Managing The COVID-19 Pandemic in The Community-Based Mountain Eruption Zone, Cangkringan Sub-District, in Yogyakarta

Background: First case in Indonesia was reported in March 2, 2020 and until November, it has infected more than 400.000 people, with more than 300.000 recovered and 15.000 deaths in total. Especially in Cangkringan District and surrounding area, the latest natural disaster is happening in the midst of a COVID-19 pandemic that is eruption of Mount Merapi which encourage local government and outposts to prepare camps for people nearby who suffered from Mount Merapi eruption. Meanwhile, in evacuation camp, the chance of infected by COVID-19 is high and it is a main problem and a purpose of this research.Methods: Methods that is conducted in this research by obtaining vulnerability level data against the outbreak and making a probability map of virus transmission mainly in the eruption red zone.Result: The outcome of this research is COVID-19 mitigation map within eruption red zone of this regency and recommendations about how to control the outbreak among refugees.Conclusion: Therefore, evacuation can be conducted in the midst of pandemic situation because the transmission case is low.

Potensi Formulasi Self Microemulsifying Drug Delivery System (SMEDDS) Ekstrak Biji Kedelai (Glycine soja) Terhadap Penurunan Kolesterol pada Penyakit Jantung Koroner

Background: Coronary heart diseases (CHD) is a disorder that caused by blockage of coronary arteries due to the process of atherosclerosis which disrupts the blood supply to the heart muscle. According to Sample Registration System (SRS) Indonesia in 2014, CHD is a second highest cause of death after stroke that is 12,9% of all cause of death in Indonesia. Therefore, this study aims to examining the effect of soybean extract encapsulated with Self Microemulsifying Drug Delivery System (SMEDDS) on LDL levels in coronary heart model rats. Based on various study, isoflavone aglycone genistein is the main flavonoid in soybean seed that has potential as an antioxidant. To increase bioavailability of aglycone isoflavones, a SMEDDS is needed. In this regard, the purpose of this reseach is to examine the potential of soybean seed (Glycine soja) extract to reduced cholesterol in CHD.Methods: The method used is a literature review with literature sources in the form of relevant articles from the search engines, namely Google Scholar, Pubmed, ScienceDirect, and Research Gate. Inclusion criteria included journals containing the keywords “soybean (Glycine soja)”, “Coronary Heart Disease”, “SMEDDS”, and “genistein isoflavone aglycone”.Result: Isoflavone aglycone as an potential antioxidant that is able to bind free radicals and and also lowering LDL, Triglycerides, and glucose levels in hyperglycemic states and increasing HDL.Conclusion : Soybean seed extract with SMEDDS encapsulation have a potential to decrease LDL level in coronary heart disease.

Pengaruh Konsumsi Air dan Keberadaan Fasilitas Sanitasi terhadap Angka Diare pada Anak-Anak di Indonesia

Background: As a developing country, Indonesia maintains a low level of welfare for hygiene, as exemplified by Indonesia’s poor access facilities to clean water and lack of proper sanitation for households. Meanwhile, a proper supply of water and sanitation will help in reducing morbidity and mortality rates of diarrhea in children. Other risk factors such as socio-economic and socio-demographic conditions, helps improving the quality of life of households, thus lowering the risk of various diseases, including diarrhea.Methods: This study uses a Logistic Regression Analysis (Logit) model with Cross-sectional design using data collected from the 5th wave of the Indonesian Family Life Survey (IFLS-5) in 2014. The study population was children aged 2-10 years with a total of 2446 observations.Result: The result shows that there was a relationship between father's education in elementary school level (p=0.013), father's education in junior high school level (p=0.015), father's education in high school level (p=0.001), father's education at the university level (p=0.012), income (p=0.051), children’s age (p=0.000), and children’s gender (p=0.033) with the rate of diarrhea in children.Conclusion: This research concludes that water consumption factors (sources of drinking water, drinking water boiling process before consumption) and sanitation facilities factors (household toilet types) have insignificant results on the diarrhea rate of children in urban areas of Indonesia. However, socio-economic factors (fathers' education and household income) and socio-demographic factors (children’s gender and children’s age) have a significant effect on the diarrhea rates of children in urban areas of Indonesia.

