Scientific Literature and the Classification of the Sciences

1958 ◽  
Vol 2 (19) ◽  
pp. 89-93
Author(s):  
H. D. Anthony
Keyword(s):  
Subject Matter ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Decimal Point ◽  
Natural Evolution ◽  
Mechanical Process ◽  
Decimal System ◽  
Word Classification ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Right

The word “classification” is used here in its sense of “the result of classifying” rather than the action of so doing. Since the resulting classification has special reference to the subject-matter of science as a whole, it is natural to turn to the scientific literature of various periods for an indication of how this classification has been developed. For sake of comparison, reference may be made to one of the modern systems of library classification. In the Dewey Decimal System the numbers 550 to 559 are allotted to Geology and 560 to 569 to Palaeontology. By placing numbers to the right of the decimal point, further sub-divisions may be made, for example, 560·942 is classed as Palaeon-tology of England. Thus a number is available for every reasonable demand of classification. The present purpose is to trace the natural evolution of the various branches of science, in contrast to the mechanical process of providing a classification of scientific literature for ease of reference. An example may make this distinction clearer.

Observations on the Provenance of the Thames Valley Pick, Swalecliffe, Kent

1926 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 224-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
F. H. Worsfold
Keyword(s):  
Subject Matter ◽  
Sloping Ground ◽  
Relative Age ◽  
Treasure Trove ◽  
The Road ◽  
University College London ◽  
Exact Position ◽  
The Subject ◽  
London Clay ◽  
The Right

From the Marine Parade, Tankerton, Whitstable, looking East, one obtains a capital view of Tankerton Bay, Swalecliffe, in which my discoveries have been made which are to form the subject matter of this paper. The grassy cliff at Priest and Sow corner at the end of the road stands at 55 O.D. This height gradually declining round the arc of the bay, to die out entirely in the Long Rock occupying the middle distance and through which the Swalecliffe Brook discharges into the sea. Just beyond, a little to the right, are the disused Swalecliffe Brick Works, with Stud Hill and Hampton lying further back. To the left and edging the horizon, Herne Bay Pier is clearly discernable. The accompanying copy of (Plate I.) the 25-in. Ordnance map of this Tankerton Bay section gives the exact position of the 650 yards from the Parish Boundary Stone eastwards indicated thereon with a X in which are found the gravels and brick-earths which have proved so rich in archaeological treasure trove. The whole of this south-easterly directioned well-drained gently sloping ground, from the Priest and Sow corner to the Swalecliffe brook, forms an ideal camping site. Last April a paper was read by me before the Geological Association, at University College, London, entitled “An Examination of the Contents of the Brick Earths and Gravels of Tankerton Bay, Swalecliffe, Kent,” in which the geological aspect of this section was fairly exhaustively treated, so that in this particular it will be unnecessary for me to do more than give a brief summary of the results of that examination as to the relative age and stratigraphical sequence of the Drift material found here overlying the London Clay.

scholarly journals FORENSIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE OFFER, PROMISE OR THE PROVISION OF IMPROPER BENEFITS: THE SUBJECT-MATTER OF A CRIME

2020 ◽  
pp. 19-25
Author(s):  
Г. О. Гончарук
Keyword(s):  
Subject Matter ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Intangible Assets ◽  
Criminal Code ◽  
Local Currency ◽  
Judicial Practice ◽  
Proposal A ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Definition Of

The article is devoted to the definition of the subject-matter of such corruption crimes as a proposal, a promise or the provision of an undue benefit (stipulated in Article 369 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine). The normative legal acts, forensic scientific literature, and also the analysis of judicial practice are studied. It is ascertained that to the subjects of the proposal, the promise or the provision of undue benefits, that is, the crimes provided for in Art. 369 of the Criminal Code of Ukraine can be classified as: a) cash, b) benefits, c) benefits d) services, e) intangible assets, f) other property. Taking into account the following forming properties, it is expedient to subdivide the objects of the offer or the promise of improper benefit to the official for real and symbolic. In accordance with the analysis of judicial practice, the average subject-matter of a proposal, promise or provision of improper benefit to an official is cash in local currency (UAH) in the amount of UAH 6286.70.

Theoretical basis of research of personal mediation of manipuiative tendencies

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (2) ◽  
pp. 25-34
Author(s):  
Yu. V. Borets ◽  
◽  
O. V. Palahniuk ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Theoretical Analysis ◽  
Key Words ◽  
Theoretical Basis ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
Use Of Force ◽  
Training Process ◽  
The Will ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Right ◽  
Practical Implications

