Trend of Japanese encephalitis in Uttar Pradesh, India from 2011 to 2013

2015 ◽  
Vol 144 (2) ◽  
pp. 363-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. JAIN ◽  
A. K. SINGH ◽  
D. N. KHAN ◽  
M. PANDEY ◽  
R. KUMAR ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Japanese Encephalitis ◽  
Monsoon Season ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
The State ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Acute Encephalitis ◽  
Post Monsoon Season ◽  
Sporadic Cases ◽  
Medical University

SUMMARYAs indicated by the sporadic Japanese encephalitis (JE) cases reported from the districts of Uttar Pradesh (UP), India, the disease is endemic in the state despite the fact that a JE vaccination programme has been ongoing in the state since 2006. Hence, the present study was undertaken to study the annual trend of JE in UP during January 2011 to December 2013. CSF and/or serum samples collected from acute encephalitis syndrome (AES) cases were referred to the virology laboratory at King George's Medical University, Lucknow and were tested for anti-JEV IgM antibodies by JEV MAC-ELISA kit. The study reveals that 26·9%, 9·9% and 14·8% of AES cases were positive for anti-JEV IgM in the years 2011, 2012 and 2013, respectively. Of the total JE confirmed cases, 30% were adults. Males were more commonly affected than females. A distinct peak of JE was seen in the monsoon and post-monsoon season, although sporadic cases were also reported in other months. JE vaccination by district in UP is discussed. This study reports that the proportion of JE positives in AES cases is decreasing in UP although the number of AES cases has not decreased. The study also discusses the probable causes of this decrease, including JE vaccination and natural periodicity due to herd immunity.

scholarly journals Incidence of Japanese Encephalitis among Acute Encephalitis Syndrome Cases in West Bengal, India

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bhaswati Bandyopadhyay ◽  
Indrani Bhattacharyya ◽  
Srima Adhikary ◽  
Saiantani Mondal ◽  
Jayashree Konar ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Japanese Encephalitis ◽  
Viral Encephalitis ◽  
West Bengal ◽  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Health Department ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Acute Encephalitis Syndrome ◽  
Acute Encephalitis ◽  
Awareness Programs ◽  
Antibody Capture

Background and Objectives. Japanese encephalitis (JE) is the most important cause of acute and epidemic viral encephalitis. Every year sporadic JE cases are reported from the various districts of West Bengal, indicating its endemicity in this state. JE vaccination programme has been undertaken by the State Health Department of West Bengal. This study was aimed at seeing the present scenario of JE among acute encephalitis syndrome (AES) cases in West Bengal.Materials and Methods. Blood and/or CSF samples were referred from suspected AES cases to the referral virology laboratory of the Calcutta School of Tropical Medicine from different hospitals of Kolkata. IgM antibody capture ELISA was performed on the CSF and serum samples by JE virus MAC ELISA kit supplied by the National Institute of Virology, Pune.Results. The present study reveals that 22.76% and 5% of the AES cases were positive for JE IgM in 2011 and 2012, respectively. JE is mainly prevalent in children and adolescents below 20 years of age with no gender predilection. Although the percentages of JE positive cases were high in 2011, it sharply decreased thereafter possibly due to better awareness programs, due to mass vaccination, or simply due to natural epidemiological niche periodicity due to herd immunity.

scholarly journals Incidence of Japanese encephalitis virus among patients presenting with acute encephalitis syndrome in a tertiary care hospital, West Bengal, India

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (12) ◽  
pp. 5947
Author(s):  
Arup Roy ◽  
Poulami Saha ◽  
Asraful Islam ◽  
Rajdeep Saha ◽  
Abhishek Sengupta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Japanese Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Japanese Encephalitis ◽  
West Bengal ◽  
Tertiary Care ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
Encephalitis Virus ◽  
Care Hospital ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Acute Encephalitis Syndrome ◽  
Acute Encephalitis

