Risk factors forEscherichia coliO157 shedding and super-shedding by dairy heifers at pasture

2014 ◽  
Vol 143 (5) ◽  
pp. 1004-1015 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. J. WILLIAMS ◽  
M. P. WARD ◽  
O. P. DHUNGYEL ◽  
E. J. S. HALL
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Immunomagnetic Separation ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Dairy Heifers ◽  
Solar Exposure ◽  
Faecal Culture ◽  
Faecal Consistency ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Higher Temperature ◽  
Positive Effect

SUMMARYWe undertook a longitudinal study within a cohort of 52 dairy heifers maintained under constant management systems and sampled weekly to investigate a comprehensive range of risk factors which may influence shedding or super-shedding ofE. coliO157 (detected by direct faecal culture and immunomagnetic separation).E. coliO157 was detected from 416/933 (44·6%) samples (faeces and recto-anal mucosal swabs) and 32 (3·4%) samples enumerated at >10000 c.f.u./g. Weekly point prevalence ranged from 9·4% to 94·3%. Higher temperature (P < 0·001), rainfall (P = 0·02), relative humidity (P < 0·001), pasture growth (P = 0·013) and body score (P = 0·029) were positively associated with increased shedding. Higher rainfall (P < 0·001), hide contamination (P = 0·002) and increased faecal consistency (P = 0·023) were positively associated with super-shedding. Increased solar exposure had a negative effect on both shedding and super-shedding within bivariate analyses but in the final multivariate model for shedding demonstrated a positive effect (P = 0·017). Results suggest that environmental factors are important inE. coliO157 shedding in cattle.

Daily variations inEscherichia coliO157 shedding patterns in a cohort of dairy heifers at pasture

2014 ◽  
Vol 143 (7) ◽  
pp. 1388-1397 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. J. WILLIAMS ◽  
M. P. WARD ◽  
O. P. DHUNGYEL
Keyword(s):  
Direct Contact ◽  
Immunomagnetic Separation ◽  
Intervention Strategies ◽  
Common Mechanism ◽  
Human Pathogen ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Dairy Heifers ◽  
Faecal Culture ◽  
Extreme Variation ◽  
Daily Sampling

SUMMARYEscherichia coliO157 is a human pathogen carried asymptomatically by cattle and shed in their faeces. Infection can occur from the consumption of contaminated beef or by direct contact. Large variations ofE. coliO157 shedding in cattle exist and vary in the number of cattle positive forE. coliO157 and the amount of bacteria (c.f.u./g faeces) shed by positive animals. To investigateE. coliO157 shedding and super-shedding (>104 c.f.u./g) we used daily sampling over two 8-day periods; in January 2013 (n = 12) and February 2013 (n = 21). Samples were tested by direct faecal culture for enumeration and by immunomagnetic separation to detect lower levels of shedding. We identified three patterns of shedding, similar to previously observed descriptions: intermittent, transient and consistent. The most commonly observed pattern was intermittent shedding and variation in the level of shedding could be large. This extreme variation is demonstrated by a heifer from whichE. coliO157 could be not detected one day, was super-sheddingE. coliO157 the next and was detected as shedding >100 c.f.u./g the following day. Recto-anal mucosal swab testing did not predict super-shedding in this cohort of heifers. The variable individual patterns of shedding suggest that a common mechanism of infection may not operate within such a herd when considering previously described patterns and the inferred mechanisms. The sporadic and intermittent nature of shedding is a challenge to identifying risk factors and potential intervention strategies.

Synchronization ofE. coliO157 shedding in a grass-fed beef herd: a longitudinal study

2015 ◽  
Vol 143 (15) ◽  
pp. 3244-3255 ◽  
Author(s):  
G. A. C. LAMMERS ◽  
C. S. McCONNEL ◽  
D. JORDAN ◽  
M. S. AYTON ◽  
S. MORRIS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Temporal Dynamics ◽  
Short Interval ◽  
Beef Cows ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Faecal Samples ◽  
Sampling Points ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Beef Herd ◽  
Interval Sampling

SUMMARYThis study aims to describe in detail the temporal dynamics ofE. coliO157 shedding and risk factors for shedding in a grass-fed beef herd. During a 9-month period, 23 beef cows were sampled twice a week (58 sampling points) andE. coliO157 was enumerated from faecal samples. Isolates were screened by PCR for presence ofrfbE,stx1andstx2. The prevalence per sampling day ranged from 0% to 57%. This study demonstrates that many members of the herd were concurrently sheddingE. coliO157. Occurrence of rainfall (P< 0·01), feeding silage (P< 0·01) and lactating (P< 0·01) were found to be predictors of shedding. Moving cattle to a new paddock had a negative effect on shedding. This approach, based on short-interval sampling, confirms the known variability of shedding within a herd and highlights that high shedding events are rare.

