Does the weather play a role in the spread of pandemic influenza? A study of H1N1pdm09 infections in France during 2009–2010

2015 ◽  
Vol 143 (16) ◽  
pp. 3384-3393 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. VITTECOQ ◽  
B. ROCHE ◽  
J.-M. COHEN ◽  
F. RENAUD ◽  
F. THOMAS ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A ◽  
Climatic Factors ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Influenza Pandemic ◽  
National Level ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Demographic Variables ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Control And Prevention

SUMMARYUnderstanding patterns of influenza spread and persistence is crucial for pandemic preparedness. The H1N1pdm09 virus caused the first influenza pandemic of the 21st century which resulted in at least 18500 deaths. Based on laboratory-confirmed primary-care case reports we investigated the role of weather conditions and socio-demographic variables in its initial spread and subsequent presence in France. Our findings suggest that low relative humidity and high population density were determinants in shaping the early spread of the virus at the national level. Those conditions also favoured the persistence of viral presence throughout the first 33 weeks of the pandemic. Additionally this persistence was significantly favoured by low insolation. These results confirm the increasingly recognized role of humidity in influenza dynamics and underlie the concomitant effect of insolation. Therefore climatic factors should be taken into account when designing influenza control and prevention measures.

The Osteopathic Approach During the 1918 Influenza Pandemic, Featuring Newly Analyzed Case Reports

2021 ◽  
Vol 31 (2) ◽  
pp. 9-16
Author(s):  
Leslie M. Ching ◽  
Ashley Watson ◽  
Tyler Watson ◽  
Philip Ridgway
Keyword(s):  
Mortality Rate ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Influenza Pandemic ◽  
Geographic Location ◽  
H1n1 Influenza ◽  
Patient Treatment ◽  
Osteopathic Medicine ◽  
1918 Influenza ◽  
Osteopathic Physicians

Abstract Osteopathic physicians played a pivotal role in treating patients suffering from the H1N1 influenza A virus of the 1918 Influenza Pandemic. This article focuses on case reports and questionnaire answers from the Journal of the American Osteopathic Association (JAOA), now the Journal of Osteopathic Medicine (JOM), and Osteopathic Physician concerning the modalities, techniques, and efficacy of osteopathic treatments of the 1918 pandemic. There are 19,565 patients who are represented in this analysis. The results are compared to the often-cited 110,120 patient cases reported by the JOM in 1920. Several different approaches, including lymphatic and visceral techniques, were widely used at the time, and their historic incorporation into patient treatment is explored. There is a discussion of the geographic location and characteristics of the practices. Statistical breakdown of mortality rate, the most commonly used approaches, somatic dysfunctions commonly treated, physician anecdotes, and other common remedies used by osteopathic physicians, are noted additionally. A comparison is done of the literature regarding the osteopathic approach for COVID-19. The newly analyzed case reports in this article demonstrate a similar mortality rate as in the 1920 JAOA article and illustrate the geographical distribution, treatment approaches, and personal stories of osteopaths during the pandemic.

Should Tamiflu™ be stockpiled locally?

2006 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 21
Author(s):  
Sandro Cinti, MD ◽  
Gerald Blackburn, DO
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Avian Influenza ◽  
Hurricane Katrina ◽  
Local Governments ◽  
Influenza Pandemic ◽  
The United States ◽  
H5n1 Avian Influenza ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Federal Response

The outbreak of H5N1 avian influenza in Asia raises serious concerns about an influenza pandemic of the kind seen in 1918. In addition, the recent federal response to Hurricane Katrina highlights the need for advanced local preparation for biological disasters. It is clear that there will not be enough vaccine early in an influenza pandemic. Without vaccine, the role of antivirals, especially oseltamivir (Tamiflu™), in treatment and prophylaxis becomes of paramount importance. It is unlikely that the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) will be able to stockpile enough oseltamivir to protect every first responder in the United States. Thus, it is important that local governments and hospitals consider stockpiling oseltamivir for the treatment and/or prophylaxis of local first responders.

scholarly journals Role of Sialic Acid Binding Specificity of the 1918 Influenza Virus Hemagglutinin Protein in Virulence and Pathogenesis for Mice

2009 ◽  
Vol 83 (8) ◽  
pp. 3754-3761 ◽  
Author(s):  
Li Qi ◽  
John C. Kash ◽  
Vivien G. Dugan ◽  
Ruixue Wang ◽  
Guozhong Jin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Influenza Virus ◽  
Sialic Acid ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Influenza Pandemic ◽  
Binding Specificity ◽  
Influenza Viruses ◽  
Virulence Determinants ◽  
Sialic Acid Binding ◽  
1918 Influenza

