Tularemia transmission to humans: a multifaceted surveillance approach

AbstractTularemia has sustained seroprevalence in Eurasia, with estimates as high as 15% in endemic regions. The purpose of this report is to characterise the current epidemiology of Francisella tularensis subspecies holarctica in Georgia. Three surveillance activities are summarised: (1) acute infections captured in Georgia's notifiable disease surveillance system, (2) infectious disease seroprevalence study of military volunteers, and (3) a study of seroprevalence and risk factors in endemic regions. Descriptive analyses of demographic, exposure and clinical factors were conducted for the surveillance studies; bivariate analyses were computed to identify risk factors of seropositivity using likelihood ratio χ2 tests or Fisher's exact tests. Of the 19 incident cases reported between 2014 and August 2017, 10 were confirmed and nine met the presumptive definition; the estimated annual incidence was 0.12/100 000. The first cases of tularemia in Western Georgia were reported. Seroprevalences of antibodies for F. tularensis were 2.0% for military volunteers and 5.0% for residents in endemic regions. Exposures correlated with seropositivity included work with hay and contact with multiple types of animals. Seroprevalence studies conducted periodically may enhance our understanding of tularemia in countries with dramatically underestimated incidence rates.

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Updates to the Canadian Notifiable Disease Surveillance System and its interactive website

Canada Communicable Disease Report ◽

10.14745/ccdr.v45i10a02 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 45 (10) ◽

pp. 257-261

Author(s):

S Totten ◽

A Medaglia ◽

S McDermott

Keyword(s):

Surveillance System ◽

Disease Surveillance ◽

Notifiable Disease ◽

Disease Surveillance System

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Worldwide Incidence of Autoimmune Liver Disease

Digestive Diseases ◽

10.1159/000440705 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 33 (Suppl. 2) ◽

pp. 2-12 ◽

Cited By ~ 43

Author(s):

Peter Jepsen ◽

Lisbet Grønbæk ◽

Hendrik Vilstrup

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Liver Diseases ◽

Incidence Rates ◽

Case Finding ◽

Biliary Cirrhosis ◽

Immunoglobulin G4 ◽

Autoimmune Liver Diseases ◽

North East ◽

Standard Population ◽

Incident Cases

Background: The variation that occurs in the incidence patterns of autoimmune liver diseases may provide insight into the risk factors causing the diseases. We systematically reviewed studies on the incidence of autoimmune hepatitis (AIH), primary biliary cirrhosis (PBC), primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC), and immunoglobulin G4-associated cholangitis (IAC) in general populations. Key Messages: We found relevant studies through Medline and Scopus, and we examined whether they were population-based; the way they found cases for inclusion and which diagnostic criteria they used; and whether they used standardization to facilitate comparison with other studies. The 55 identified studies varied greatly in their case-finding methods, and only 14 (25%) of them used a standard population. Reported incidence rates of AIH were around 1 per 100,000 population per year, possibly higher in Scandinavia than in other countries, and a Danish study of the 1994-2012 period found an increasing incidence. A majority of PBC studies found incidence rates of 1-2 per 100,000 population per year and an increasing time trend, but incidence was lower in the Netherlands and New Zealand and higher in North East England. Most studies of PSC found incidence rates around 1 per 100,000 population per year, but there were no incident cases among 100,000 Alaska natives during the period 1984-2000. The incidence of IAC remains unknown. Conclusions: The incidence of the autoimmune liver diseases is around 1-2 per 100,000 population per year for each disease. The variation in incidence over time and place suggests that there are differences in the prevalence of risk factors for the diseases, but the studies used different methods and so it is difficult to draw firm conclusions. We recommend that groups of investigators conduct multisite studies with identical case-finding methods, and that they use a standard population to account for differences in demographics.