Small Interfering RNA (siRNA) of Mini circle DNA Transfection (McD) is Encapsulated by Gold Nanoparticles from Folate’s Receptors of Gold Conjugation as Curative Therapy for Non-Small’s Cell of Lung Cancer

Background: Lung cancer is one of the non-communicable diseases that have an increasing number of events that each year with a mortality rate of 18.4% and an incidence of 11.6%, occupies the top position based on GLOBOCAN data in 2018. One of management in the NSCLC is currently in the form of surgery and adjuvant therapy such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy and target therapy. However, there were weaknesses and limitations in care for its patients therefore development of curative therapy for NSCLC’s patients were needed. The aim of this review is to learn and investigate about the potential of siRNA that is transfected into McD and folate receptors alpha-conjugated gold nanoparticle encapsulation as a therapeutic opportunity that could be developed as a treatment in management of NSCLC.Method: The writing method used in this review article was the study method of literature. The used data comes from 45 of relevant literature sources and was arranged systematically in accordance with the topic of the problem discussed, along with the inclusion and exclusion criteria.Result: This treatment could increase gene transfection, siRNA biodistribution in organs, reduced KRAS, Bcl-2, and VEGF expression. Moreover, siRNA had entered phase III clinical trials and FOLR1 antibodies were in phase II of clinical trials.Conclusion: Utilization of siRNA specifically was designed for three genes such for KRAS, VEGF and Bcl-2 which were three genes that played a role in the pathogenesis of NSCLC, could be the right modality choice for treatment of NSCLC.

Hubungan Tingkat Pengetahuan dan Tingkat Kepatuhan Minum Obat dengan Tingkat Kekambuhan Lupus Eritematosus Sistemik

Background: Systemic Lupus Erythematosus (SLE) is an autoimmune disease with varied manifestations and characterized by recurring flares. Lack of disease knowledge and non-compliance with drug therapy are an important cause of not achieving treatment targets and worsening lupus symptoms.Methods: This research is a descriptive study with a cross-sectional approach. The research method is quantitative. The sample in this study were 136 patients who came to examine themselves at Central-General Hospital in Semarang City. The sampling technique used in this study was total sampling. This study used a questionnaire to determine the variables studied.Result: The results of this study indicate a significant correlation between the level of knowledge (r=-0,332; p < 0,05) and level of drug adherence (r=-0,644; p < 0,05) to the level of systemic lupus erythematosus flaresConclusion : Based on the results, there is a correlation between knowledge and drug adherence to the level of systemic lupus erythematosus flares. The recommendation given is an integrated approach between patients and health care providers to improve patients understanding of systemic lupus erythematosus flares. Beside of that, specific attention should be paid to integrate the service provision system into the collaborative approach of the patients and his/her family in order to promote the level of drug adherence.

Analisis Faktor Risiko Kejadian HIV/AIDS Berbasis Perilaku Manusia Di Kabupaten Madiun Tahun 2018

Background: HIV / AIDS is a behavior-based disease. The HIV epidemic is a serious problem and challenge to public health in the world both in developed and developing countries such as Indonesia. In Asia, the factors driving the HIV / AIDS epidemic are three high-risk behaviors, namely unprotected commercial sex, sharing syringes in drug users and sex between unprotected men. This study is an observational-analytic study that aims to analyze the influence of human behavior factors included in the practice of free sex, alcohol consumption practices, drug use practices, attitudes and practices of weak religious teachings against the incidence of HIV / AIDS in Madiun Regency.Methods: The research design used was case control, with a purposive sampling technique. Data was taken through interviews to respondents using questionnaires and analyzed using logistic regression tests. This research was conducted in the working area of the Madiun District AIDS Eradication Commission (KPAD) for 6 months, starting from January to June 2018. The case group in this study were 20 HIV-AIDS sufferers selected and the control group was family / neighboring of the HIV / AIDS sufferers who does not suffer from HIV / AIDS as many as 20 people.Result: The results of this study show that the practice of injecting drug use (p> 0.005 which is 1,000) and alcoholic consumption practices (p> 0.005 which is 0.355) is not a risk factor for HIV / AIDS in Madiun Regency. Whereas the risky sex practices and weak religious teaching practices are the risk factors for HIV / AIDS in Madiun Regency which value of p is 0.017 and 0.021.Conclusion : Thus there is a need for counseling efforts about safe sex and to increase faith and piety in order to reduce the risk of transmission of HIV / AIDS in Madiun regency.

Tempoyak Sebagai Faktor Risiko Kejadian Hipertensi (Studi pada Masyarakat Suku Dayak di Wilayah Puskesmas Tumbang Samba, Kabupaten Katingan, Kalimantan Tengah)

Background: Tempoyak is a traditional food of Dayak tribe that is processed from durian fruit meat. Some studies show that at a certain amount of tempoyak consumption can increase blood pressure. Nutritional content in durian fruit that can affect blood pressure, namely, potassium, calcium, sodium, and alcohol. The purpose of this study is to prove that consuming tempoyak is a risk factor for hypertension.Methods: This research is an observational research with cross sectional design that is done in Dayak tribal communities in the area of Tumbang Samba health center. The study population in this study is the population in the area of Puskesmas Tumbang Samba Katingan Regency. The sample number was 180 respondents who met the inclusion and exclusion criteria.Result: The results showed that the proven factors for the incidence of hypertension are coffee consumption (PR=5,280; p-value=0.022), tempoyak consumption frequency (PR=3,935; p=value=0.047).Conclusion : Tempoyak consumption is proven to be a risk factor for the incidence of hypertension.