ABSTRACT The 1918 influenza pandemic caused more than 40 million deaths and likely resulted from the introduction and adaptation of a novel avian-like virus. Influenza A virus hemagglutinins are important in host switching and virulence. Avian-adapted influenza virus hemagglutinins bind sialic acid receptors linked via α2-3 glycosidic bonds, while human-adapted hemagglutinins bind α2-6 receptors. Sequence analysis of 1918 isolates showed hemagglutinin genes with α2-6 or mixed α2-6/α2-3 binding. To characterize the role of the sialic acid binding specificity of the 1918 hemagglutinin, we evaluated in mice chimeric influenza viruses expressing wild-type and mutant hemagglutinin genes from avian and 1918 strains with differing receptor specificities. Viruses expressing 1918 hemagglutinin possessing either α2-6, α2-3, or α2-3/α2-6 sialic acid specificity were fatal to mice, with similar pathology and cellular tropism. Changing α2-3 to α2-6 binding specificity did not increase the lethality of an avian-adapted hemagglutinin. Thus, the 1918 hemagglutinin contains murine virulence determinants independent of receptor binding specificity.

scholarly journals Pandemic H1N1 influenza: predicting the course of a pandemic and assessing the efficacy of the planned vaccination programme in the United States

2009 ◽  
Vol 14 (41) ◽  
Author(s):  
S Towers ◽  
Z Feng
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Influenza A ◽  
Influenza Pandemic ◽  
Vaccination Campaign ◽  
H1n1 Influenza ◽  
The United States ◽  
Pandemic H1n1 ◽  
Pandemic H1n1 Influenza ◽  
Influenza A H1n1 ◽  
Control And Prevention

We use data on confirmed cases of pandemic influenza A(H1N1), disseminated by the United States Centers for Disease Control and Prevention(US CDC), to fit the parameters of a seasonally forced Susceptible, Infective, Recovered (SIR) model. We use the resulting model to predict the course of the H1N1 influenza pandemic in autumn 2009, and we assess the efficacy of the planned CDC H1N1 vaccination campaign. The model predicts that there will be a significant wave in autumn, with 63% of the population being infected, and that this wave will peak so early that the planned CDC vaccination campaign will likely not have a large effect on the total number of people ultimately infected by the pandemic H1N1 influenza virus.

scholarly journals Myocarditis Associated with Influenza A H1N1pdm2009

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
Akira Ukimura ◽  
Hidetoshi Satomi ◽  
Yukimasa Ooi ◽  
Yumiko Kanzaki
Keyword(s):  
Influenza A ◽  
Case Reports ◽  
Acute Myocarditis ◽  
Influenza Pandemic ◽  
Influenza Infection ◽  
Clinical Severity ◽  
Fulminant Myocarditis ◽  
Circulatory Support ◽  
Influenza Pandemics ◽  
2009 Influenza Pandemic

Acute myocarditis is a well-known complication of influenza infection. The frequency of myocardial involvement in influenza infection varies widely, with the clinical severity ranging from asymptomatic to fulminant varieties. The worst cases can result in death due to impaired cardiac function, although such fulminant myocarditis associated with influenza infection is rare, as shown by previous papers. Following the 2009 influenza pandemic, we reported on the clinical features of a cohort of 15 patients in Japan with H1N1pdm2009 myocarditis. In our subsequent survey of the literature for case reports or series of patients with myocarditis associated with H1N1pdm2009, we identified 58 detailed cases. We discuss here the high prevalence of fulminant myocarditis (36/58, 62%) among patients reported to have myocarditis associated with H1N1pdm2009. Mechanical circulatory support was required in 17 of the patients with fulminant myocarditis, 13 of whom recovered. We stress the need for increased awareness of influenza-associated myocarditis; such knowledge will facilitate earlier diagnosis and treatment of this fatal complication during future influenza pandemics.

scholarly journals Viability of oocist eimeria of turkeys under exposure to Mycadez

2020 ◽  
pp. 52-55
Author(s):  
P. V. Liulin ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Relative Humidity ◽  
Moisture Content ◽  
Substrate Temperature ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Surface Layers ◽  
Leading Role ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Scientific Laboratory ◽  
Petri Dishes