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Increasing Incidence of Liposarcoma: A Population-Based Study of National Surveillance Databases, 2001–2016

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph17082710 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 17 (8) ◽

pp. 2710 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Suzanne Bock ◽

Douglas G. Hoffmann ◽

Yi Jiang ◽

Hao Chen ◽

Dora Il’yasova

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Time Trends ◽

Treatment Options ◽

Three Dimensional ◽

Cancer Registries ◽

Population Based ◽

Incidence Rates ◽

Cancer Surveillance ◽

Retroperitoneal Tumors ◽

Incident Cases

Rare cancers, affecting 1 in 5 cancer patients, disproportionally contribute to cancer mortality. This research focuses on liposarcoma, an understudied rare cancer with unknown risk factors and limited treatment options. Liposarcoma incident cases were identified from the U.S. Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Result (SEER) program and the combined SEER-National Program of Cancer Registries (CNPCR) between 2001–2016. Incidence rates (age-adjusted and age-specific), 5-year survival, and the time trends were determined using SEER*stat software. Three-dimensional visualization of age–time curves was conducted for males and females. SEER liposarcoma cases represented ~30% (n = 11,162) of the nationwide pool (N = 37,499). Both sources of data showed males accounting for ~60% of the cases; 82%–86% cases were identified among whites. Age-adjusted incidence was greater among males vs. females and whites vs. blacks, whereas survival did not differ by sex and race. The dedifferentiated (57.2%), pleomorphic (64.1%), and retroperitoneal (63.9%) tumors had the worse survival. Nationwide, liposarcoma rates increased by 19%, with the annual percent increase (APC) of 1.43% (95% confidence interval (CI): 1.12–1.74). The APC was greater for males vs. females (1.67% vs. 0.89%) and retroperitoneal vs. extremity tumors (1.94% vs. 0.58%). Thus, incidence increased faster in the high-risk subgroup (males), and for retroperitoneal tumors, the low-survival subtype. The SEER generally over-estimated the rates and time trends compared to nationwide data but under-estimated time trends for retroperitoneal tumors. The time trends suggest an interaction between genetic and non-genetic modifiable risk factors may play a role in the etiology of this malignancy. Differences between SEER and CNCPR findings emphasize the need for nationwide cancer surveillance.

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Factors associated with increasing campylobacteriosis incidence in Michigan, 2004–2013

Epidemiology and Infection ◽

10.1017/s095026881600159x ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 144 (15) ◽

pp. 3316-3325 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

W. CHA ◽

T. HENDERSON ◽

J. COLLINS ◽

S. D. MANNING

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Disease Surveillance ◽

Age Groups ◽

Spatial Analyses ◽

Factors Associated ◽

Disease Surveillance System ◽

Animal Density ◽

Increased Risk ◽

Increasing Trend ◽

Case Data

SUMMARYThis study was conducted to examine the incidence trend of campylobacteriosis in Michigan over a 10-year period and to investigate risk factors and clinical outcomes associated with infection. Campylobacter case data from 2004 to 2013 was obtained from the Michigan Disease Surveillance System. We conducted statistical and spatial analyses to examine trends and identify factors linked to campylobacteriosis as well as ecological associations using animal density data from the National Agricultural Statistics Service. An increasing trend of Campylobacter incidence and hospitalization was observed, which was linked to specific age groups and rural residence. Cases reporting ruminant contact and well water as the primary drinking source had a higher risk of campylobacteriosis, while higher cattle density was associated with an increased risk at the county level. Additional studies are needed to identify age-specific risk factors and examine prevalence and transmission dynamics in ruminants and the environment to aid in the development of more effective preventive strategies.

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Comparing cohort incidence of schizophrenia with that of bipolar disorder and affective psychosis in individuals born in Stockholm County 1955–1967

Psychological Medicine ◽

10.1017/s0033291715001336 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 45 (16) ◽

pp. 3433-3439 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

J. Söderlund ◽

S. Wicks ◽

L. Jörgensen ◽

C. Dalman

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Bipolar Disorder ◽

Birth Cohort ◽

Socioeconomic Development ◽

Incidence Rates ◽

Birth Cohorts ◽

Affective Psychoses ◽

Increased Risk ◽

National Patient ◽

Incident Cases

Background.Perinatal factors are associated with increased risk for both schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Improvements in obstetric and maternal healthcare and positive socioeconomic development in Sweden from the 1950s onwards could be expected to affect incidence estimates. However, commonly incidence rates are calculated during a specific year, i.e. time of diagnosis, which mirrors proximal precipitating risk factors. To examine whether incidence estimates are compatible with the hypothesis of an impact of perinatal exposures on the risk of the different disorders we here instead calculate incidence rates for consecutive birth cohorts born between 1955 and 1967. We hypothesized that schizophrenia incidence would be more affected compared to bipolar disorder and other affective psychoses since most perinatal risk factors are more pronounced in schizophrenia aetiology.Method.Birth cohorts of individuals born in Sweden and resident in Stockholm (N = 2 16 322), were followed in The National Patient Register regarding incident inpatient episodes Incident cases/10 000 person-years and birth cohort were calculated. Linear regression was used to estimate change in incidence rate.Results.We found stable birth cohort-based incidence estimates for bipolar disorder and other affective psychoses, but a continuous reduction in incidence estimates for schizophrenia as well as other non-affective psychoses in subsequent birth cohorts from 1955 to 1967.Conclusions.The consecutive birth cohort-based incidence estimates unveiled patterns that are compatible with the hypothesis of an impact of early life exposures decreasing over time, in the aetiology of schizophrenia, whereas this pattern is less apparent in affective psychoses..

