scholarly journals Force of infection of Middle East respiratory syndrome in dromedary camels in Kenya

2019 ◽  
Vol 147 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. G. Gardner ◽  
S. Kiambi ◽  
R. Sitawa ◽  
D. Kelton ◽  
J. Kimutai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Dromedary Camels ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Force Of Infection ◽  
Age Dependent ◽  
Best Fit ◽  
Age Independent

Abstract Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is a zoonotic disease transmitted from dromedary camels to people, which can result in outbreaks with human-to-human transmission. Because it is a subclinical infection in camels, epidemiological measures other than prevalence are challenging to assess. This study estimated the force of infection (FOI) of MERS-CoV in camel populations from age-stratified serological data. A cross-sectional study of MERS-CoV was conducted in Kenya from July 2016 to July 2017. Seroprevalence was stratified into four age groups: <1, 1–2, 2–3 and >3 years old. Age-independent and age-dependent linear and quadratic generalised linear models were used to estimate FOI in pastoral and ranching camel herds. Models were compared based on computed AIC values. Among pastoral herds, the age-dependent quadratic FOI was the best fit model, while the age-independent FOI was the best fit for the ranching herd data. FOI provides an indirect estimate of infection risk, which is especially valuable where direct estimates of incidence and other measures of infection are challenging to obtain. The FOIs estimated in this study provide important insight about MERS-CoV dynamics in the reservoir species, and contribute to our understanding of the zoonotic risks of this important public health threat.

scholarly journals Limited Genetic Diversity Detected in Middle East Respiratory Syndrome-Related Coronavirus Variants Circulating in Dromedary Camels in Jordan

Viruses ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 592
Author(s):  
Stephanie N. Seifert ◽  
Jonathan E. Schulz ◽  
Stacy Ricklefs ◽  
Michael Letko ◽  
Elangeni Yabba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Diversity ◽  
Middle East ◽  
United Arab Emirates ◽  
Sequence Data ◽  
Case Fatality ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Full Genome Sequence ◽  
Genome Sequences ◽  
Dromedary Camels

Middle East respiratory syndrome-related coronavirus (MERS-CoV) is a persistent zoonotic pathogen with frequent spillover from dromedary camels to humans in the Arabian Peninsula, resulting in limited outbreaks of MERS with a high case-fatality rate. Full genome sequence data from camel-derived MERS-CoV variants show diverse lineages circulating in domestic camels with frequent recombination. More than 90% of the available full MERS-CoV genome sequences derived from camels are from just two countries, the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) and United Arab Emirates (UAE). In this study, we employ a novel method to amplify and sequence the partial MERS-CoV genome with high sensitivity from nasal swabs of infected camels. We recovered more than 99% of the MERS-CoV genome from field-collected samples with greater than 500 TCID50 equivalent per nasal swab from camel herds sampled in Jordan in May 2016. Our subsequent analyses of 14 camel-derived MERS-CoV genomes show a striking lack of genetic diversity circulating in Jordan camels relative to MERS-CoV genome sequences derived from large camel markets in KSA and UAE. The low genetic diversity detected in Jordan camels during our study is consistent with a lack of endemic circulation in these camel herds and reflective of data from MERS outbreaks in humans dominated by nosocomial transmission following a single introduction as reported during the 2015 MERS outbreak in South Korea. Our data suggest transmission of MERS-CoV among two camel herds in Jordan in 2016 following a single introduction event.

scholarly journals The global burden of premature mortality due to the Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) using standard expected years of life lost, 2012 to 2019

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Maryam Salamatbakhsh ◽  
Kazhal Mobaraki ◽  
Sara Sadeghimohammadi ◽  
Jamal Ahmadzadeh
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
International Study ◽  
Premature Mortality ◽  
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Global Burden ◽  
Years Of Life Lost ◽  
Life Expectancy At Birth ◽  
First Case ◽  
Disease Study

Abstract Background It has been 8 years since the first case of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) was reported in Saudi Arabia and the disease is still being reported in 27 countries; however, there is no international study to estimate the overall burden related of this emerging infectious disease. The present study was conducted to assess the burden of premature mortality due to Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) worldwide. Methods In this retrospective analysis, we have utilized publicly available data from the WHO website related to 1789 MERS patients reported between September 23, 2012 and May 17, 2019. To calculate the standard expected years of life lost (SEYLL), life expectancy at birth was set according to the 2000 global burden of disease study on levels 25 and 26 of West model life tables from Coale-Demeny at 82.5 and 80 years for females and males, respectively. Results Overall, the total SEYLL in males and females was 10,702 and 3817.5 years, respectively. The MERS patients within the age range of 30–59 year-olds had the highest SEYLL (8305.5 years) in comparison to the patients within the age groups 0–29 (SEYLL = 3744.5 years) and ≥ 60 years (SEYLL = 2466.5 years). The total SEYLL in all age groups in 2012, 2013, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017, 2018, and 2019 were 71.5, 2006.5, 3162, 4425.5, 1809.5, 878, 1257.5 and 909 years, respectively. The most SEYLL related to MERS-CoV infection was in the early four years of the onset of the pandemic (2012 to 2015) and in the last four years of the MERS-CoV pandemic (216 to 2019), a significant reduction was observed in the SEYLL related to MERS-CoV infection in the MERS patients. Conclusion We believe that the findings of this study will shed light about the burden of premature mortality due to MERS infection in the world and the results may provide necessary information for policy-makers to prevent, control, and make a quick response to the outbreak of MERS-CoV disease.