Comparison of recto-anal mucosal swab and faecal culture for the detection ofEscherichia coliO157 and identification of super-shedding in a mob of Merino sheep

2015 ◽  
Vol 143 (13) ◽  
pp. 2733-2742 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. S. McPHERSON ◽  
O. P. DHUNGYEL ◽  
M. P. WARD
Keyword(s):  
Enrichment Culture ◽  
Kappa Statistic ◽  
Immunomagnetic Separation ◽  
Sampling Point ◽  
Merino Sheep ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Faecal Culture ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Sampling Points ◽  
Culture Positive

SUMMARYWe compared the use of recto-anal mucosal swab (RAMS) culture and faecal culture for the detection ofE. coliO157 in a mob of Merino sheep. Fifty Merino wethers and maiden ewes housed in indoor pens were sampled on five occasions. We detectedE coliO157 in 32% (16/50) of sheep, with weekly prevalence ranging from 4% (2/50) to 16% (8/50). Overall, 12·5% (2/16) were detected by RAMS culture only, and 37·5% (6/16) were detected by faecal culture only. The level of agreement between the two sampling methods was moderate [kappa statistic = 0·583, 95% confidence interval (CI) 0·460–0·707]. The relative sensitivities of RAMS and faecal culture were 67% (95% CI 41–86) and 57% (95% CI 34–77), respectively. We identified four super-shedding sheep using direct faecal culture. Although the majority of culture-positive sheep were detected at one sampling point only, 3/4 super-shedding sheep were culture-positive at two sampling points, and 1/4 was culture-positive at four sampling points. Persistent culture positivity may indicate sheep that could be considered ‘super-shedders' at some point. The use of immunomagnetic separation further improved the rate of detection ofE. coliO157, which was isolated from 1/34 animals that were previously negative by enrichment culture alone. A significant difference between sampling weeks was detected for both faecal (P= 0·021) and RAMS (P= 0·006), with the prevalence at the mid-point of sampling (week 4) significantly (P< 0·05) higher than at the beginning or end of the study. Study conditions (penned sheep) might have been responsible for the high prevalence and the epidemic pattern of infection observed, and could serve as a future model for studies ofE. coliO157 transmission, shedding and super-shedding in sheep.

scholarly journals ABUNDANCE OF THE EXCAVATING SPONGE CLIONA DELITRIX IN RELATION TO SEWAGE DISCHARGE AT SAN ANDRÉS ISLAND, SW CARIBBEAN, COLOMBIA

2016 ◽  
Vol 36 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andia Chaves Fonnegra ◽  
Sven Zea ◽  
Martha L. Gómez
Keyword(s):  
Organic Pollution ◽  
Coral Mucus ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Line Transects ◽  
Escherichia Coli Bacteria ◽  
San Andres ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Sewage Discharges

It is known that the encrusting and excavating Caribbean sponge Cliona delitrix may increase its abundance near sources of sewage. To ascertain whether its current conspicuousness in leeward reefs of San Andrés Island (SW Caribbean, Colombia) is related to organic pollution from local raw sewage discharges, quantitative data on density and cover of this sponge and other benthic components was obtained from belt and line transects at seven stations along the shallow (5-10 m deep) terrace. Coral mucus was sampled to quantify Escherichia coli bacteria, as an approximate indicator of sewage plume influence on benthic biota. A negative multiplicative regression between amount of E. coli in coral mucus and distance from the main raw sewage outlet demonstrated the domestic-wastes origin of the bacteria. Whereas significant E. coli counts occurred only up to 1-2 km from sewage sources, overall sewage influence may extend further as moderate C. delitrix abundances occurred throughout the West shallow terrace of San Andrés, apparently associated to the overall nutrient enrichment from sewage. C. delitrix abundances were lower in the Southwest, farthest from sewage influence, and generally increased towards sewage sources, but decreased near the main sewage outlet. Close to sewage sources, any positive effect on the sponge brought about by the increase in suspended organic matter is probably outweighed by the negative effect that excessive sedimentation has on the sponge itself, and on the quantity and quality of substratum available for settlement.

scholarly journals Bone Health in Children With Risk Factors for Low Bone Mass

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Berta Magallares ◽  
Dacia Cerda ◽  
Jocelyn Betancourt ◽  
Gloria Fraga ◽  
Estefanía Quesada-Masachs ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Bone Mass ◽  
Calcium Intake ◽  
Sedentary Lifestyle ◽  
Hypovitaminosis D ◽  
Whole Body ◽  
Low Bone Mass ◽  
Hispanic Ethnicity ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Positive Effect

