. The independent associations of a high number of transfers with the presence of neutropenia suggest that affected patients were probably not sufficiently protected during transport in the corridors. Our study highlights that a heightened awareness of the need for preventive measures during the entire care process of at-risk patients should be promoted among healthcare workers.Infect Control Hosp Epidemiol 2014;00(0): 1–9

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Risk factors for sporadic infection withSalmonellaInfantis: a matched case-control study

Epidemiology and Infection ◽

10.1017/s0950268813001799 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 142 (4) ◽

pp. 820-825 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

R. BASSAL ◽

A. REISFELD ◽

I. NISSAN ◽

V. AGMON ◽

D. TARAN ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Risk Factor ◽

Protective Factor ◽

Case Control Study ◽

Tap Water ◽

Conditional Logistic Regression ◽

Case Control ◽

Matched Case ◽

Matched Case Control Study ◽

Control Study

SUMMARYThis matched case-control study investigated the risk factors for sporadicSalmonellaInfantis infection in 263 affected children and 263 age-, gender- and neighbourhood-matched controls. Information about exposure to potential risk factors was obtained via telephone interview and evaluated by conditional logistic regression analysis. Age groups ⩽1 year (n = 77) and >1 year (n = 186) were analysed separately. Of those aged ⩽1 year, breastfeeding was a significant protective factor against infection [matched odds ratio (mOR) 0·24, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0·10–0·59,P < 0·01]. In the older group, consumption of eggs (mOR 1·87, 95% CI 1·00–3·49,P = 0·05) was a significant risk factor and thawing chicken in water (mOR 2·55, 95% CI 0·94–6·91,P = 0·07) was borderline risk factor, while consumption of carrots (mOR 0·46, 95% CI 0·26–0·83,P < 0·01), drinking tap water (mOR 0·44, 95% CI 0·22–0·85,P = 0·02), religious lifestyle (mOR 0·40, 95% CI 0·21–0·74,P < 0·01) and having a high number of children in the household (mOR 0·72, 95% CI 0·58–0·88,P < 0·01) were significant protective factors. Consumers should avoid eating undercooked eggs and food handlers should be educated regarding proper handling and cooking of eggs. Breastfeeding should be strongly encouraged by public health authorities. The public must be educated on stringent hygiene practices, especially proper cooking of eggs to reduce infection rates.

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Sporadic community-acquired Legionnaires' disease in France: a 2-year national matched case-control study

Epidemiology and Infection ◽

10.1017/s0950268807000283 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 136 (12) ◽

pp. 1684-1690 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

D. CHE ◽

C. CAMPESE ◽

P. SANTA-OLALLA ◽

G. JACQUIER ◽

D. BITAR ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Case Control Study ◽

Conditional Logistic Regression ◽

Case Control ◽

Dose Effect ◽

Personal Hygiene ◽

Legionnaires Disease ◽

Matched Case ◽

Matched Case Control Study ◽

Control Study

SUMMARYLegionnaires' disease (LD) is an aetiology of community-acquired bacterial pneumonia in adults, with a high case-fatality ratio (CFR). We conducted a matched case-control study to identify risk factors for sporadic, community-acquired LD. Cases of sporadic, community-acquired and biologically confirmed LD, in metropolitan France from 1 September 2002 to 31 September 2004, were matched with a control subject according to age, sex, underlying illness and location of residence within 5 km. We performed a conditional logistic regression on various host-related factors and exposures. Analysis was done on 546 matched pairs. The CFR was 3·5%. Age ranged from 18–93 years (mean 57 years), with a 3·6 male:female sex ratio. Cases were more likely to have smoked with the documentation of a dose-effect relation, to have travelled with a stay in a hotel (OR 6·1, 95% CI 2·6–14·2), or to have used a wash-hand basin for personal hygiene (OR 3·5, 95% CI 1·6–7·7) than controls. Tobacco and travel have been previously described as risk factors for LD, but this is the first time that such a dose-effect for tobacco has been documented among sporadic cases. These findings will provide helpful knowledge about LD and help practitioners in identifying patients at high risk.

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Cryptosporidiosis in Wisconsin: A case-control study of post-outbreak transmission

Epidemiology and Infection ◽

10.1017/s0950268800001473 ◽

1996 ◽

Vol 117 (2) ◽

pp. 297-304 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

P. Osewe ◽

D. G. Addiss ◽

K. A. Blair ◽

A. Hightower ◽

M. L. Kamb ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Odds Ratio ◽

Case Control Study ◽

Case Control ◽

Watery Diarrhoea ◽

Waterborne Outbreak ◽

Water Plant ◽

Matched Case ◽

Matched Case Control Study ◽

Control Study

SummaryDuring March–April 1993, an estimated 403000 residents of the 5-county greater Milwaukee, Wisconsin area developed cryptosporidiosis after drinking contaminated municipal water. Although the number of cases dropped precipitously after the implicated water plant closed on 9 April, cases continued to occur. To investigate risk factors for post-outbreak cryptosporidiosis, 33 Milwaukee-area residents who had laboratory-confirmed Cryptosporidium infection with onset of diarrhoea between 1 May and 27 June 1993 were interviewed by telephone. Of these, 28(85%) had onset of diarrhoea during May, 12(36%) had watery diarrhoea during the outbreak, and 5 (15%) were HIV-infected. In a neighbourhood-matched case-control study, immunosuppression (matched odds ratio (MOR) not calculable, 95 % confidence interval (CI) 3·0, infinity) and having a child less than 5 years old in the household (MOR = 17·0, CI 2·0, 395·0) were independently associated with infection. When persons who had diarrhoea during the outbreak were excluded, immunosuppression remained significantly associated with illness (MOR not calculable, CI 1·6, infinity). Cryptosporidium transmission continued after this massive waterborne outbreak but decreased rapidly within 2 months.

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The Risk Factors for Pulmonary Tuberculosis Incidence in Ghana: A Small Matched Case-control Study

Asian Journal of Research in Infectious Diseases ◽

10.9734/ajrid/2020/v4i130137 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 14-23

Author(s):

Michael Boah ◽

Daniel Adjei Amporfro ◽

Timothy Adampah ◽

Stephen Bordotsiah ◽

Baiming Jin ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Case Control Study ◽

Conditional Logistic Regression ◽

Case Control ◽

Northern Ghana ◽

Monthly Income ◽

Matched Case ◽

Independent Risk Factors ◽

Matched Case Control Study ◽

Control Study

Aims: Knowing the risk factors for tuberculosis (TB) opens up avenues for identifying target groups for intensified case finding. We aimed to identify the risk factors for pulmonary TB (PTB) incidence in a rural district in northern Ghana. Study Design: A matched case-control study. Place and Duration of Study: The Kassena Nankana West District of the Upper East Region of Ghana, between February 2019 and March 2019. Methodology: This study was conducted in 4 public health facilities. Cases were newly confirmed PTB patients aged 15 years or over, controls were age and sex matched outpatients. A pre-tested questionnaire collected information on a range of possible risk factors from participants. Conditional logistic regression identified independent risk factors for PTB incidence in a multivariable model at 95% confidence level. Results: The analysis included 174 cases and controls. Multivariable analysis showed that the risk of PTB was increased with low household monthly income (AOR=3.45; 95% CI: 1.08-10.97; P=.03), smoking (AOR=2.69; 95% CI: 1.13-6.43; P=.02) as well as household exposure to a known TB case (AOR=2.57; 95% CI: 1.08-6.10; P=.03). Conclusion: Low household monthly income, smoking, and household exposure to a known TB case were independent risk factors for PTB incidence. These factors can be used to actively screen for PTB in the population.

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