The sanitary and parasitic state of poultry houses affects the infestation of turkeys with eimeria. The increased humidity and temperature of the surface layers of the litter, which contributes to the sporulation of oocysts and the infection of young birds with eimerious invasion plays an important role. Therefore, while developing control and prevention measures, it is necessary to take into account the permissible standards for litter moisture and ambient temperature. It is well known that the viability of eimeria oocysts largely depends on the moisture content of the substrate, temperature and the presence of air. However, the influence of these factors and the effect of Mikadez on the viability of pathogens of eimeria oocysts have not been fully studied. Research object. Freshly excreted turkey feces containing oocysts of eimeria E. meleagridis (37.5 %); E. adenoids (25.7 %); E. gallopavonis (26.1 %), E. meleagrimitis (7.3 %); E. innocua (3.4 %) and Micadez litter desiccant were studied. Objective. To study the effectiveness of the litter desiccant Mikaedz TU U 08.1 - 36613759 - 002: 2013 on turkey eimeria oocysts in the environment. The studies were carried out in the scientific laboratory of the Department of Parasitology of the Kharkiv State Zooveterinary Academy, using generally accepted parasitological and microscopic research methods. Material for the study was taken from turkeys experimentally infested with eimeriosis. Feces were placed in Petri dishes without bedding and with bedding containing Mikadez, kept in a thermostat at a temperature of +20 ° C, 70 % relative humidity for 10 days. The loss of moisture in feces was monitored by weighing, and the viability of eimeria oocysts microscopically, counting the number of non-sporulated and sporulated oocysts in the Goryaev chamber were determined. With a decrease in fecal moisture to 31.3 ± 1.22 % ‒ 40.7 ± 0.51 %, the viability of eimeria oocysts reduced, which indicates the leading role of moisture in the sanitizing process. At a moisture content of 30 % in the substrates (feces), Eimeria oocysts lose their viability, and the Micadez bedding desiccant promotes the absorption of moisture from feces and accelerates the death of Eimeria oocysts in turkeys.

scholarly journals The Role of Streptococcus spp. in Bovine Mastitis

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (7) ◽  
pp. 1497
Author(s):  
Tina Kabelitz ◽  
Etienne Aubry ◽  
Kira van Vorst ◽  
Thomas Amon ◽  
Marcus Fulde
Keyword(s):  
Animal Health ◽  
Bovine Mastitis ◽  
Detailed Knowledge ◽  
Prevention Measures ◽  
Detection Techniques ◽  
Streptococcus Species ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Therapy Costs ◽  
Resistance Rates

The Streptococcus genus belongs to one of the major pathogen groups inducing bovine mastitis. In the dairy industry, mastitis is the most common and costly disease. It not only negatively impacts economic profit due to milk losses and therapy costs, but it is an important animal health and welfare issue as well. This review describes a classification, reservoirs, and frequencies of the most relevant Streptococcus species inducing bovine mastitis (S. agalactiae, S. dysgalactiae and S. uberis). Host and environmental factors influencing mastitis susceptibility and infection rates will be discussed, because it has been indicated that Streptococcus herd prevalence is much higher than mastitis rates. After infection, we report the sequence of cow immune reactions and differences in virulence factors of the main Streptococcus species. Different mastitis detection techniques together with possible conventional and alternative therapies are described. The standard approach treating streptococcal mastitis is the application of ß-lactam antibiotics. In streptococci, increased antimicrobial resistance rates were identified against enrofloxacin, tetracycline, and erythromycin. At the end, control and prevention measures will be considered, including vaccination, hygiene plan, and further interventions. It is the aim of this review to estimate the contribution and to provide detailed knowledge about the role of the Streptococcus genus in bovine mastitis.

The role of demographic variables as the moderator between organizational variables and job stress among teachers in Sabah

2009 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Najihah Hanisah Marmaya ◽  
Syed Azizi Wafa
Keyword(s):  
United Kingdom ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
Job Stress ◽  
Demographic Variables ◽  
Personal Factors ◽  
Occupational Groups ◽  
Organizational Variables ◽  
Population Norms ◽  
The United Kingdom

A nationwide investigation into stress among teachers in the United Kingdom, found teachers to be reporting stress-related problems which were far higher than those of the population norms and other comparable occupational groups. Job stress can be influenced by personal factors (Matteson & Ivancevich, 1999). The present study examined the role of demographic variables as the moderator between organizational variables and job stress. A sample size of 177 teachers participated in this study revealed that teachers in Tawau and Lahad Datu experienced low stress levels. This study found that demographic variables do not serve as the moderator between organizational variables and job stress.

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