The purpose of the article. Theoretical analysis of personal mediation of manipuiative tendencies. Methodology. The basis of this study is a theoretical analysis, synthesis, generalization, systematization of available scientific literature on the subject. Results. Manipulation of consciousness is one of the ways to dominate and suppress the will of people by acting on them through the programming of their behavior. This action is aimed at the mental structures of man, which is carried out secretly and aims to change the thoughts, motivations and goals of people in the right direction for a certain group of people. In this case, the purpose of manipulation – hiding their true intentions, to encourage another person to take certain actions, change values, ideas and opinions, etc., while maintaining the illusion of independence in general and independence of decisions or actions. In other words, to motivate a person to what he does not want to do, to distract from what he aspires to, but at the same time to create in him the confidence that he is acting of his own free will. Practical implications. The need to study manipulative tendencies is to determine the main ways and methods of manipulation and ways to protect against manipulative action. To reveal the main features of the manipulator’s personality and the category of people who are most prone to manipulative action. Theoretical materials can be used in the training process of the courses “Psychology of personality”, “Age Psychology”, “Differential Psychology”, “Fundamentals psychological correction”. Originality/value. It was found that the criteria for manipulation are: the attitude of the manipulator to the objects of manipulation as a means to achieve their own goal, the desire to gain unilateral advantage, the hidden nature of influence, use of force, motivation, motivation and skill in the process of manipulative influence. Key words: manipulation, coercion, manipulation, subject of manipulation, projection, Machiavellianism, manipulative influence.

NEW CLASSIFICATION OF PRINCIPLES OF CIVIL PROCEDURE

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Тимур Султанович Габазов ◽  
Амир Ахметович Мужахаев ◽  
Аминат Аслановна Солтамурадова
Keyword(s):  
Civil Procedure ◽  
New Classification ◽  
Procedural Law ◽  
Civil Proceedings ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Right

В представленной статье кратко раскрывается смысл понятия такого явления, как принцип гражданского процессуального права, а также дана классификация принципов, уже существующих и утвердившихся в теории гражданского процесса. Авторы работы предприняли попытку разработать новую классификацию принципов гражданского судопроизводства, отличную от общепринятой, в которой ключевым фактором выступает субъект, которому эти принципы адресованы по своему содержанию. По результатам проведенного исследования выделены субъекты, которым адресованы действия этих принципов: адресованные только суду; адресованные только лицам, участвующим в деле; - адресованные всем субъектам гражданского судопроизводства в целом (общие). Можно вполне обосновано сказать, что новая классификация принципов гражданского процесса, в зависимости от субъекта имеет право на существование. The presented article briefly reveals the meaning of the concept of such a phenomenon as the principle of civil procedural law, and also gives a classification of the principles that already exist and are established in the theory of civil procedure. The authors of the work attempted to develop a new classification of the principles of civil proceedings, different from the generally accepted one, in which the key factor is the subject to whom these principles are addressed in their content. According to the results of the study, the subjects to whom the actions of these principles are addressed: addressed only to the court; addressed only to persons participating in the case; - addressed to all subjects of civil proceedings in general (general). It can be reasonably said that the new classification of the principles of civil procedure, depending on the subject, has the right to exist.

9. Easements

Land Law ◽  
2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ben McFarlane ◽  
Nicholas Hopkins ◽  
Sarah Nield
Keyword(s):  
Subject Matter ◽  
Essential Feature ◽  
Content Acquisition ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Right

This chapter examines easements and how they relate to the content, acquisition and defences questions. Easement refers to the right of a landowner to enjoy a limited use of neighbouring land. An essential feature of an easement is the need for two pieces of land: the dominant land to which the benefit of the easement is attached and the servient land over which the easement is exercised. This chapter considers the four defining characteristics of an easement: there must be two distinct areas of land — dominant land and servient land; the dominant and servient land must be owned by diffrent people; the easement must ‘accommodate’ the dominant land; and the right must be capable of forming the subject matter of a grant. It also discusses the express creation vs. implied creation of an easement, along with defences that can defeat an easement.

17. The Essential Characteristics of Easements

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Bogusz ◽  
Roger Sexton
Keyword(s):  
Subject Matter ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Explanatory Text ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Right ◽  
Primary Materials

Titles in the Complete series combine extracts from a wide range of primary materials with clear explanatory text to provide readers with a complete introductory resource. This chapter discusses the characteristics of an easement: there must be a dominant and a servient tenement; the easement must accommodate the dominant tenement; the easement must be owned or occupied by different people; and an easement must be capable of forming the subject matter of a grant. All four characteristics must exist for a right claimed to be an easement. If any one of those is missing then the right is not an easement.

Part VI The Law of Property, 29 The Distinction Between Movables and Immovables

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Torremans Paul
Keyword(s):  
International Law ◽  
Legal System ◽  
Subject Matter ◽  
Private International Law ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Law

This chapter examines the distinction between movables and immovables under English private international law. The first task of the court in a private international law case when required to rule on the question of a proprietary or possessory nature is to decide whether the item of property in dispute is movable or immovable. The legal system that will be applicable to the case depends on this preliminary decision. This chapter first considers the classification of the subject matter of ownership into movables and immovables by the law of the situs before looking at some examples relating to mortgages, trusts for sale, and annuities. It also discusses the relevance of the distinction between realty and personalty and concludes by explaining the distinction between tangible and intangible movables.