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A new surveillance indicator identifying optimal timeliness and accuracy: application to the Korean National Notifiable Disease Surveillance System for 2001–2007

Epidemiology and Infection ◽

10.1017/s0950268812002956 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 141 (12) ◽

pp. 2634-2643 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

H. S. YOO ◽

S. I. CHO ◽

J. K. LEE ◽

H. K. PARK ◽

E. G. LEE ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Typhoid Fever ◽

Surveillance System ◽

Disease Surveillance ◽

Health Centre ◽

Time Interval ◽

Notifiable Disease ◽

Public Health Centre ◽

Trade Off ◽

Disease Surveillance System ◽

Time Accuracy

SUMMARYAlthough immediate notification of a case is crucial for epidemic control, clinicians may delay notification due to uncertainties in diagnosis, reflecting a trade-off between timeliness and the accuracy of surveillance. We assessed this trade-off for four epidemic-prone diseases that require immediate notification of suspected cases: shigellosis, typhoid fever, paratyphoid fever, and cholera in the Korean National Notifiable Disease Surveillance System data for 2001–2007. Timeliness was measured as the time to registration (TR), being the time interval from symptom onset to notification by the clinician to the local public health centre. We introduced a new index, ‘time-accuracy trade-off ratio’ to indicate time saved by clinical vs. laboratory-based notifications. Clinical notifications comprised 34·4% of total notifications, and these showed a shorter median TR than laboratory-based notifications (1–4 days). The trade-off ratio was greatest for shigellosis (3·3 days), and smallest for typhoid fever (0·6 days). A higher trade-off ratio provides stronger evidence for clinical notification without waiting for laboratory confirmation.

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Beberapa Faktor Risiko Kejadian Campak Pada Balita di Kabupaten Sarolangun

Jurnal Epidemiologi Kesehatan Komunitas ◽

10.14710/j.e.k.k.v3i1.3127 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 3 (1) ◽

pp. 41

Author(s):

Mostang Arianto ◽

Mexitalia Setiawati ◽

Mateus Sakundarno Adi ◽

Suharyo Hadisaputro ◽

Kamilah Budhi

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Disease Surveillance ◽

Measles Virus ◽

Communicable Disease ◽

Children Under Five ◽

Under Five ◽

Number Of Children ◽

Disease Surveillance System ◽

Measles Vaccination ◽

Control Study

Background: Measles is a highly infectious disease caused by the measles virus and is still a health problem in Indonesia. Based on data the communicable disease surveillance system from 2014 to January 2016 have been reported cases of measles as many as 200 cases. This study aims to explain host and environment factors as risk factors for occurrence of measles in children under five years old.Method: A case control study, involving 56 cases children under five years old suffer from measles were registered in form C1 of health center, with 56 sex matched neighborhood controls. Studied variables were analyzed by multivariate.Result: Risk factors for measles occurrence were living at unhealthy house (OR=7.5; 95 % CI=2.64 to 21.19), low of mother’s knowledge (OR=5.7; 95 % CI=2.22 to 14.85), and never received immunization (OR=3.7; 95 % CI=1.45 to 9.39). Risk factors not proved with measles occurrence were malnutrition, lack of vitamin A, never had measles, contact history, breast-fed < 2 years, maternal age < 20 years, low of socio-economic, number of children under five years old at home > 1 and less parenting.Conclusion: Risk factors associated with measles were living at unhealthy house, low ofmother’s knowledge and never received vaccination. For elimination, measles vaccination, home inspection, communication, information and education of measles is required.