Background: Japanese encephalitis virus (JEV) is a flavivirus related to dengue, yellow fever and West Nile viruses, and is spread by mosquitoes. JEV is the main cause of viral encephalitis in many countries of Asia with an estimated 68000 clinical cases every year. Although symptomatic Japanese encephalitis (JE) is rare, the case-fatality rate among those with encephalitis can be as high as 30%. Permanent neurologic or psychiatric sequelae can occur in 30-50% of those with encephalitis. This study was conducted to find the incidence of JEV IgM in patients presenting with acute encephalitis syndrome (AES) in Raiganj govt. medical college and hospital, Uttar Dinajpur, West Bengal, India.Methods: Blood and CSF samples were collected from patients presenting with AES. IgM antibody capture ELISA was performed on the CSF and serum samples by JE virus MAC ELISA kit.Results: The overall prevalence of JEV IgM was 13.8%. Among the positive cases male comprised of 71.4% and female 28.5%. The most common age group affected was above 16 years of age. JEV prevalence was present throughout the year with high number of cases between the monsoon and post monsoon seasons.Conclusions: This study demonstrates the endemicity of JEV in Uttar Dinajpur district of West Bengal, India. As most of the JE cases are asymptomatic strengthening the existing surveillance system is required to find out the actual scenario of JEV in West Bengal. Control of vectors, early diagnosis and treatment, vaccinations are the key to decrease the morbidity and mortality caused by JEV. 

scholarly journals A retrospective study on the seasonal occurrence of Japanese Encephalitis cases in Uttar Pradesh

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 1762
Author(s):  
Jaideep K. Chaubey ◽  
Vinod K. Srivastava ◽  
Virendra Kumar ◽  
Arslan Neyaz
Keyword(s):  
Retrospective Study ◽  
Japanese Encephalitis ◽  
Communicable Disease ◽  
Monsoon Season ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
Public Health Problem ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
Seasonal Occurrence ◽  
High Morbidity ◽  
Major Public Health Problem

Background: Japanese encephalitis (JE) is a dreaded mosquito-borne viral disease, especially in Asian, Western Pacific, and Northern Australia region and a major public health problem in India. In India, State of Uttar Pradesh contributed a large portion of JE cases to the country. Because of its high morbidity and mortality, JE is of particular interest. With the help of specific intervention, we can prevent the morbidity and mortality of JE cases. The objective of the study was to know the seasonal occurrence of JE cases in Uttar Pradesh.Methods: This was a retrospective study based on secondary data, shared by Communicable Disease wing of Swasthya Bhawan, Lucknow, Uttar Pradesh (U.P) for the analysis. We used data for the study during the past 7 years (2010–2016). Analysis has been done using Microsoft Excel.Results: In Uttar Pradesh, there were 1322 cases of JE during the year 2010-2016. Peak incidence of JE cases were seen in months of September. An overall decreasing trend with some fluctuation was seen in the occurrence of cases from 2010 to 2016. It was also observed that maximum cases were occurred in monsoon season. Majority of the cases were seen in Gorakhpur district which is located in eastern part of Uttar Pradesh.Conclusions: Majority of the cases of JE were seen in rainy months. Gorakhpur district of Uttar Pradesh has the highest load of JE cases. IEC activities should be carried out to disseminate the information regarding JE among the people for prevention.

scholarly journals Development of landslide susceptibility maps of Tripura, India using GIS and analytical hierarchy process

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nirmalya Kumar Nath ◽  
Balram Panigrahi ◽  
Sanjay Kumar Raul ◽  
Jagadish Ch. Paul
Keyword(s):  
Landslide Susceptibility ◽  
Monsoon Season ◽  
The State ◽  
Landslide Susceptibility Mapping ◽  
Economic Losses ◽  
Post Monsoon ◽  
Susceptibility Maps ◽  
Post Monsoon Season ◽  
Hierarchy Process ◽  
Landslide Susceptibility Maps