scholarly journals Enzootic patterns of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in imported African and local Arabian dromedary camels: a prospective genomic study

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (12) ◽  
pp. e521-e528 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sherif A El-Kafrawy ◽  
Victor M Corman ◽  
Ahmed M Tolah ◽  
Saad B Al Masaudi ◽  
Ahmed M Hassan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Dromedary Camels ◽  
Genomic Study

scholarly journals Global status of Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus in dromedary camels: a systematic review – CORRIGENDUM

2019 ◽  
Vol 147 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. S. Sikkema ◽  
E. A. B. A. Farag ◽  
Mazharul Islam ◽  
Muzzamil Atta ◽  
C. B. E. M. Reusken ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Dromedary Camels ◽  
Global Status

scholarly journals Middle East Respiratory Syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) serology in major livestock species in an affected region in Jordan, June to September 2013

2013 ◽  
Vol 18 (50) ◽  
Author(s):  
C B Reusken ◽  
M Ababneh ◽  
V S Raj ◽  
B Meyer ◽  
A Eljarah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Middle East ◽  
Protein Microarray ◽  
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Dromedary Camels ◽  
Neutralising Antibodies ◽  
Specific Antibodies ◽  
Livestock Species

Between June and September 2013, sera from 11 dromedary camels, 150 goats, 126 sheep and 91 cows were collected in Jordan, where the first human Middle-East respiratory syndrome (MERS) cluster appeared in 2012. All sera were tested for MERS-coronavirus (MERS-CoV) specific antibodies by protein microarray with confirmation by virus neutralisation. Neutralising antibodies were found in all camel sera while sera from goats and cattle tested negative. Although six sheep sera reacted with MERS-CoV antigen, neutralising antibodies were not detected.

scholarly journals Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus (MERS-CoV) Seropositive Camel Handlers in Kenya

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 396 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alice N. Kiyong’a ◽  
Elizabeth A. J. Cook ◽  
Nisreen M. A. Okba ◽  
Velma Kivali ◽  
Chantal Reusken ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
At Risk ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Respiratory Disease ◽  
Risk Groups ◽  
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Limited Evidence ◽  
Dromedary Camels ◽  
Associated Risk Factors

Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS) is a respiratory disease caused by a zoonotic coronavirus (MERS-CoV). Camel handlers, including slaughterhouse workers and herders, are at risk of acquiring MERS-CoV infections. However, there is limited evidence of infections among camel handlers in Africa. The purpose of this study was to determine the presence of antibodies to MERS-CoV in high-risk groups in Kenya. Sera collected from 93 camel handlers, 58 slaughterhouse workers and 35 camel herders, were screened for MERS-CoV antibodies using ELISA and PRNT. We found four seropositive slaughterhouse workers by PRNT. Risk factors amongst the slaughterhouse workers included being the slaughterman (the person who cuts the throat of the camel) and drinking camel blood. Further research is required to understand the epidemiology of MERS-CoV in Africa in relation to occupational risk, with a need for additional studies on the transmission of MERS-CoV from dromedary camels to humans, seroprevalence and associated risk factors.

scholarly journals Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) in dromedary camels, Oman, 2013

2014 ◽  
Vol 19 (16) ◽  
Author(s):  
N Nowotny ◽  
J Kolodziejek
Keyword(s):  
Nucleic Acid ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Open Reading Frame ◽  
Zoonotic Transmission ◽  
Dromedary Camels ◽  
Reading Frame ◽  
Viral Loads

A countrywide survey in Oman revealed Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV) nucleic acid in five of 76 dromedary camels. Camel-derived MERS-CoV sequences (3,754 nucleotides assembled from partial sequences of the open reading frame (ORF)1a, spike, and ORF4b genes) from Oman and Qatar were slightly different from each other, but closely related to human MERS-CoV sequences from the same geographical areas, suggesting local zoonotic transmission. High viral loads in nasal and conjunctival swabs suggest possible transmission by the respiratory route.

scholarly journals Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus Infection in Dromedary Camels in Saudi Arabia

mBio ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Abdulaziz N. Alagaili ◽  
Thomas Briese ◽  
Nischay Mishra ◽  
Vishal Kapoor ◽  
Stephen C. Sameroff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Middle East Respiratory Syndrome ◽  
Dromedary Camels ◽  
Coronavirus Infection
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