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Trends in prevalence, incidence and mortality of diagnosed and silent coronary heart disease in Quebec

Health Promotion and Chronic Disease Prevention in Canada ◽

10.24095/hpcdp.35.10.02 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 35 (10) ◽

pp. 184-193 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

C. Blais ◽

L. Rochette

Keyword(s):

Coronary Heart Disease ◽

Heart Disease ◽

Disease Surveillance ◽

Population Based ◽

Administrative Databases ◽

Case Definitions ◽

Disease Surveillance System ◽

Incidence And Mortality ◽

Causes Of Mortality ◽

Incident Cases

Introduction Of all cardiovascular causes of mortality, coronary heart disease (CHD) remains the leading cause of death. Our objectives were to establish trends in the prevalence and incidence of CHD in the province of Quebec, and to determine the proportion of CHD mortality that had no previous CHD diagnosis. Methods Trends in prevalence, incidence and mortality were examined with a population-based study using the Quebec Integrated Chronic Disease Surveillance System, which links several health administrative databases. Data are presented using two case definitions for Quebecers aged 20 years and over: 1) a validated definition, and 2) CHD causes of death codes added to estimate the proportion of deaths that occurred without any previous CHD diagnosis as a proxy for sudden cardiac death (SCD). Results In 2012/2013, the crude prevalence of CHD was 9.4% with the first definition (593 000 people). Between 2000/2001 and 2012/2013, the age-standardized prevalence increased by 14%, although it has been decreasing slightly since 2009/2010. Agestandardized incidence and mortality rates decreased by 46% and 26% respectively, and represented a crude rate of 6.9 per 1000 and 5.2% in 2012/2013. The proportion identified only by CHD mortality, our SCD proxy, was only significant for the incident cases (0.38 per 1000 in 2009/2010) and declined over the study period. Conclusion The prevalence of CHD has tended to decrease in recent years, and incidence and mortality have been declining in Quebec. Most CHD mortality occurs in previously diagnosed patients and only a small proportion of incident cases were not previously identified.

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Establishing the Occupational Disease Surveillance System (ODSS) for Ontario: a linkage of administrative data

International Journal for Population Data Science ◽

10.23889/ijpds.v3i4.825 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 3 (4) ◽

Author(s):

Jill MacLeod ◽

Chloe Logar-Henderson ◽

Chris McLeod ◽

Alice Peter ◽

Paul A Demers

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Occupational Disease ◽

Surveillance System ◽

Disease Surveillance ◽

Population Level ◽

Work Related ◽

Related Disease ◽

Disease Surveillance System ◽

Related Risk ◽

Administrative Health Databases

IntroductionWorkplace conditions and exposures are important determinants of health. However, identifying and monitoring population-level trends in work-related disease is challenged by existing data limitations. Administrative health databases capture timely and accurate information about disease diagnoses among the Ontario population, but these data do not include work history. Objectives and ApproachThe Occupational Disease Surveillance System (ODSS), launched in 2017, captures and reports trends in work-related disease in Ontario. A cohort of 2+ million workers was identified from compensation claims (1983-2014). Records were linked through probabilistic and deterministic methods to the Registered Persons Database (1990-2015), and administrative health databases including the Ontario Cancer Registry (1964-2016), hospitalization (2006-2016), ambulatory care (2006-2016) and provincial health insurance plan billing data (1999-2016). Preliminary applications of ODSS have examined risks of 28 cancer sites and 11 non-cancer health conditions. Risks are estimated with Cox proportional hazards models for thousands of industry and occupation groups. ResultsLinkage of existing administrative databases is an efficient approach for examining risk factors for work-related disease at the population level. ODSS can identify groups of workers by industry or occupation that are at increased risk of disease due to known or suspected workplace conditions and risk factors. For example, ODSS detected elevated risk of lung cancer among known at-risk workers employed in mining and quarrying (HR 1.47, 95% CI 1.33-1.61), transport equipment operating (HR 1.39, 95% CI 1.34-1.44), and construction (HR 1.09, 95% CI 1.06-1.13). Exploratory analyses can also detect previously unknown associations between work-related risk factors and disease. For example, although dermatitis and asthma are common occupational diseases, many causative exposures remain unclear. ODSS is currently being used to further explore potential risk factors. Conclusion/ImplicationsTimely information about work-related disease is crucial to support prevention initiatives to protect workers. This novel linkage identifies existing and emerging trends in occupational disease in Ontario. By capturing work-related risk factors, ODSS serves as a model for other provinces to overcome existing gaps in disease surveillance.

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