Abstract Landslides are one of the most extensive and destructive geological hazards in the globe. Tripura, a north-eastern hilly state of India experiences landslides almost each year during monsoon season causing casualty and huge economic losses. Hence it is required to assess the landslide susceptibility of the area that would support in short and long term planning and mitigation. Analytic hierarchy process (AHP) integrated with geospatial technology has been adopted for landslide susceptibility mapping in the state. Eight influencing factors such as slope, lithology, drainage density, rainfall, land use land cover, distance from rivers and roads, and soil type were selected to map the landslide susceptibility. Landslide susceptibility index (LSI) was found to vary from 6.205 during monsoon to 1.427 during post-monsoon season. The LSI values were classified into very high, high, moderate, low and very low susceptibility. Landslide susceptibility maps for three different seasons, namely, pre-monsoon, monsoon and post-monsoon were prepared. The study showed that most of the areas of the state come under very low to moderate landslide susceptibility zones. Around 73.2% area of the state is found to be under low landslide susceptible zones during the pre-monsoon season, around 62% area is prone to landslides with moderate susceptibility during monsoon season and 68.5% area comes under landslides with low susceptibility zones during the post-monsoon season. The output of this study may be referred by the engineers and planners for the assessment, control and mitigation of landslides and development of basic infrastructure in the state.

scholarly journals Level of measles herd immunity assessed in hospital medical workers within a framework of the state measles elimination program

2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 129-136 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. P. Kostinov ◽  
N. N. Filatov ◽  
P. I. Zhuravlev ◽  
L. S. Gladkova ◽  
V. B. Polischuk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Herd Immunity ◽  
Test System ◽  
The State ◽  
Igg Antibodies ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Hospital Medical ◽  
Measles Elimination ◽  
Age Related ◽  
Related Group ◽  
Measles Vaccination

Within a framework of the state measles elimination program, in April, 2018 a level of measles herd immunity was assessed in 1899 Moscow hospital medical workers aged from 19 to 69 years and older. All subjects enrolled in the study were vaccinated against measles or recovered after measles infection. Serum samples were collected from subjects and examined by ELISA for measles IgG antibodies with the Vector-Best IgG-measle test system (Russia). It was found that 278 (14.6%) and 1621 (85.4%) subjects were seronegative (< 0.18 IU/mL) and seropositive (> 0.18 IU/ml), respectively. Age-related group distribution of 1855 serum samples revealed that percentage of seronegative subjects was in: aged 19—23 years was -38.5%; 24-28 and 29-33 years - 22.2%; 34-38 years - 27.5%; 39-43 years - 25.8%; 44-48 years - 16.8%; 49-53 and 54-58 years — 8.6% and 8.3%, respectively; 59-63 years old — 4.9%; 64-68 and over 69 years old — 0%. Moreover, mean level of measles IgG antibodies increased proportionally to age of medical workers from 0.58 IU/ml (19-23 years) to 2.94-2.72 IU/ml (64-68 and over 69 years). The data obtained indicate that a cohort of measles susceptible subjects (from 38.5% to 16.8%), respectively, is identified among young and middle age (from 19 to 48 years) individuals. It is assumed that two-dose measles vaccination in childhood does not contribute to the long-term preservation of protective levels of measles antibodies, thereby justifying a need to administer a three-dose measles vaccine.

scholarly journals TREND ANALYSIS OF GROUNDWATER LEVEL USING NON-PARAMETRIC TESTS IN ALLUVIAL AQUIFERS OF UTTAR PRADESH, INDIA

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-54 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pushpendra Kumar ◽  
Surendra Kumar Chandniha ◽  
A.K. Lohani ◽  
A.K. Nema ◽  
Gopal Krishan
Keyword(s):  
Trend Analysis ◽  
Groundwater Level ◽  
Monsoon Season ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Post Monsoon ◽  
Post Monsoon Season ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Percent Area ◽  
Non Parametric

In the present study, groundwater level trends have been evaluated using the non-parametric methods i.e., Modified Mann-Kendall (MMK) and Sen’s slope estimator during the period 1998 to 2012 at 13 locations in 4 districts of Lucknow division namely Hardoi, Laxmipur, Lucknow and Sitapur of Uttar Pradesh, India. The entire trend analysis has been verified at a significance level of 5 percent. The groundwater level trend analysis has shown negative values for 7 locations covering 54 percent area and positive values for 6 locations covering 46 percent area in pre-monsoon season. However, in post monsoon season, 4 locations covering 31 percent area exhibited negative and 9 locations covering 69 percent area revealed positive trends. The difference in the water level trends in two different seasons may be attributed to the recharge by rainfall in post-monsoon season.