The Act on the National Cybersecurity System as an Implementation of the NIS Directive

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 179-193
Author(s):  
Tomasz Aleksandrowicz
Keyword(s):  
Information Systems ◽  
Legal System ◽  
Subject Matter ◽  
Critical Analysis ◽  
Scientific Literature ◽  
European Parliament ◽  
Basic Method ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Republic ◽  
High Level

The article is devoted to the issue of the implementation of the Directive of the European Parliament and of the Council (EU) of 6 July 2016 on measures contributing to a high level of security of networks and information systems within the territory of the Union (the so-called NIS Directive) into the Polish legal system. In this context, the author analyses the Act on the National Cybersecurity System, presenting the system and its individual components. The subjects of consideration are the provisions of the Act on National Cybersecurity System of the Republic of Poland and other legal acts concerning the subject matter, which entered into force before the adoption of the analysed act. In conclusion, the author states that in some cases, it is necessary to amend individual legal acts in order to avoid ambiguities which lead to disruption of the system as a whole. The basic method used in this article is legal dogmatics and critical analysis of the scientific literature, documents and opinions of experts—practitioners.

An Achievement test in Solid Geometry

1928 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 151-162
Author(s):  
Louis A. McCoy
Keyword(s):  
Secondary School ◽  
Subject Matter ◽  
Achievement Test ◽  
School Mathematics ◽  
The Other ◽  
Good Teacher ◽  
Secondary School Mathematics ◽  
Solid Geometry ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Right

In the work of teaching secondary school mathematics in a large school where there are as many as twelve different divisions of the same subject, it would be very interesting and indeed very enlightening to see the different grades of work being done. Different teachers have their own pet ways of doing things, of presenting new matter, of conducting recitations, of drilling on old matter, of developing mathematical power in their pupils, etc. And yet they are all striving for the same results. The fact that one teacher's pupils consistently attain better results naturally should put a premium on that teacher's methods, and the work of the department would be improved if some of the other teachers would take a leaf out of the successful teacher's book. Students will often remark “So and So is a good teacher; I get a lot out of his class; he makes things clear; he has good discipline; he certainly gets the stuff over, etc.”An inspector visits the class, notes the attitude of the pupils, the personality and skill of the teacher, and oftentimes is familiar enough with the subject matter of the recitation to see if the pupils are catching and giving back the right things, and then grades the teacher as an Al man, for example. But does the opinion of the boys themselves or the visitor answer the question whether or not the teacher is successful in giving his subject to the pupils? Don't we need something more objective, more tangible, more exact on which to pin our faith? In general the supervisors are hitting it right, also the students, but we think we can do better.

Subjects of Tax Relations: Features of Legal Status and Classification

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 2024
Author(s):  
Liubov M. KАSIANENKO ◽  
Nataliа I. ATAMANCHUK ◽  
Olena O. BOIKO-SLOBOZHAN ◽  
Olena V. SHAKIROVA ◽  
Sergiy O. DANILOV
Keyword(s):  
Subject Matter ◽  
Legal Status ◽  
Scientific Research ◽  
Educational Process ◽  
Tax Law ◽  
Public Authorities ◽  
Legal Personality ◽  
Tax Legislation ◽  
The Subject

The relevance of the subject matter is conditioned upon the fact that nowadays, both tax law theory and the current tax legislation fail to provide a single, unified definition of the concept of ‘subject of tax relations’. Furthermore, there is no clear criteria for the division of subjects of tax relations into types, which makes it impossible to establish the exact scope of participants in tax relations, and to determine the level of their tax legal personality. The purpose of this paper is to determine the scope of participants in tax relations, to analyze and clarify the legal status of established subjects and determine the functions that they perform in tax legal relations, as well as, on the basis of the results obtained, to construct a detailed classification of subjects of tax relations. The key method of scientific research is the method of scientific modelling, because in this article, on the basis of the analysis of existing scientific positions and provisions of legislation, the authors build their own theoretical model of the subject matter, formulate a conceptual apparatus and offer their practical application. This paper examines the subjects of tax relations, examines their types, outlines the limits of their legal personality in tax relations. The analysis of national legislation and various scientific approaches provides for the classification of subjects of tax relations, the legal status and the role they play in the tax mechanism are determined. The paper develops proposals for practical content to improve the provisions of the Tax Code of Ukraine on subjects of tax relations, provides author's definitions of the concept of ‘subjects of tax relations’. The provisions, conclusions, proposals and recommendations formulated in this paper can be used in: lawmaking – to improve and adopt new regulations, to amend existing legislation, to adapt them to the best European and international models; the law enforcement – to improve tax relations with the participation of public authorities; scientific research – for further study of financial and legal issues of participation of public authorities in budget relations; educational process – when teaching the subjects ‘Financial Law’, ‘Tax Law’, ‘Administrative Law’, ‘Topical Problems of Financial Law of Ukraine’ and related training courses.  

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