Abstract Purpose: To describe clinical and biological characteristics of pediatric patients with at least one risk factor (RF) for low bone mass for chronological age (LBMca)/childhood osteoporosis (cOP) and to assess its influence on bone mineral density (BMD).Methods: Patients between 2 and 20 years of age with at least 1 RF were recruited. Daily calcium intake, number of previous fractures and other RFs and their distribution among different groups were assessed. Spine and whole body DXA and vertebral morphometry were performed.Results: 103 patients were included. Mean age was 9.8 years old. 52.4% were female. Of the RFs, 84.5% presented insufficient calcium intake, 38.8% were receiving or had received corticosteroids, 31.1% were receiving other treatments with osteotoxic potential, 13.6% led a sedentary lifestyle, 12.6% presented history of fractures, and up to 8.1% had hypovitaminosis D. 38% of the cohort had 2 RFs, 31% had 3 RFs, 15% had 4 RFs, and 12% associated 5 or more RFs. 10.5% met LBMca criteria and 4.8% met cOP criteria. 73% of vertebral BMD was justified by age and hypovitaminosis D (positive effect), and male sex and Hispanic ethnicity (negative effect). 82% of total body less head BMD was justified by age (positive effect), and Hispanic ethnicity and sedentary lifestyle (negative effect).Conclusions: Pediatric populations with risk of LBM/cOP have 2 or more risk factors. Up to 10.5% of children with RFs present LBM and 4.8% have an unknown cOP. RFs related to changes in BMD are age, sex, sedentary lifestyle, ethnicity, and hypovitaminosis D.

Evaluation of faecal contamination and microbial die-off in urine separating sewage systems

1998 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 17-25 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Höglund ◽  
T. A. Stenström ◽  
H. Jönsson ◽  
A. Sundin
Keyword(s):  
Pathogenic Microorganisms ◽  
Indicator Organisms ◽  
Faecal Contamination ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Low Concentrations ◽  
Low Degree ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Microbial Analysis ◽  
Higher Temperature ◽  
Faecal Streptococci

An important feature for recirculated products from a sewage system is that the risk for transmission of disease is low. In a urine source separating system faeces may contaminate the collected urine through the toilet. The concentrations of faecal indicator organisms were measured in 14 urine collection tanks. The survival of these and some pathogenic microorganisms in source separated human urine was studied. Total coliforms, E. coli and clostridia were found in low concentrations while faecal streptococci occurred in concentrations up to 105/ml urine solution. The results from phenotyping of faecal streptococci and the high counts indicate growth within the system. The majority of the pathogenic microorganisms investigated had a rapid die-off. A higher temperature, a low degree of dilution and a pH far from neutral had a negative effect on survival. E. coli had a rapid die-off and is not suitable for indicating faecal contamination of the collected urine. Quantification of faecal sterols is a possible alternative to microbial analysis for this purpose. The amounts of coprostanol showed that the faecal contamination varied from not detected to up to 13.3 mg/ml urine solution with a concentration in the urine sludge of up to 417.5 mg/kg.

Working Memory, Mental Prospection, Time Orientation, and Cognitive Insight

2013 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 159-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sevtap Cinan ◽  
Aslı Doğan
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Factor Model ◽  
Time Orientation ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Cognitive Insight ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Positive Effect ◽  
Three Factor

This research is new in its attempt to take future time orientation, morningness orientation, and prospective memory as measures of mental prospection, and to examine a three-factor model that assumes working memory, mental prospection, and cognitive insight are independent but related higher-order cognitive constructs by using confirmatory factor analysis (CFA). The three-factor model produced a good fit to the data. An alternative one-factor model was tested and rejected. The results suggest that working memory and cognitive insight are distinguishable, related constructs, and that both are distinct from, but negatively associated with, mental prospection. In addition, structural equation modeling (SEM) showed that working memory had a strong positive effect on cognitive insight and a moderate negative effect on mental prospection.