The Relationship between Exclusive Breastfeeding and Diarrhea in Under Six Months Infants in 2017 (Analysis of Indonesian Health Demography Data Survey 2017)

Background: Diarrhea is the main cause of malnutrition in underfive children. One of the efforts to prevent diarrhea in infants is exclusive breastfeeding. Exclusive breastfeeding is infant that receives only breast milk without any additional consumption from 0 to 6 months. Under six months infant who are not exclusively breastfed have a higher risk of developing diarrhea than those who are exclusively breastfed.Methods: This study aims to determine the relationship between exclusive breastfeeding and the incidence of diarrhea in under six months infants in Indonesia. This study analyze secondary data from the 2017 Indonesian Demographic and Health Survey. The sample in this study consist of all live infants aged 0-6 months born to women aged 15-49 years in Indonesia who were successfully interviewed and had a complete answer (no answer missing). After weighting, 1898 samples were obtained.Result: The result found that the proportion of diarrhea incidence in Indonesia is 9.1%. Meanwhile of all infants, 36% were not exclusively breastfed. The results showed that there was a significant relationship between infants who were not exclusively breastfed and diarrhea incidence in Indonesia after adjusted by mother's education level, maternal employment status, mother’s economic level, area of residence, and latrine ownership (PR = 2.12, 95% CI = 1.46-3.07).Conclusion : Infants who were not exclusively breastfed increase the risk for diarrhea. Therefore it is necessary to have a program to increase the coverage of exclusive breastfeeding. The program can take the form of counseling by health workers in health services.

Kolaborasi Perawat dan Ahli Gizi dalam Penanganan Masalah Gizi Balita di Wilayah Kerja Puskesmas Halmahera Barat.

ABSTRACTBackground: Nutritional status is the body's needs in the growth and development of toddlers. A recent sector study on nutrition development in Indonesia shows that the problem of child nutrition is still quite high in the community. North Maluku Province is the fourth place among the provinces which contributing nutrition problem in 2019 with a percentage of 20.9%. Good nutritional status itself is necessary to the growth and the development of toddlers. Since the number of nutritionists in North Maluku Province is still limited, this study was conducted to explore the collaboration between nutritionists and nurses in handling nutritional problems among toddlers in this province.Methods: This study used a qualitative research method and was conducted in 5 Primary Health Care Centers within the region of West Halmahera District. This research involved 15 participants consisting of nurses, nutritionists and the Heads of Primary Health Care Center. The data collection used in-depth interviews for each participant with a total of research duration of about 2 months.Result: The results showed that the collaboration between nurses and nutritionists was mainly to perform vital body examination and to give supplementary feeding for toddlers. Primary Health Care has a Plan of Action for this program of collaboration. Other than that, sometimes they provide some health education about exclusive breastfeeding, good nutritional intake and the importance of bringing toddlers to the integrated service center called Posyandu.Conclusion : Nurses and nutritionists in West Halmahera collaborate to improve toddlers nutritional status but the collaboration is still limited.

The Six Minute Walk Test as a Marker of Functional Capacity in Hypertensive Patients

Background: Currently, hypertension becomes one of the leading issues not only for medical community but also to the broader societies. Even though hypertension could be symptomatic, in most case it didn’t until the devastating complications shows up. Functional capacity is a simple tool based on our daily activity. The six-minute walk test could be one of the simplest ways in measuring functional capacity. Six-minute distance as the outcome of this test could be potentially a marker for functional capacity in hypertensive group compare to non-hypertensive group.Methods: This is a case control study with 34 female participants in six-minute walking test.Result: There are no significant different of age, height, weight, and body max index between those groups. The six-minute walking distance drastically difference between hypertensive and non-hypertensive group, 306m and 367m respectively with p-value < 0,01. Heart rate pre-test also statistically different between control group and case group. (75 bpm and 94 bpm, p-value = 0,027) Post-test blood pressure is notably distinctive between two groups. Additionally, systolic blood pressure post-test lower than initial value. Hypertension alters human functional capacity ominously.Conclusion : The six-minute walk test could be applied as simple functional capacity marker in hypertension subject.