Temporo-Spatial Sero-epidemiology of Fowl Adenovirus (FAdV) Infection Causing Inclusion Body Hepatitis-Hydropericardium Syndrome (IBH-HPS) in Broiler Population of Assam

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Biswajit Dutta ◽  
D.C. Pathak ◽  
N.N. Barman ◽  
Navalakhi Hazarika ◽  
S. Goswami
Keyword(s):  
Health Status ◽  
Inclusion Body ◽  
Monsoon Season ◽  
Serum Samples ◽  
Hydropericardium Syndrome ◽  
Fowl Adenovirus ◽  
Inclusion Body Hepatitis ◽  
North Eastern ◽  
Post Monsoon Season ◽  
Apparently Healthy

Background: Aviadenoviruses affect birds, particularly chickens, ducks, geese, turkeys and pheasants, which have total 12 serotypes. Inclusion body hepatitis (IBH) caused by aviadenovirus was has been reported in many countries worldwide. The diseases was first reported from Assam in 2017. Although there is increasing reports of the occurrence of IBH-HPS in the broiler population of North Eastern India, but its prevalence at different geoclimatic condition and at various seasons have not been carried out. Under these circumstances, the present study was envisaged to analyse the seroprevalence status of Fowl adenovirus infection in some broiler rearing districts of Assam. Methods: For the present study, blood samples were collected from 12 different districts of Assam including all agroclimatic regions during the period from June, 2016 to May, 2017. Association of various factors like age, season and health status with the prevalence of the affected birds were also studied. Indirect ELISA was performed by using commercially available FAdV ELISA kit. The results obtained were analyzed by the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 26.0.Result: A total of 460 serum samples were screened, of which 213 were found positive for FAdV antibodies with a sero-positivity of 46.38 per cent. FAdV antibodies were observed in all age grouped birds. Highest (64.28%) positivity was recorded in the birds of 4th week of age, followed by above 4th week (63.47%), 3rd week (32.03%), 2nd week (27.36%) and 1st week (10.0%). Health status-wise 68.97 percent sero-positivity was recorded in the affected flock, where as 32.51 percent in apparently healthy flock. Season-wise, highest (61.53%) sero-positivity was recorded in post monsoon season followed by monsoon (49.00%), winter (32.49%) and pre-monsoon (32.39%). 

scholarly journals Japanese Encephalitis (JE): A curse for people living in Uttar Pradesh, India

2021 ◽  
pp. 036-040
Author(s):  
Patel Jay Prakash ◽  
Verma Kusum ◽  
Singh Vijeta
Keyword(s):  
Japanese Encephalitis ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
Acute Encephalitis ◽  
Chief Minister ◽  
Initial Symptoms ◽  
Life Threatening ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Eastern Uttar Pradesh

Japanese Encephalitis (JE) follows due to viral infection that directly affects brain leading to coma and finally death. JE which finally leads to Acute Encephalitis Syndrome (AES) have been creating devastation in eastern Uttar Pradesh for decades. The Gorakhpur in Uttar Pradesh is the epicenter of encephalitis induced deaths and the disease mostly affect its rural areas. However, Maharajgang, Sant Kabir Nagar, Basti, Kushinagar, Siddharth Nagar, Deoria and Mau are the most affected districts in the state. Independent figures put the toll around 50,000 as many kids die without reaching hospital. Every year, in rainy season the condition is worst for children in Uttar Pradesh. The Japanese Encephalitis Virus (JEV) is generally spread by mosquitoes, specifically those of the genus Culex. Pigs and wild birds serve as reservoir for the JEV. Encephalitis can be air or water borne, the result of a mosquito bite or spread by ticks. The initial symptoms are fever, cold or headache. However, it becomes life threatening only when it crosses the blood and brain barrier. There is no full cure of the disease; however, it can only be treated by vaccination to some extent. Prevention includes control of the vector mosquitoes of JEV by fogging with ultra-low levels of insecticides and by raising the immunity in children by vaccination. There are three types of vaccines has been used in large scale. In India, the JE vaccination was launched during 2006. Recently Shri Yogi Adityanath (Chief Minister, Uttar Pradesh) government has launched a massive encephalitis vaccination program during 2017-18 which is a positive hopeful step towards saving the lives of several innocent people of our country.

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