Estimasi Pengaruh Faktor Internal Bank dan Stabilitas Makroekonomi terhadap Profitabilitas dengan Mediasi Rasio Pembiayaan Bermasalah di PT Bank Muamalat Indonesia

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 93-108
Author(s):  
Annisa Siti Fathonah ◽  
Dadang Hermawan
Keyword(s):  
Secondary Data ◽  
Financial Statements ◽  
Significant Positive Effect ◽  
Return On Assets ◽  
Internal Factors ◽  
Macroeconomic Factors ◽  
Operating Income ◽  
Significant Negative Effect ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Positive Effect

This study aims to determine and analyze how much influence the bank's internal factors such as Equity, Operational Costs per Operating Income (BOPO), Financing Deposit to Ratio (FDR), Non Performing Financing (NPF) as a mediator and external or macroeconomic factors namely inflation and Gross Domestic Product (GDP) on profitability represented by Return on Assets (ROA) at Bank Muamalat Indonesia for the period 2008-2018. The data used in this research are secondary data obtained from the publication of quarterly financial statements from 2008 to quarter 2 of 2018. The method that used in this research is path analysis with SPSS 20.0 as the analytical tool. The results of the study partially test the hypothesis (t-test), in substructure I shows that the capital variable has a significant negative effect on NPF, BOPO and inflation has a significant positive effect on NPF, FDR and GDP do not significantly influence NPF at Bank Muamalat Indonesia. In substructure II partially, Capital, BOPO, significant negative effect on ROA, FDR and NPF has a significant positive effect on ROA, Inflation and GDP does not significantly influence ROA while simultaneously significantly influencing ROA. Based on the sobel test, capital has a significant effect on ROA through NPF, BOPO has a significant effect on ROA through NPF, FDR has a significant effect on ROA through NPF, Inflation has a significant effect on ROA through NPF, while GDP has no significant effect on ROA through NPF.

Employee Engagement Dan Stress Kerja Pengaruhnya Terhadap Kepuasan Kerja Dan Turnover Intention di Aman Villas Nusa Dua – Bali

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-79
Author(s):  
Wayan Arya Paramarta ◽  
Ni Putu Kurnia Darmayanti
Keyword(s):  
Job Satisfaction ◽  
Employee Engagement ◽  
Work Stress ◽  
Turnover Intention ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Qualitative And Quantitative ◽  
Library Research ◽  
Analysis Technique ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Positive Effect

The aims of this study was to explain the effect of employee engagement and work stress on job satisfaction and turnover intention at Aman Villas Nusa Dua-Bali. The type of data used in this study is qualitative and quantitative data, with data sources namely primary and secondary data. Data collection method is interview, distributing questionnaires to respondents and library research, while the data analysis technique used Smart PLS 3.2.8. The results of this study showed that employee engagement had a positive effect and significant on job satisfaction, work stress had a negative effect but not significant on job satisfaction, employee engagement had a negative effect and significant on turnover intention, work stress had a positive effect and significant on turnover intention, job satisfaction had a negative effect but not significant on turnover intention, employee engagement had a positive effect but not significant on turnover intention trough job satisfaction, work stress had a positive effect but not significant on turnover intention trough job satisfaction at Aman Villas Nusa Dua-Bali.

Low Back Pain in Commercial Airline Pilots

2020 ◽  
Vol 91 (12) ◽  
pp. 940-947
Author(s):  
Matthias Albermann ◽  
Maria Lehmann ◽  
Christian Eiche ◽  
Joachim Schmidt ◽  
Johannes Prottengeier
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Low Back Pain ◽  
Back Pain ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
German Population ◽  
Low Back ◽  
Airline Pilots ◽  
Acute Low Back Pain ◽  
Commercial Airline ◽  
Negative Effect

BACKGROUND: In their working life, airline pilots are exposed to particular risk factors that promote nonspecific low back pain (LBP). Because of the varying incidence internationally, we evaluated the point prevalences of acute, subacute, and chronic nonspecific LBP, as well as the current prevalences in German airline pilots. Furthermore, we compared the prevalence to the general German population and to European counterparts.METHODS: An anonymous online survey of 698 participating German airline pilots was evaluated. The impairment between groups was analyzed. Prevalences from our data were compared to existing data.RESULTS: The following point prevalences were found: 8.2% acute, 2.4% subacute, 82.7% chronic LBP; 74.1% of all individuals were suffering from current LBP when answered the questionnaire. A total time spent flying greater than 600 h within the last 12 mo was significantly related to acute nonspecific LBP. Individuals with any type of LBP were significantly impaired compared to those unaffected. It was found that German airline pilots suffer more often from current LBP than the general population and have a higher point prevalence of total LBP than their European counterparts.CONCLUSIONS: The evaluation showed a surprisingly high, previously unidentified, prevalence of nonspecific LBP in German airline pilots. Why German airline pilots suffer more often from LBP remains uncertain. The number of flying hours appears to have a negative effect on developing acute low back pain, but causation cannot be concluded. Other risk factors could not be confirmed.Albermann M, Lehmann M, Eiche C, Schmidt J, Prottengeier J. Low back pain in commercial airline pilots. Aerosp Med Hum Perform. 2020; 91(12):940947.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document